Keywords: Qin Shihuang was the first imperial of the Qin Dynasty, China's first unified multi-ethnic feudal dynasty. His contribution to our country is enormous, but it is also controversial, Because behind his achievements, there are many unexplained mistakes. in this article, let's discuss the merits and virtues of Qin Shihuang.
Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor who unified the six countries, is known to everyone. So is he more successful or more successful? For nearly a hundred years, people have been arguing endlessly, and everyone holds their own views. On the evaluation of Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, the poet Li Bai wrote: "The king of Qin swept the Liuhe River, and he was eager to see it! Swing the sword and decide the clouds, and the princes will come to the west. " In praise of his great talents, thinkers in the Ming Dynasty called him "an emperor through the ages", and there were also "On the Qin Dynasty" and "Fu to Epang Palace" which condemned him for wasting people and money and building large-scale projects, and even more, there was the assertion that "tyranny is fiercer than tigers" and the legend that folk Meng Jiangnv cried at the Great Wall.
? Today, what I want to discuss with you is the dynasty that unified the six countries and created the first unified dynasty in China's history, Ying Zheng, the patent owner of the title of emperor. In my opinion, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, had both merits and demerits. Although Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng was the emperor, the emperor was also a human being, not a god. Everyone made mistakes and had shortcomings. I think his contribution mainly includes the following two aspects.
? First, Qin Shihuang and Ying Zheng unified the six countries, realizing the era of unifying the seven heroes of the Warring States. The seven heroes stood side by side in the world. Although their strength was slightly different, no one could do anything about it. In the end, why did Qin destroy the six countries and realize reunification? First, Qin Xiaogong, the fifth ancestor of Qin Shihuang's Ying Zheng, carried out Shang Yang's political reform in Qin State. After the reform, Qin State abolished the old system and made great progress in politics, economy and military affairs, making Qin State the most powerful country among the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" at that time. The second is the largest decisive war in the late Warring States period-the battle of Changping. The battle of Changping was a war of annihilation in which Qin won and Zhao lost, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries. Third, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, absorbed many wise men from all over the world in order to achieve reunification. For example, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, abolished the "marching orders" and reused outstanding talents such as Li Si of Chu and Wei Wei. Advisers and talents from various countries also defected to Qin, which strengthened the power of Qin. On the unification strategy, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, adopted Lisi's suggestion, first conquered the weak South Korea, then swept the two wings, and finally wiped it out. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, used a deviant strategy against his arch-rival, Zhao, so that the king of Zhao killed the famous Li Mu and destroyed the Great Wall, then captured Handan, the capital of Zhao, and captured the king of Zhao. Diversion of the Yellow River flooded the girders of Wei capital, causing its walls to collapse and the state of Wei to perish; To deal with Chu, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, invited Wang Jian, a veteran, to command him, and poured out all the soldiers of the country to storm Chu and destroy Yan and Qi. During the ten years from 23 BC to 221 BC, Qin destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, unified the whole country and established the Qin Dynasty. Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, completed reunification, ending hundreds of years of vassal regimes, which conformed to the historical development trend and was of progressive significance. The unification of Qin accords with the wishes of the broad masses of the people. Hundreds of years of wars since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have caused serious damage to social productive forces and brought great disasters to the people. People of all ethnic groups urgently need national reunification and social stability, and the reunification of Qin conforms to the wishes of the broad masses of people. Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, followed the historical trend and completed the great cause of reunifying China in only ten years after he ascended the throne. Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, contributed to the unification and social development of China.
? Second, Qin Shihuang defeated the Zhao army in Changping. Since then, the six countries have been unable to resist the Qin offensive. From 23 BC to 221 BC, the King of Qin successively conquered six countries and established the first unified centralized state in Chinese history. The territory of the Qin Dynasty extends to the sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and the South China Sea in the south, surpassing the previous generation and becoming the first unified multi-ethnic county system country in the history of China. In 221 BC, that is, in the 26th year of Qin Shihuang, the unified state of the autocratic central group replaced the feudal state dominated by feudal lords, which officially began. This is a great event of great significance in the history of China. It was since the Qin Dynasty that China formed a unified country with the Han nationality as the main body. Emperor is a term created by Qin Shihuang, and he is the president of the landlord class. The ruling institutions at all levels headed by the emperor are tools used to oppress the broad masses of working people. On the surface, however, these oppressive tools were decorated as regulators of conflicts of interest among all parties, while the emperor became the supreme protector and notary of all classes. After only fifteen years in the Qin dynasty and twelve years in the reign of Qin Shihuang, many great undertakings conducive to reunification were completed and many new systems were promulgated to safeguard the country's rule. After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang first made clear the supreme power of the emperor's dictatorship. The emperor calls himself me, indicating his supreme status. All political affairs, big or small, are ultimately decided by the emperor alone. Qin Shihuang also divided the world into thirty-six counties, and later conquered some new territories one after another, until forty counties were offered to him. The guards were appointed by the imperial court and could be transferred at any time, and each was responsible for leading thousands of counties. The Qin law stipulates that anyone who has made military achievements will decide his official position according to the size of his contribution. Therefore, during the Qin Shihuang period, many of the military commanders became local officials. This is beneficial to centralized rule. However, it made local decrees cruel and caused great resentment among the people. The central official system in the Qin Dynasty included the positions of Prime Minister, Imperial Adviser, Qiu, General, Ting Wei, Shi Shaofu and Doctor. The local official system consists of county chief, county commandant, censor and county magistrate. The county officials who go to the countryside include three elders, misers, swimming badges, and pavilion chiefs. Each official position is like a part in a machine, which plays a role together and forms a huge ruling network. And the person in charge of this machine is the supreme ruler, the emperor. Before the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the characters of different countries were different, which had a certain impact on cultural exchanges. By the time of the Qin Dynasty, many foreign languages were unified. The unification of characters is of great significance to cultural exchange. Even if dialects in different regions have different pronunciations, people can communicate through characters. The territory of the Qin Dynasty extends to the sea in the east and Wuling in the south, which challenges the national defense ability. In order to prevent the invasion of Huns and nomads, the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall with a distance of more than 1, miles, and at the same time, it outlined the territory of China which was determined at that time. The economic measures taken by Qin Shihuang are also of great significance to the economic development of China. Before the Qin Dynasty, the specifications of chidao built in different countries were different. By the time of Qin Shihuang, the specifications of chidao were unified. The construction of Chidao has brought great convenience to land transportation. At the same time, Qin Shihuang also decided to connect the waterways. He communicated the waterways built by various countries during the Warring States period and built water conservancy projects. Especially the Shilu bacteria canal, showed great creativity. In addition, there are records that Qin Shihuang once ordered Fang Tu to lead thousands of boys and girls to sail for fairy medicine. It can be seen that the navigation technology at that time was able to support large-scale voyage. On the sea, inland rivers and land, * * * isomorphism has become a developed transportation network, which has promoted economic development. In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang also issued unified measurement's imperial edicts and designated unified coins. These two measures are of great significance and have a far-reaching impact on later generations. When Qin Shihuang first destroyed the six countries, he migrated 12, rich people to Xianyang. Because of their great influence in the local area, these rich people annex land, lend usury and monopolize a township, a county or even a county, which is extremely hindering reunification. Now that these people are forced to move to new places, they will inevitably lose their power, and the fields and houses left by these people can be dispersed to others. Qin Shihuang also sent some people from criminal escape to station in Wuling, where they lived together with the aborigines, and the Han culture began to spread to the south. This great migration in Qin Dynasty played a positive role in cultural communication and production development. From the second half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, two different land ownership systems coexisted in China society, and by 216 BC, the private ownership of land was finally determined by law. After the enactment of this law, landlords and farmers with fields automatically reported the real number of land, and paid taxes to obtain land ownership. In addition to political and economic measures, cultural and psychological "homotopy" also had a great impact on the people. In Han cultural areas, people mainly follow the family system in Confucian orthodoxy of Confucius and Mencius. Qin Shihuang stipulated a series of ethical norms according to the Confucian theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, for example, taking October as the beginning of the year, and black as the standard for clothes and flags. After the destruction of the Six Kingdoms, Qin Shihuang was in office for twelve years, and made five tours to counties and counties, with the purpose of "showing strength and serving the sea" and declaring his merits of unifying the four seas. Qin Shihuang's five tours were combined with the promulgation of various unified systems, the formulation of scripts, large-scale immigration and various economic measures, which promoted the great implementation of "traveling together" nationwide.
? Of course, although Qin Shihuang had many achievements, he could not hide his mistakes. Then let's see what other mistakes it has.
1. At a banquet, 7 doctors came forward to toast the birthday of the first emperor. Zhou Qingchen, a servant, took the opportunity to pay tribute to the county system and made a eulogy. Botu Chunyuyue was very disgusted with Zhou Qingchen's "face-to-face", and he advocated following the example of Shang and Zhou Dynasties and implementing the system of enfeoffment, arguing that "things that can last for a long time without learning from the past are not unheard of". The first emperor handed over Chun Yuyue's opinions to the ministers for comment. Li Si, the Prime Minister, refuted Chun Yuyue's point of view, and then severely criticized the study style of scholars at that time: "Today's students do not learn from the present, but learn from the past, which confuses them." ... private learning and illegal teaching. When people hear the order, they will discuss it with their own learning. When they enter, they will talk about it. When they leave, they will praise the Lord's name, take the difference as high, and lead the group to create slander. " He believes that if this kind of behavior is not stopped, "the main situation will fall to the top, and the party and success will fall to the bottom". He suggests that the association be banned and the specific terms are as follows: (1) Historians will burn all records of Qin Dynasty; If you are not a doctor, those who dare to hide Poems, Books and a hundred languages in the world will learn to keep them and burn them. Those who dare to speak "Poetry" and "Book" will abandon the market; Family of people who are ancient and not present; Officials see that those who don't mention it are guilty of the same crime; If you don't burn it for the next 3 days, it will be a city. Those who don't go, books on medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to learn laws, take officials as teachers. Qin Shihuang immediately took aim and said, "Yes." In other words, the above suggestions will be issued as a formal decree throughout the country. This is the origin of the ban on burning books. In other words, "book burning" in the true sense means that Qin Shihuang ordered the burning of historical records of various countries except Qin Ji and hundreds of books such as Poems and Books that did not belong to the doctor's museum. In addition, during the period of "burning books", he also prohibited people from talking about "Poems" and "Books" privately and vigorously eradicated private schools. If someone talks privately, he will be sentenced to death or even genocide; If anyone wants to learn laws, he must learn from officials. Qin Shihuang did not burn all the folk books, nor did he ban all the ways of learning. Books such as medicine, divination and tree planting are not included in the burning. Of course, some of the contents of burning books have already been printed into people's minds, avoiding the "Qin fire." Many ancient books, such as those that appeared later, were restored with the memory of these people. The greatest influence of Qin Shihuang's burning of books in academic history was the rise of "Sinology", that is, the study of exegesis of chapters and sentences. The preface of the new Tang Dynasty's calligraphic art and literature says, "Since the Six Classics were burned in Qin Dynasty, they came back to Han Dynasty, but the way of their teacher's biography was absolutely lost, while the abridged edition was out of chaos, so scholars could not get its authenticity, and their hands were the prosperity of the learning of various Confucian chapters and sentences." The dispute between the Han Dynasty and the present ancient Chinese classics and the dispute over the authenticity of the ancient books such as Shangshu below the Han Dynasty are directly related to the burning of books by Qin Huang. Qin Shihuang did not exclude Confucianism at first. After he unified the whole country, he used both Confucian scholars and legal officials for most of the time, and kept 7 doctors as consultants. It is said that this number is specially set by imitating the number of Confucius disciples. In addition, judging from the stone tablets he left behind, he was very protective of ethics. It's just that he is an extremely confident person and will never allow others to question everything about him. Therefore, the doctor's claim to restore the enfeoffment system is tantamount to criticizing the county system and denying Qin Shihuang. As for the statement of "burying Confucianism", modern historians still have different views. For example, the "school of doubting the ancients" that arose in the Republic of China believed that there was no "cheating Confucianism" at all, which was invented by later generations. However, archaeological discoveries in recent years have gradually broken this view. More and more scholars believe that "cheating Confucianism" is suspected of being taken out of context. Qin Shihuang did cheat some people, but these people were not "Confucian scholars", but "alchemists" who quoted Confucian classics to criticize current politics. This view is roughly consistent with Sima Qian's Historical Records, and its record is as follows: It is said that Qin Shihuang sent many alchemists to the sea to seek immortality and elixir. Not only did it cost a lot of money, but most of the alchemists never came back. In the second year of "burning books", Fang Shihou and Lu Ersheng promised to find medicine for Qin Shihuang, but they knew that there was no result, and they were afraid of being executed, so they fled with a huge sum of money. To make matters worse, before they fled, they also slandered Qin Shihuang for his violent conceit, dedicated officials, and lust for power. After hearing this, Qin Shihuang flew into a rage and immediately ordered someone to thoroughly investigate the rest of the alchemists in Xianyang. Unexpectedly, these alchemists pointed to each other and involved more than 46 people. Finally, Qin Shihuang buried them all alive. From this point of view, the "alchemist" in Qin Shihuang pit is excusable. And these alchemists always used the banner of Confucianism on weekdays, so Qin Shihuang was even more disgusted with Confucianism. The author agrees with this view of "cheating Confucianism". After all, Sima Qian lived in the same era as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he was only 12 years away from the demise of the Qin Dynasty. What's more, when he was in his teens, he traveled all over China. In the third year of Emperor Zhongjing's reign (before 147), he inherited his father's business at the age of 22 and served as an official. So to be exact, he was only 65 years away from the "burning books to bury Confucianism" incident. In such a narrow time span, with Sima Qian's knowledge and position, it is absolutely impossible to be unaware of such an important event as "burning books to bury Confucianism"
Records and locations of "Pit Confucianism" in ancient literature.
It is recorded in "A General Examination of Literature and School Examination 1": "The first emperor asked the suggestion, and all the students told each other about it, killing more than 46 people. In addition, the winter melon Mount Li was planted, and it was born, and the doctors were ordered to look at it and kill more than 7 people. In the second year, Chen Shengqi was invited to discuss with doctors, and dozens of people sat down with "inappropriate words". "According to the above quotation, Qin Shihuang had two pits of Confucianism, and the last pit and Qin Ershi's crime (the way of punishment is unknown) were all" doctors and students ",that is, national students. The first time I buried Confucianism, that is, the "Pit into Yang" in Historical Records, the specific location and plot are unknown. The plot of the second "crouching machine" burying Confucianism can be found in Yan Shigu's "Hanshu Confucianism"