Carp, commonly known as carp abductor, hair seed, etc., belongs to CYPRINIDAE. The body is flat and the abdomen is round, and the mouth is horseshoe-shaped, and it must be 2 pairs. The base of dorsal fin is long, and both dorsal fin and gluteal fin have a thick hard spine with sawtooth. The side is golden yellow, and the lower leaf of caudal fin is orange red. Carp usually inhabit the bottom of water bodies with aquatic plants in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds, and mainly feed on benthos. It has strong adaptability, cold resistance, alkali resistance and hypoxia resistance. The reproductive season varies with different growing areas. The Pearl River is in March, the Yangtze River is mostly in April-May, and the Northeast begins to lay eggs in June. They can lay eggs in running water or still water, and the spawning places are mostly in water grass, and the eggs adhere to the water grass to develop.
Carp is the earliest cultured fish in the world. As far back as the Shang Dynasty in the 12th century BC, carp culture in ponds began. According to the Book of Songs, Zhou Wenwang chiseled ponds to raise carp. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Fan Stupid, a doctor of the State of Yue, strongly advocated the development of pond carp. He thought: "After three years' storage, the benefits can reach tens of millions of countries." In ancient China, there was a proverb that "fish farming and bamboo planting are a thousand times more profitable". In the Zhou Dynasty, carp had become one of the most valuable foods. Zhou Xuanwang won the crusade against stubborn people, and specially gave a big banquet to the princes with "turtle-faced carp". There is also a sentence in The Book of Songs: "Do you eat fish? You must be a carp in the river.". According to legend, Confucius gave birth to a son, and Duke Zhao of Lu gave him carp. Confucius thanked the monarch for his gift and named his son carp. Mencius once said: "I want fish and bear's paw, and I can't have both." Tao Hongjing of the Liang Dynasty believed that carp "is the strength of all fish and the taste of food". By the Han Dynasty more than 22O years ago, pond carp breeding had been very popular. From the royal family to the landlords, they all operated the carp breeding industry, and gradually developed from self-sufficiency to commercial production. In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor's surname was Li, and "carp" was homophonic with "Li", so carp jumped on the Longmen and became a symbol of the royal family. The letter-symbol used by the imperial court was also carved into the shape of a carp, and the emperor gave the carp-shaped fish to the minister to show his honor. So "keeping carp", "catching carp", "selling carp" and "eating carp" have become the biggest taboos of the royal family, and offenders will be severely punished. During the 3 years in the Tang Dynasty, fish farmers had to find another breeding object and gradually found the most ideal fish-green grass, chain and bighead carp. After the Tang dynasty, although the carp industry was resumed, it could only be relegated to a supporting role because of the slow growth of carp.
for more than two thousand years, carp has been regarded as a top-grade fish. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the poet Yang Ji wrote in his poem: "The spring breeze blows rain and wets the dress, but the painting of green water and red makeup is not as good as that of Hanyang Chuanshang, and she went to Jiang Lai to buy Wuchang fish." According to the records of Jiangxia County during Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, the carp produced by the yellow pigeon alum head in Wuchang is "delicious, and the pickled fish people in beginning of winter compete for it, so he calls it Chu fish." There is even a proverb in Huanghuai area that "no old carp is a feast". The ancients also used carp as a substitute for letters. In the ancient Yuefu's "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave", there are: "Guests come from afar and leave me with double carp; Call the child to cook carp, and there is a book in it. " Up to now, people still keep the custom of visiting relatives and friends to send carp on holidays. Carp is a symbol of hard work, kindness, faithfulness and good luck. New Year pictures with carp as a symbol of auspicious celebration abound, and the stories of "Carp Jumping at the Dragon Gate" and "Chasing Fish" are even more popular among the people.
It is said that in the Yuan Dynasty, with the increasingly close business contacts between China and countries in Central Asia, Persian talents brought carp back to Persia from China. In 115, carp was brought from Persia to Austria during the European Crusade, and then gradually spread to Western Europe.
it was introduced to Hungary in 1367; Passed to Britain in 1496; He entered Prussia in 156 and then Sweden (moved to Russia in 1729; From Europe to America in 183. Nowadays, carp has become a worldwide cultured fish.
As an ornamental fish, carp is said to have originated from the red carp raised by Emperor Shenzong in the imperial garden during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, a minister, Yu Fanxue, made great contributions to "hunting on behalf of the sky". When he retired from his old age and returned home, the emperor gave him a red carp as a reward to bring him back to his hometown for breeding. This fish looks like a purse, hence the name "purse red carp", which is a specialty of Jiangxi Weiyuan. Jiangxi Xingguo red carp and mirror carp cultivated in many places are all carp varieties cultivated later. Red carp was introduced to Japan in the early days, and was renamed as "koi fish" after World War II, and was regarded as an ornamental fish of the royal family, nobles and dignitaries. It is also known as the "god fish" because it is raised in temples and shrines, symbolizing auspiciousness and happiness. The Japanese regard koi fish as a work of art, with the reputation of "living gem" in the water, and have cultivated valuable varieties with high ornamental value, such as yellow spot, Taisho tricolor and Showa tricolor.
besides eating, carp can also be used as human medicine to treat diseases, which has the effects of invigorating spleen and stomach, promoting urination, relieving edema, relieving cough and asthma, and promoting hair growth. Meat can be used to treat portal cirrhosis, chronic nephritis, cough, asthma, puerpera's lack of milk, women's irregular menstruation or blood collapse. Blood can cure mouth and eye deviation; Bile can cure red eye pain and suppurative otitis media.
Cyprinus carpio is widely distributed in all parts of China. Although there are many species and different shapes, they are the same species. However, there are 15 regional species living in southwest China, including 11 species of lakes in Yunnan, 2 species in Xijiang, Guangxi, L species in Qinjiang and Hainan, and L species in Qionghai, Sichuan. In recent years, with the rapid development of bioengineering technology, especially the birth of fast-growing transgenic carp, the growth rate of carp has increased by more than 14% and the taste is more delicious. Commercialization of transgenic carp will open up a broader prospect for carp breeding. Habits and feeding habits of carp
Carp has 2 pairs of whiskers, 3 rows of pharyngeal teeth, 15-22 gill rakes, and thick serrated spines on dorsal fin and gluteal fin. It is an omnivorous fish and likes benthic aquatic organisms, with a fast growth rate, and the largest individual can reach tens of kilograms.
Carp is widely distributed, and it is found everywhere in natural waters such as lakes and reservoirs and domestic fish ponds. It is the species with the highest yield of freshwater fish species and the main target fish for fishing. Carp is an omnivorous fish, which eats vegetarian food, but it tends to eat fruits and seeds of plants such as grass shrimp, red worm, earthworm, white worm (maggot) bait, rice grains, red diced, millet, wheat bran, rapeseed cake and so on. Carp's eating habits have certain seasonality. It will temporarily change its eating habits with the changes of air temperature and water temperature, and it has obvious selectivity for food. In summer, carp like to dig out the organic matter in the mud, which is called sand washing by fishing friends.
Carps like living water, and they like to stay at the inlet and outlet of ponds and lakes, and their habit of going upstream is obvious. In still water, he often jumps out of the water, likes to chase after waves, likes to hide in places with turbid water, has strong ability of resisting high temperature, salt and hypoxia, and has a prominent habit of avoiding strong light and liking weak light. Therefore, it is easy to catch in poor light weather and rainy days without sunshine. In addition, after the carp is hooked, there is a special means of escape. After fishing in the water, you will try your best to avoid disaster by piling. Strong reproductive ability, high number of eggs laid, multiple mating and reproduction in a year, less food consumption during reproduction, and increased food consumption after spawning, therefore, it is easier to catch in long summer every year.
Carp likes fragrance and sweetness, followed by sour taste. Therefore, when using throwing rod to fish with bomb bait and making bad food, it can be prepared according to the above principles. The basic material of bad food can be mixed with wheat bran, rapeseed cake, rice and millet, and meat bait, such as shrimp, earthworm, snail meat, cricket and white worm, can be used for string hook fishing.
fishing spots: as the saying goes, "spring crucian carp and summer carp" is the golden season for carp fishing, and the fishing spots should be selected according to the habits of carp. The preferred fishing spots are dams in natural waters such as lakes and reservoirs, inlets and outlets, and deep waters downstream of rivers, and in autumn, reservoirs and bays of lakes with backwater can be selected as fishing spots, and the fishing results are ideal. Carp is an omnivorous fish, which has become one of the favorite fish species for anglers because of its wide feeding habits and large individuals.
Carp is a benthic omnivorous fish, which eats both meat and vegetables. The bait spectrum is extensive, the snout bone is developed, and it often feeds on mud. Carp is also a low-temperature animal, and its body temperature changes with the change of water temperature, so it does not need to consume energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of bait intake is not large. At the same time, carp, like most freshwater fish, belongs to a kind of fish without stomach, and its intestine is short and its metabolism is fast, so its feeding habit is to eat less and eat more frequently. The digestive function of carp has a great relationship with water temperature, and its feeding is seasonal. Winter (especially under the ice) is basically in a semi-dormant state, and the body fat is exhausted in winter. When spring comes, it is eager to eat high-protein food to supplement it. In late autumn and winter approaching, in order to accumulate fat, there will also be a peak period of "grasping food", and it is also based on high-protein bait. So early spring. Fishing carp in late autumn should be mainly based on animal bait such as earthworm and river shrimp. After spring, with the temperature rising, the fish's food intake increased, and the quality of bait was not important, but the quantity rose to the first place. Therefore, in late spring, the whole summer and early autumn, carp are mainly vegetarian. At this time, fishing should use surface bait and bad food.
Although carp is a benthic fish, it doesn't mean that its activity area remains unchanged. Seasonal changes, water temperature changes. Wind direction, air pressure, the change of the horizon, water quality, water flow, water level fluctuation, dissolved oxygen in water, prey environment, etc., will change the fish's activity area at any time, so that they often move to a large extent. If they are in a large water area, this is called' migration'. Compared with other freshwater fish, carp has the same habits and special habits. These habits are mainly determined by the needs of reproduction, feeding and aerobic survival.
Grass-loving habits: The waters where all kinds of aquatic plants and aquatic plants thrive are also places where all kinds of plankton and benthos thrive, where fish can eat abundant food. The lush aquatic plants are also excellent spawning beds for fish. Every spring during the breeding season, these places are places where fish gather.
Top-flow habit A pond is often filled with streams or canals, which not only brings a lot of fresh bait to the fish in the pond, but also has a high dissolved oxygen at the inlet and outlet, making it an ideal place for fish to feed and take oxygen. The so-called "flag with the wind, fish with water on top" is the reason.
Wave-following habits In a pond with a wide water area, when it meets a windy day, the water surface often raises a big wave, which pushes the plankton and other foods on the surface to accumulate in the downwind, and these baits are driven into the water by the waves, which makes this area a natural feeding ground for fish. Where waves surge, the dissolved oxygen in the water will definitely be high (this is the same as the aerator in high-density fish ponds). Based on the above two points, the fish have developed the habit of drifting with the waves.
Warm habits When the temperature of natural water is low, it is obvious that all kinds of fish like to go to the sunny waters for food, rarely go to the shady slopes and shady waters, and will not stay still in the deep water with low water temperature for a long time. In early spring and late autumn, the shallow water with the leeward facing the sun is warmer in the daytime under the sunshine, so fish like to swim here for food. However, the temperature difference between morning and evening is large, and the water temperature in shallow water drops rapidly and greatly, so fish usually have to retreat to the deep water area where the water body is relatively warm. With the rise and fall of the water surface temperature in day and night, the fish will float in the day and sink in the night. On the contrary, in the hot summer season, the shallow waters are cool and pleasant in the morning, evening and night, and fish like to flock to them. During the day, as the temperature and water temperature rise, the fish gradually move to the deep water. At noon in midsummer, when the hot sun is on the head and the heat is unbearable, the fish generally retreat in the deepest part of the pond. If you follow the above rules to "find fish", you can basically find its trace.
gregarious habits except catfish and snakehead, most fish like to live in groups. Idioms such as "fish running through the river" and "crucian carp crossing the river" illustrate this habit. The same is true for carp. On the one hand, it is determined by the same eating habits and living habits. In addition, the movement of fish in groups is also a kind of nature and instinct to avoid enemy harm.
The average oxygen content in natural water is 8-12mg per liter. When it drops to less than 1mg, most fish will stop eating, "float their heads" and even die. Carassius auratus, catfish, etc. have relatively strong hypoxia tolerance, but carp can't. Generally, the dissolved oxygen is required to be more than 5 mg per liter. Oxygen in water comes from photosynthesis of aquatic plants, and the other comes from surface air. The dissolved oxygen is slow in windless weather, and the dissolved oxygen is good in big waves. Where there is no oxygen, the fish will move sensitively to the water with high oxygen content. This is the main reason why fish like grass, streams, waves and shoals. Before the thunderstorm, the air pressure was low, the weather was stuffy, and the fish didn't bite; The rain just cleared up and the fish "snapped"; Fish don't like to bite in the dead water area in the upwind, and the waves surge in the downwind, so the fish are very active; If there is a population injected with fresh water from outside the fertilizer pond, it is a golden fishing belt. …? All these phenomena explain the same truth: fish flock to places with high dissolved oxygen. In addition, quietness is also one of the obvious characteristics of fish, and carp is no exception. Fish have developed hearing and are extremely sensitive to sounds, especially some sudden and unfamiliar high-intensity sounds. After hearing them, they quickly move away from the sound source. Of course, fish avoid sound only in general. They are not afraid of some natural sounds, such as waterfalls, wind and waves, running water, rice washing and insects falling into the water, but they like them very much. If it is a high-density intensive pond, the sound of throwing granular feed will even make the fish gather together.
yue longmen story of carp:
A large group of golden-backed carp, white-bellied carp and gray-eyed carp in the East China Sea, hearing that Yu Wang wanted to select talented people who could leap onto the Longmen and take care of it, they flocked up the Yellow River in droves.
Before I saw the shadow of the Longmen, the gray carp were stunned by the sediment in the Yellow River, so I turned around, swam downstream and swam back to the Yellow Sea with no effort. Unfortunately, I met a fish, turtle and sea monster with a big mouth, and I was so sad.
But the golden-backed carp and the white-bellied carp, in a long snake formation, took turns to fight the vanguard, fought against the wind and waves, and worked hard day and night, and finally swam to the foot of Longmen. They put their heads out of the water and looked up at the Longmen: I saw a thick white marble column folded on both sides of the magical Longmen. The jade column is carved with vivid stone dragons. The dragon wrapped around the jade pillar and circled up until it reached the top of the Baizhang pillar. In Longmen, the water waves are sky-high, and the bright silver water drops splash on the faucet, which is just a strange color picture of "Two Dragons Playing with Beads". The background is blue sky and white clouds, reflecting the stone couplets on both sides of Longmen: "Long, long, long, long, facing the DPRK." This scenery is better than Penglai wonderland.
After seeing the beautiful scenery, the carp signed up for the exam with King Yu. When Yu Wang saw the great joy, he said, "The ichthyosaur was born of the same species. If you leap into the dragon gate, you will become a dragon."
When the carp heard this, they immediately puffed their gills and wagged their tails, making them jump upward with all their strength. Unexpectedly, they just jumped out of the water by more than ten feet and fell on the water, which was always painful. But they are not discouraged, but they practice hard day and night. In this way, I practiced straight for 7749 days, and I could jump 7749 feet at a time. But there is still a long way to go to jump on that hundred-foot dragon gate.
Dayu saw that the carp were willing to practice hard, so he ordered them and said, "What a big group of fish!" " A golden-backed carp was greatly enlightened by Yu: Wang's words, and said to the group of fish, "Yu Wang said,' What a big group of fish', didn't it inspire us to make concerted efforts to leap into the Longmen?" "Thank you, Yu," cried the fish in unison.