Guanzhong refers to the "four passes", namely Dongguan (Hangu Pass), Xiguan (Great Earthquake Pass), Nanguan (Languan Pass) and Beiguan (Jinsuo Pass). Guanzhong area is located in the middle of Shaanxi Province, including five cities and one district of xi, Baoji, Xianyang, Weinan, Tongchuan and Yangling, with a total area of 55,623 square kilometers and a permanent population of 23,850,600 (at the end of 20 15).
Guanzhong is close to Qinling Mountains, and Weihe River passes through it, with rich products and outstanding people. There are natural terrain barriers on all sides, which are easy to defend but difficult to attack. Since the Warring States period, there has been a saying of "one country, four blockades". Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Liang summed up the advantages of Guanzhong with "a golden city of thousands of miles" and persuaded Liu Bang to make it the capital of Guanzhong.
During the Warring States Period, Zhang Yi told Qin Chen about the plan of "Lian Heng", praising Guanzhong's "fertile land, rich people, numerous chariots, tackling all kinds of difficulties, fertile fields and thousands of miles, and accumulating abundance", saying that "this so-called rich land is also a country under the world", more than half a century earlier than Chengdu Plain was awarded the title of "Land of Abundance".
This is because Guanzhong has become a treasure trove of geomantic omen and the capital of emperors since Zheng Guoqu was restored in the Warring States Period.
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Tongguan 1
As the first of the four customs, Tongguan had not been set up before the Eastern Han Dynasty. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao established Tongguan in the first year of Jian 'an (AD 196) and abandoned Hangu Pass. Ancient Tongguan ranks second among the top ten famous customs in China! Tongguan is named after water.
2. Big three levels
Also known as Sanguan, it is located in Baoji City. It was the pass that scattered the whole country in the Zhou Dynasty, hence the name Three Passes. The mountains here are steep and mountainous. Because of its north-south traffic throat, it has been the "throat of Sichuan and Shaanxi" since ancient times, and it is a battleground for military strategists. According to historical records, there have been more than 70 battles in the Big Three Pass.
3. Wuguan
The south gate of Guanzhong was set in the Spring and Autumn Period. Shangluo area was the territory of Jin State at that time. In order to prevent the state of Chu, a pass was built on Shaoxi Mountain. According to Zuo Zhuan, in 490 BC, the Chu people sought the north and "must learn and follow it". During the Warring States Period, the Qin State, which expanded in all directions, renamed Shao Xi Wuguan, implying the intention of attacking the eastern countries by force.
Du Yu, the first to put forward this view, said: "If you learn less, you will be a military attache in Shang County." Wuguan occupies the throat of the road from Guanzhong to the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. "Qin can't control Chu without martial arts", which shows the importance of its strategic position. Wuguan Road, named after the establishment of Wuguan, runs from the southeast of Chang 'an, up the Bahe River, across the Qinling Mountains and down the Danshui River.
4. Xiaoguan
Xiaoguan is a famous pass in ancient northwest China. The emperors of Qin and Han dynasties went on patrol, and the literati of Han and Tang dynasties went out to the fortress, all of which were predestined friends with Xiao Guan. The location of Xiaoguan is controversial, but it is not controversial in the southeast of Guyuan County (now Yuanzhou District of Guyuan City) in Ningxia.
Xiao Guan is not an independent pass, it is closely related to Qin Changcheng's strategic position. The villages and towns built along the Great Wall in Qin Changcheng and Huan County constitute a complete defense system. In addition, the three towers of Guo 'er Mountain, Huangyushan Mountain and Chengdong Plateau around the county, as well as the city defense barriers of Chengzigang, Shenjiatai and Chengdong Goukou, surround the county in the center and form a solid artificial barrier.
Built on the commanding heights of Xiaoguan, the three pagodas can not only echo each other from a distance, but also overlook all areas where the three rivers meet, such as Huanjiang, Chengxichuan and Chengdong Valley. 5 square kilometers of valleys, mountains, rivers, roads and cottages inside and outside the pass have a panoramic view, forming a three-dimensional defense system. Its elaborate design and ingenious layout amazed the world.
Baidu encyclopedia-Guanzhong
Baidu Encyclopedia-Weihe Plain