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Planting technology of yolk fruit Under normal management conditions, the germination ability of yolk fruit is strong. Under the climatic conditions in the south subtropical region, it can usually be taken four times a year.
Cultivation of yolk fruit: spring shoots
Generally, it is 65438+1taken out from late October to late February. Through the observation of 4-year-old ring-branch seedlings of egg-yolk fruit, the average number of spring shoots is 1 15, and the average length is 14.8 cm. The germination time varies with the strength and temperature of the tree.
Trees are full of vitality. Last year, only trees with autumn shoots but no winter shoots sprouted after the rain in the middle and late days of 12. At this time, the top buds and the following lateral buds were full. When the tree is weak, when the temperature is low in late autumn or winter and spring last year, the spring shoots will germinate in more than 2-3 months, and a few will even shoot in April, with a shooting period of 50-60 days.
Spring shoots are important branches of fruiting trees, and timely germination will form good fruiting mother branches.
Cultivating timely and robust spring shoots is an important content of management in cultivation measures.
Cultivation of yolk fruit: summer bud
Summer shoots are usually plucked from late April to late May. Trees that do not bear fruit in their infancy or youth can have 2 ~ 3 summer shoots successively.
The first germination was in April after the maturity of spring shoots; The second germination occurred in the first half of June; Trees with vigorous plants germinate again for the third time in late July, and the growth period enters the next season. Sometimes the first summer bud is not fully mature, then the top bud germinates and the second summer bud is pulled out. Because of continuous growth, if the nutrient supply is insufficient, the growth of the second new shoots will be small and weak. Some fruit trees will drop flowers and branches, and summer shoots will be pulled out from the base of flower branches. Even if the mature yolk fruit does not bloom, a small number of summer buds usually emerge after the spring buds mature.
Cultivation of yolk fruit: autumn shoots
The shooting period of autumn shooting is generally from the end of September to the end of June 65438+ 10. Through the observation of 4-year-old ring-branch seedlings of Huanghua fruit, it was found that the average number of autumn shoots was 146, and the length was about 20.3 cm. In eastern Guangdong, some were pulled out before August.
Autumn shoots germinate at the flowering and fruit-setting stage. If they grow too fast, it will inevitably affect the fruit-setting rate of that year.
Cultivation of yolk fruit: winter bud
Winter bamboo shoots are rarely picked. It is possible to pick winter bamboo shoots once in mid-June165438+1October. Early winter buds can strengthen their buds by strengthening fertilization, and sometimes they can form late panicles, but the flower quality is generally weak and the results are unreliable. After winter bamboo shoots are pulled out, they often encounter low-temperature frost, the leaves are small, it is difficult to turn green normally, and even the young leaves dry up and become single branches. Some plants can differentiate flower buds on the main branch, and the main axis and transverse axis of the main branch are longer, forming long spikes.
There are also differences in the growth of new shoots of different varieties of yolk fruit. In order to make the branches evenly distributed in the crown and form the crown, it is necessary to trim the branches according to the growth characteristics of the varieties.
Cultivation techniques of egg yolk under normal management conditions, egg yolk has strong germination. Generally, it can be picked four times a year under the climatic conditions in the south subtropical region. (1) Spring bamboo shoots: Generally, they are taken out from the end of 10 to the end of February at 65438+. Through the observation of 4-year-old ring-branch seedlings of egg-yolk fruit, the average number of spring shoots is 1 15, and the average length is 14.8 cm. The germination time varies with the strength and temperature of the tree. Egg yolk fruit trees are full of vitality. Last year, only trees with autumn shoots but no winter shoots sprouted after the rain in the middle and late days of 12. At this time, the top buds and the following lateral buds were full. When the tree is weak, when the temperature is low in late autumn or winter and spring last year, the spring shoots will germinate in more than 2-3 months, and a few will even shoot in April, with a shooting period of 50-60 days. Spring shoots are important branches of fruiting trees, and timely germination will form good fruiting mother branches. In the cultivation measures, it is an important content of management to cultivate timely and robust yellow fruit spring shoots.
(2) Summer shoots: Generally, summer shoots are removed from late April to late May. Trees that do not bear fruit in their infancy or youth can have 2 ~ 3 summer shoots successively. The first germination was in April after the maturity of spring shoots; The second germination occurred in the first half of June; In late July, the tree with vigorous egg yolk plants germinated for the third time, and the growth period entered the next season. Sometimes the first summer bud is not fully mature, then the top bud germinates and the second summer bud is pulled out. Because of continuous growth, if the nutrient supply is insufficient, the growth of the second new shoots will be small and weak. Some fruit trees have fallen flowers and branches, and the summer shoots will be pulled out from the base of the fallen branches. Even if the mature yolk fruit does not bloom, a small number of summer buds usually emerge after the spring buds mature.
(3) Autumn shoot: The shooting period of autumn shoot is generally from the end of September to the end of 10. Through the observation of 4-year-old ring-branch seedlings of egg-yolk fruit, it was found that the average number of autumn shoots was 146, which was about 20.3 cm long. In eastern Guangdong, some were pulled out before August. Autumn shoots germinate at the flowering and fruit-setting stage. If they grow too fast, it will inevitably affect the fruit-setting rate of that year.
(4) Winter bamboo shoots: Generally, winter bamboo shoots are rarely picked. It is possible to pick winter bamboo shoots once in mid-June165438+1October. Early winter buds can strengthen their buds by strengthening fertilization, and sometimes they can form late panicles, but the flower quality is generally weak and the results are unreliable. After winter bamboo shoots are pulled out, they often encounter low-temperature frost, the leaves are small, it is difficult to turn green normally, and even the young leaves dry up and become single branches. Some egg-yolk plants can differentiate flower buds on the main branches, and the main axis and transverse axis of the main branches are longer, forming long spikes.
Pruning and shaping of egg yolk fruit trees
There are also differences in the growth of new shoots of different varieties of yolk fruit. In order to make the branches evenly distributed in the crown and form the crown, it is necessary to trim the branches according to the growth characteristics of the varieties.
After the heel enters, the first batch of new buds germinate, and the yolk seedlings can be fertilized, mainly by mixing decomposed human and animal feces and urine with water, with the application concentration of 3% ~ 5%, and sprouting once 1 ~ 2 times. Pay attention to drought and flood to ensure harvest. Every time a new shoot is pulled out 3 ~ 5 cm, it should be sprayed in time to protect the growth of the tender shoot. Prune when the seedlings grow to 20 ~ 30 cm high to cultivate strong main branches. Egg-yolk ring-branch seedlings require mature branches, thick branches, neat leaves, dark green leaves, full bud eyes and no pests and diseases, which can be used for potted plants.
Cultivation techniques of yolk fruit: preparation of planting holes
The row spacing of light planting plants is 3m? 4m, planting hole 100cm? 80cm？ The row spacing of planting plants on a 60cm slope is 4m? 4m, planting hole 100cm? 100cm？ 60 cm. Planting holes are green manure, and soil miscellaneous manure is layered and pressed green. When planting, 50- 100 kg manure and 0.5 kg calcium superphosphate were mixed.
Field planting
Generally, the seeds are sown 3-6 months after the new shoots mature or before the new shoots are picked. Seedlings should be transplanted with soil to avoid damaging the root system. If soil can't be taken, the rough damaged roots should be cut off after emergence, and the roots should be soaked with ABT rooting powder, dipped in yellow mud, then put into wet straw and film and transported to the field. Before transplanting with or without soil, some shoots and leaves should be cut off. Before planting, soak the planting holes in water, cultivate them with water, and cover them with soil and grass. After planting, it is necessary to prevent shaking from damaging the roots and keep the soil moist. Fertilizer and water management
sapling
According to the principle of thin application and diligent application, apply fertilizer one month after sowing, once a month, and apply 20g urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate10 g per plant; Fertilize once every two months from September to February, with 20g urea per plant and potassium dihydrogen phosphate 10g. In the second year, 30g urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate 15g were applied every month from March to August. Fertilize every two months from September to February, with 30 grams of urea and 20 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate per plant. In the third year, most young trees began to blossom and bear fruit. At this time, flowers should be picked, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be increased, and the vegetative growth of young trees should be promoted. In the third year, each plant was applied with 50g urea and 50 g potassium fertilizer15 g per month; Fertilize every two months from September to February, with 50 grams of urea and 20 grams of potassium fertilizer per plant. Egg yolk was put into production in the fourth year. Pay attention to irrigation during the whole young tree period to ensure normal growth.
full-grown tree
After planting for 4-5 years, the yolk fruit entered the high-yield period. Before the first flowering and at the end of March, the flower-promoting fertilizer, urea 100g, potassium sulfate 100g, calcium superphosphate 50g, borax 5 50 g, and a small amount of trace elements were applied in annular shallow furrow, accounting for 25% of the whole year. At the beginning of July, Guo Mu fertilizer, urea 100g, potassium sulfate 150g, calcium superphosphate 150g, oil cake 5kg, and manure 50kg were applied in radial shallow ditch, and the fertilization amount accounted for 50% of the whole year. Egg yolk bears fruit every year, but mid-l0 and mid-February are the two peak periods of fruit picking. Mature fruits account for 85% of the whole year in mid-February, and the fruit quality is the best. Therefore, the application of fruit fertilizer should be carried out in the middle and late February, digging ditches under the vertical line of crown width, and applying 50kg manure and 0% quicklime to each plant. 5kg, combined with spraying foliar fertilizer. Water supply should be ensured during the strong fruit period, water control should be properly carried out before flowering to promote flower bud differentiation, and water control should be carried out after fruit ripening to prevent fruit cracking.
soil management
Mulching with grass can prevent weeds from growing, increase soil moisture and improve soil physical and chemical properties. Magnolia is the best covering material. At the same time, according to the growth status of young trees, holes should be expanded and soil improved in a planned way. Weeds are removed by light tillage in the tree tray, and grass is covered on the tree tray to reduce the growth of weeds.
Plastic pruning and flower and fruit protection
sapling
In order to make young trees bear fruit early, young trees should give priority to vegetative growth and cultivate good tree structure in the first three years. The crown of the tree adopts a natural semi-circular head shape, and it enters a high-yield period, with less hitting and more staying, and more cutting. In the third year after planting, the flower buds of yolk fruit differentiate, and all the flower buds should be erased to ensure nutritional growth. For 4-year-old trees, the middle and upper branches of the crown are cut short in summer, and the fruit yield of the crown is controlled within 5kg/ plant. Immediately after each pruning, fully spray l-2 degree stone sulfur mixture, and evenly spray it inside the crown, outside the crown and on the trunk. After that, the output gradually increased, and it officially entered the rich period in 8 years.
full-grown tree
Pruning after fruit picking: on the basis of maintaining a good tree structure, pruning is carried out after fruit picking, and the bearing mother branches are rotated and updated to cultivate strong bearing mother branches on the main branches and auxiliary branches. The number of fruits of secondary branches accounts for 80% of the total number of fruits. At the same time, cut off dead branches, twigs, diseased branches, shaded branches, clustered branches, retracted cross branches, ground branches, etc. In the flat area, it is necessary to dredge the row spacing of the tree crown and keep the row spacing at 60- 90cm to ensure the ventilation and light transmission of the orchard. After pruning, spray l-2 degree stone sulfur mixture on the crown.
Bud stage management: from April to June, after budding to full flowering, branch control and flower control are determined according to the number of new shoots, flower quantity and tree vigor, which are divided into three categories: the first category, when the tree is strong, there are many flowers and few new shoots, it is mainly to control flowers and cut off too many, too dense and too weak flowering branches or branches on the crown; The second type, with moderate tree vigor, moderate flowers and bearing branches, mainly focuses on controlling new shoots, cutting off branches with the same fruit stalks outside the crown and 50% new shoots in the middle and upper part of the crown, and erasing vigorous summer shoots; In the third category, if the tree is in moderate growth, with few flowers and many new shoots, it is mainly controlled by new shoots, and the summer shoots inside and outside the crown should be cut off repeatedly until the full flowering period, and the new leaves should not exceed 40% of the old leaves.