"Flowers in the Mirror" is a novel written by Li Ruzhen, a literati in the Qing Dynasty. The first half of the novel describes the story of Tang Ao, Duo Jiugong and others traveling overseas by boat, including their experiences in the Daughter Country, the Junzi Country, the Wuchang Country and other countries. The second half tells the story of Wu Zetian's imperial examination to select talented girls, Tang Xiaoshan, who was entrusted by Baihua Fairy, and one hundred talented girls entrusted by other flower fairies who passed the exam and made a difference in the court. His magical and humorous creative techniques are based on classics, and he cleverly outlines a gorgeous color picture of the heavenly wheel. [1]
"Flower Through the Mirror" is also a novel that discusses women's issues. [2]
Title of work
Marriage of Flowers in the Mirror
Foreign name
The Marriage of Flowers in the Mirror
Author
Li Ruzhen
Creation period
Jiaqing and Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty
Literary genre
Length Novel
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Works Catalog Characters Appreciation Works Appreciation Author Profile Derivative Works
Content Summary?
The beginning of the novel "Flower in the Mirror" is written on the birthday of the Queen Mother During the banquet, Fairy Baihua offended Fairy Chang'e and swore to her that if all the flowers bloomed together when they shouldn't, she would voluntarily fall into the mortal world and suffer a lifetime of suffering. [3] Hou Xinyuehu came to earth under the orders of the Jade Emperor. Before leaving, Chang'e told her that all flowers should bloom to show her prestige. [4] As a result, Xinyuehu went down to the world and was reincarnated as the daughter of the Wu family. Later, she was summoned to the palace by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty and granted the title of Talented Person. When Wu Zetian abolished the Tang Dynasty and changed to the Zhou Dynasty, one day, it snowed heavily. Because she was drunk, she ordered the flowers to bloom. Unfortunately, the Flower Fairy went out, and the flower gods had no way to ask for instructions. They did not dare to violate the order and disrespect, so they had to bloom. Therefore, they violated the laws of heaven and were impeached. ([hé], report and expose crimes) is "to show off one's beauty at the wrong time, to flatter oneself before the Lord of the World, thus reversing the order of time." So, the Jade Emperor demoted Baihua Fairy to the human world. [5]
The Baihua Fairy was born as Tang Xiaoshan, the daughter of the scholar Tang Ao. Tang Ao went to Beijing to take the exam and won the top prize. At this time, Xu Jingye launched an army to attack Wu Zetian. Tang Ao was framed by a traitor and said that he had a sworn friendship with Xu Jingye. Tang Ao was stripped of his honor and demoted to the rank of scholar. Tang Ao felt discouraged about his official career, so he went to sea with his wife and brother Lin Zhiyang to do business and travel. [6]
Jinghuayuan
They passed through more than 30 countries and saw various countries such as the Black Teeth Country, the White Republic, the Shushi Country, the Two-faced Country, and the Dog Feng Country. After encountering strange people, strange things, strange customs, and getting acquainted with women who were reincarnated by twelve flower fairies, Tang Ao not only rescued the "twelve flowers" who were living overseas one after another, but also successively took Yukongcao, Zhucao and other fairy exotic substances. , has the ability to carry heavy weights and jump high, and also strengthens his desire to leave this world, and finally enters Xiao Penglai and becomes an immortal. [7]
His daughter Tang Xiaoshan missed her father so much that she forced Lin Zhiyang to take her out to sea to find her father. They traveled to various fairylands, [8] and came to Xiao Penglai and got a letter from her father from a woodcutter. , asking her to change her name to "girlfriend" and take the talented girl exam. After passing the exam, the father and daughter will be reunited. [9] Tang Xiaoshan changed his name to Tang Guochen and returned to China to take the exam. Wu Zetian opened a subject to examine talented women and admitted hundreds of people, just like the name of the stone tablet of Weeping Red Pavilion. Talented women gathered together at the "Red Literary Banquet" to show off their talents, playing music, chess, calligraphy and painting, medicine, divination, music and arithmetic, making lantern riddles and wine, everyone discussed theory and art, and left happily. [9]
Tang entered Xiao Penglai Mountain to look for his father but never returned.
At this time, the descendants of Xu Jingye, King Luo Bin and others revolted against the Zhou Dynasty, broke through the wine, sex, wealth and gas barriers of the Wu family army outside Chang'an City, and supported Zhongzong's restoration. Wu Zetian was still revered as the "Great Sage Emperor". She also issued an edict to continue opening female subjects, and ordered hundreds of talented women from previous subjects to attend the "Hongwen Banquet" again. [10]
Catalog of Works?
Chapter 01
The Queen Mother’s Fragrance Banquet in the West Pond
Chapter 10 Chapter 51
A filial girl is on the road to poverty and has no food to survive, but the fairy lady offers rice to her
Chapter 02
Speaking rightly to the flower fairy who obeys the season and punishes her, she makes an appointment with Sister Yue to help Feng Kuang
Chapter 52
Talking about the Spring and Autumn Period, the Brocade on the Breast, the Etiquette, and the Mouth spitting Pearls
Chapter 03
Xu Yinggong’s message to the rebels Master Luo edited the book and sent it to good friends
Chapter 53
On the division of numbers in the former dynasties into northern and southern books and old history
Chapter 04
Reciting poems about snow, gambling in Nuange, waving drunken pens, going to the garden to encourage flowers
Chapter 54
The wise white ape stole the book and showed his miraculous ability to send messages to the red girl
Expand all
Character image?
Main character
Tang Ao
A quick thinker who likes to travel around the world, but He had no intention of taking scientific examinations and just became a scholar. His father's last words were that Tang Ao should at least become a Hui Yuan. From then on, Tang Ao began to work hard and finally won the top prize. However, he was still demoted to a scholar because he had sworn sworn relatives with Xu Jingye, King Luo Bin and others. He deliberately abandoned the world of mortals, so he traveled to sea with his daughter Tang Xiaoshan, his uncle Lin Zhiyang, his good friend Duo Jiugong and others. They experienced more than 40 countries and saw many foreign customs and customs. In Tang Ao's spare time, he taught his niece Lin Wanru how to read poetry. He is kind and loyal, and rescues some women who were reincarnated by the flower god along the way. In Yuangu Kingdom, he rescued two mermaids who were captured by the fish people. In order to save Lin Zhiyang, he took the risk to unveil the imperial list of the daughter country to repair the river. When he arrived at Xiao Penglai Mountain, Tang Ao was attracted by the beautiful fairyland in the mountain. He suddenly felt that all his ambitions for fame and wealth were exhausted and everything was in vain. And because he ate the fairy grass, he finally became a saint and transcended the world, and never returned after entering the mountain. His daughter Xiaoshan came here to look for her, and he just sent a letter to Xiaoshan through the woodcutter, asking her to change her name to a confidant and to meet a talented girl before they can get together.
Lin Zhiyang
The image of a kind and funny small businessman. Although he is a businessman, he is never mercenary and forgets his loyalty to others. He is sincere, simple and attaches great importance to friendship and friendship. Tang Ao, his brother-in-law, was deprived of his honors and was depressed. He wanted to take a trip to the sea to relieve his depression. He readily agreed to Tang's request and refused to accept the boat meal fee. He suggested using the money to buy some goods and sell them overseas. Along the way, he played as much as Tang Ao liked. Tang rescued some women who were reincarnated by the flower god, and he fully supported them without any complaints. The illness of Qiyu Guozhi Lanyin can only be cured by traveling far away from home. Lanyin's father entrusted her to Tang Ao. In order to comfort the father and daughter, Lin Zhiyang also quickly accepted the offer for his brother-in-law. Lin Zhiyang was detained as a "concubine" by the king of the daughter country, had his feet bound and his ears pierced, beaten and hung, and suffered many hardships. When he was isolated and helpless, he received help from the crown prince Yin Ruohua. After Tang Ao was released, Lin did not forget his kindness and rescued girl Ruohua who was framed by her stepmother. When they arrived at Xiao Penglai Mountain, Tang Ao entered the mountain and never returned. Lin refused to listen to everyone's dissuasion and searched for him for a month. It was not until he saw a seven-character quatrain written by his brother-in-law on a stone tablet that he would not return to secular life. He became an immortal and had to return in tears. When his niece Xiaoshan learned the truth, she decided to go overseas to find her father. He took Xiaoshan out to sea again. He was afraid that his niece would miss her family and become ill, so he was particularly considerate of her and tried his best to relieve Xiaoshan's sorrow and boredom. After Xiaoshan fell in love with a talented girl, he accompanied his niece overseas to find relatives for the second time. Lin Zhiyang was very straightforward. When Duojiu Gong cured the illness of the prince and princess of Qiyu King, and the king sent him money as a reward, he advised Jiu Gong who declined: Instead of following the cliché of half-promising and half-hearted treatment, it is better to accept the treatment in real terms. When he sells goods, he always nails it and rivets it, leaving no room for ambiguity. He also understands the principle that things are rare and valuable, and his businessman style is clearly demonstrated. Despite this, people don't hate him, but they find him very cute because of his funny humor.
When he heard that people in the Republic of China lay eggs, he wanted to buy some human eggs and sell them to the theater troupe to play the role of Dan in order to make a fortune. It turned out that he had mistaken the word "dan" in the drama for the word "egg", and after reading it, he called people I couldn't help laughing.
Duo Jiugong
When he was young, he took the imperial examination. Although he was full of talents and knowledge, he failed to pass the examination as a scholar. He abandoned his books and started a shipping business. To earn money, he makes a living by managing ships and carrying coffins for others. He is over eighty years old, but he is in very good health and walks with a brisk pace. Being accustomed to traveling across the ocean for a long time, he has seen a lot, including all kinds of exotic flowers, plants, birds and animals, and he can also cure many diseases. In Qiyutu, he cured the diseases of the prince and princess, but he was not greedy for money and repeatedly refused to accept the money sent by the king as a thank you. In the Black Teeth Kingdom, he judged people based on their appearance and did not take the black girls Honghong and Tingting into his eyes. He talked arrogantly about learning, and was humiliated by the two black girls who were more knowledgeable. Later, he was afraid of being questioned again and embarrassed on the spot. As soon as I saw the academy, I was frightened and didn't dare to admit that I was a scholar. But Duo Jiugong ignored the past grudges and took good care of Honghong and Tingting when the talented girls came to Beijing to take the exams. Under Tang Ao's persuasion, he published the family's prescriptions for daily life to relieve people's illnesses. Xiaoshan went overseas to find his father. At the invitation of Lin Zhiyang, he went to sea again despite his old age and frailty. Duo Jiugong is an image of a loyal, simple and kind-hearted worker. [12]
Tang Xiaoshan (Tang’s Concubine)
She was originally a Baihua Fairy. Because Empress Wu Zetian ordered all the flowers to bloom in the cold weather, she was punished by heaven after they bloomed and was demoted to the mortal world and reborn as the daughter of the scholar Tang Ao. She is beautiful and dignified, naturally intelligent, loves writing and dancing, knows people well, and is known as a talented woman. His father, Tang Ao, failed in the imperial examination and never returned to seek immortality. She forced her uncle to lead her to the sea to find her father. After going through hardships and dangers, she got her father's letter in Xiao Penglai Mountain. The letter asked her to change her name to Guichen Yi
Invite her to get together with the talented girls. She saw an inscription on the fairy mountain, which was engraved with the names of hundreds of flower gods who were born into the world, and the ranking of the talented girls. She copied the inscription and returned to China to take the women's examination. She admitted hundreds of girls, all of whom were consistent with the inscription. After all the talented women came to the throne, they spent many days drinking, banqueting and playing games, and then left happily. She also returned to the fairy mountain. [13]
Other characters
Twelve Flower Masters
Ranking
Name
Previous life
01
Yin Ruohua
Peony Fairy
02
You Xiuying
Orchid Fairy
Expand all
One Hundred Talented Women
First Place
Smandala Flower Fairy
"Bookworm" Shi Youtan
No. 51
Si Jindaihua Fairy
"Hongwen Jin" Bian Caiyun
Second place
Si Yu Meiren Flower Fairy
"Wan Hu Chou" Ai Cuifang
Fifty-second place
Si Yurui Flower Fairy
"Luminous Wall" Lu Yaobi
Third Place
Si Luo Ruhua Fairy
"Five Color Pen" "Ji Chenyu
No. 53
Si Baxianhua Fairy
"Qingxu Mansion" Zuo Rongchun
Expand All
The Twelve Flowers
The Twelfth Talented Woman
Si Peony Flower Fairy
The "Queen of Women" Yin Ruohua
The 22nd Talented Woman
Fairy Si Xinghua
"Little Taishi" Lu Zixuan
The 30th Talented Woman
p>
Si Yulan Flower Fairy
"Splendid Liver" Situ Nuer
Expand all
Appreciation of works?
Art Features
"Flowers in the Mirror" inherits some materials from "Overseas Western Classic" and "Great Wilderness Western Classic" in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas". It has been recreated by the author and relies on his rich imagination and humor. The writing style uses exaggeration, metaphor, contrast and other techniques to create a novel with unique structure and novel ideas.
Such unlearned and unskilled people regard "money as life" and are profit-seekers who want to take advantage. "Shu Shi Kingdom" has gold plaques such as "virtuous and upright", "virtuous Confucian", "smart and upright" and so on. People of all colors wear Confucian scarves and plain clothes. They behave politely and talk a lot about "what matters", but they are very carefree and stingy. After they have had enough wine and food, they will even put the few remaining salt beans in their arms, and even a used bald-tooth cane will be put on their sleeves. inside. The work exposes the rottenness of these pseudo-gentlemen by contrasting internal and external aspects, and vividly satirizes the ugliness of the Confucian scholars.
Fourthly, in terms of life, it advocates simplicity and economy and opposes extravagance. We are opposed to being particular about our daily diet and being too lazy to make it delicious. Against feasting and entertaining guests. It is against the banquet arrangements of the three dynasties, the full moon, the hundredth day, and the first year of the child's birth. Oppose the "excessive extravagance" of "marriages, funerals, food, clothing, and household expenses."
Fifth, in terms of social atmosphere, it requires sincerity and opposes false morals and hypocrites. It praises others without arguing, is courteous and courteous, and strives to be the first to do good things. It opposes hating the poor and loving the rich. It advocates being kind to others and allowing them to "reform their mistakes." It opposes litigation. It requires a thorough understanding of life and death, and a disregard for fame and fortune. It tries its best to ridicule those uneducated people who "know clearly that they have nothing in their belly, but they pretend to be rich."
Sixth, it opposes excessively serious exploitative behaviors, such as the wealthy households in the Intestine Country who "keep the food that passes through their stomachs in preparation for the next meal of their servants", and He was also reluctant to let his servants eat as much as possible and asked them to "eat and eat again" "three or four times".
In short, Li Ruzhen’s ideal society is not an elusive mirror image. Judging from the reality of China over the past one hundred years, some ideals have completely become a reality, and some ideals have become reality to a certain extent. It is a reality, and some may become reality after a certain period of time. It should be admitted that all Li Ruzhen's ideals have varying degrees of progress. They are conceptions of truth, goodness and beauty put forward against ugliness, a torch that guides people to remove the old and replace the old with the new, and a stimulus that inspires people to forge ahead. [14]
The novel "Flower in the Mirror" mainly uses several writing techniques such as exaggeration and contrast.
Exaggeration technique: In most satirical works, exaggeration is a technique favored by most writers. Li Ruzhen also used this technique when expressing specific satirical content. He deliberately amplifies a certain character or phenomenon that needs to be expressed, so that the subjective assumed logic of the comic characters in the work is misaligned with the normal logic in real life, thereby producing a distinctive effect and deepening the satirical content the author wants to express. . In the work "Flowers in the Mirror", the exaggeration technique is used just right.
In the fourteenth chapter of the book, Tang Ao and his party came to the Wuchang Country. Duo Jiugong introduced the characteristics of the people of this country to Tang and Lin. The people here "eat the food without stopping in their stomachs. They eat it and pass it all the way through." And those who want to get rich "because the food they eat passes through their stomachs immediately after it reaches their stomachs. Although it is called excrement, it still passes through it." It does not stay in the abdomen and is not putrid yet, so the excrement is still well stored for the next meal of the servants." However, those who want to get rich still feel that it is not enough. Not only do they not let their servants eat enough, but they also "make them eat excrement three or four times, and then eat it again." This is how we started anew.” [1]35 Such an exaggerated description makes readers laugh while also seeing the ugly faces of those rich people who are unkind and mean-spirited for their wealth. They disregard people's lives and lives for their own benefit. This is not only the author's intentional exaggeration, but also a true portrayal of the real world.
Comic technique: The work "Flower in the Mirror" depicts a fantasy world with a strong romantic color. However, the author's description of the human emotions and objects in foreign countries in the book is not a casual sketch, but a detailed sketch using cartoon techniques based on the meaning he wants to express. As we all know, when cartoons satirize some people or things, they often produce a much stronger effect than directly describing them in words. Li Ruzhen seized this point and slightly exaggerated and deformed the line drawing technique, and outlined it with just a few strokes. It shows the main characteristics of a country, making people feel funny and understand the true meaning.
Contrast technique: Li Ruzhen satirized the imperial examination system by using contrast techniques. Through the comparison of different characters and the before and after comparison of the same character, she exposed the spiritual poison of the feudal imperial examination system to people, and further satirized it in the comparison. Those fake literati who are pretentious and ignorant expose their ugly inner spiritual world. [15]
Literary Criticism
Although Li Ruzhen is a progressive thinker and writer, she still cannot completely get rid of the fetters of the old consciousness. Perhaps due to the limitations of the times, or due to the retention of outdated feudal consciousness, Li Ruzhen's country still has certain backward ideas. When he put forward his ideas and criticisms, there were many rigid and incomplete things, and he even attempted to replace reform with restoration. place.
First of all, the author has traditional thoughts. He believes that "lower people" are uneducated and cannot bear much responsibility for all bad trends; scholars - especially "gentlemen" among scholars, But we should take the lead in correcting those bad habits (this view was particularly revealed in the conversation between Wu Zhihe and Wu Zhixiang in Chapter 12 of the Gentleman Country). Therefore, most of the phenomena reflected in the book were phenomena in the middle-class and above society at that time. Especially in the descriptions of countries at home and abroad, no one denies that the monarchy's war against war reflects the orthodox concept of maintaining the Tang Dynasty. Promote the concept of Women's Day in describing Empress Wu's benevolence; when writing about pedestrians on the streets of Black Teeth Country, men and women are separated on the left and right, showing that men and women have different thoughts; when writing about hundreds of talented women, no one has the desire for love, and all of them are married All of the marriages were based on the words of parents who ordered matchmakers, and no one got married through free love; Li Ruzhen regarded free love as a sinful act in the world. To some extent, he even spread the erroneous idea of ??discriminating against women that "only women and villains are difficult to raise". When describing the two types of people in Jingren Kingdom, one is a cunning and unusual villain, and the other is a silk-spinning villain. She stalks the charming men and women to death.
Secondly, the author promotes superstition to some extent. After he criticized the superstitious practice of focusing on Feng Shui in funerals, he also spread the Liuren God Course through the mouth of a talented woman. When he criticized the slaughter of farm cattle, although he had many correct views, he also had superstitious causal thoughts. In particular, while describing a beautiful utopia, he also made the protagonist Tang Ao reject reality and go into seclusion, reflecting his ambivalent psychology of joining the world and escaping from it.
Finally, in order to show the versatility of the talented women, the book allows the talented women to lecture one after another on scriptures, history, phonology, and literature and art. The overflow of these knowledge and knowledge in novels has become the biggest drawback. "A Dream of Red Mansions" also contains descriptions of poetry, painting, music theory, pulse conditions, and even prescriptions, but the feeling given to readers is very different from that of "Flowers in the Mirror". The knowledge and knowledge in "Flower in the Mirror" not only cannot solve the problem of sleepiness and make people hate each other, but also make people feel that the author is using the mouth of the characters to show off knowledge and knowledge. It is boring and boring, making people unable to finish reading and making them sleepy . Moreover, this knowledge can only illustrate the knowledge expertise of a certain talented woman and reflect this talented woman's views on social contradictions, and has nothing to do with the character's personality characteristics. These knowledge and knowledge cover the characters and plots, submerging the characteristics of the novel, and forming a grocery store selling all kinds of knowledge and knowledge.
Comments from famous experts
Hu Shi: What Li Ruzhen saw was women's issues that have been ignored for thousands of years. He was the first person in China to raise this issue of women, and his "Flower in the Mirror" is a novel that discusses women's issues. His answer to this question is that men and women should receive equal treatment, equal education, and an equal electoral system.
We must first point out that Li Ruzhen is a person who pays attention to social issues. The structure of "Flowers Through the Looking Glass" is very similar to Swift's "Overseas Xuanqulu" (now translated as "Gulliver's Travels"). It is intended to use some imaginary "overseas stories" to ridicule China. Bad social habits.
For these two sections, these two items are important parts of women’s issues; here we can already see Li Ruzhen’s enthusiasm for women’s issues... Li Ruzhen’s attitude towards women’s issues is as great as that of the country of Junzi If you have dry and silent discussions, you cannot be considered a writer." Hu Shi believes that the most exciting part in "Flowers in the Mirror" is the section about the Kingdom of Women.
The purpose of this large paragraph is just to "use literary techniques and humorous flavor to describe the unequal, cruel, and inhumane treatment of women." He even said: This daughter's country is Li Ruzhen's ideal utopia where women in the world can vent their anger and redress their grievances. [16]
Lu Xun: Discussing theory and art, counting classics and talking about classics, there are so many articles that I can’t control myself. [17]
About the author?
Li Ruzhen (1763-1830) was a novelist in the Qing Dynasty, courtesy name Songshi, and was born in Haizhou, Jiangsu (now part of Lianyungang City). When she was young, she studied under Ling Tingkan (about 1755-1809) about ancient rituals, music rhythms, calendar calculations, and territorial evolution. Li Ruzhen was particularly interested in territorial evolution. Li Ruzhen's disdain for the eight-part essay led to his failure throughout his life. His highest official position was the county magistrate of Henan Province. However, he was knowledgeable and proficient in phonology. When he was a teenager, he published the book "Li Shi Yinjian". Throughout his life, he was upright by nature, did not follow the powerful, was not good at working, and never obtained a decent official position. After middle age, he felt that there was no hope of seeking an official position, so he devoted himself to studying knowledge. From 1795 to 1815, it took twenty years to write the book "Flowers in the Mirror". [18]
Derivative works?
Novel
Hua Qinshan: "Flowers in the Mirror", ***4 volumes and 40 chapters. [19]
Li Jiaoqiu: The sequel to "Flowers Through the Looking Glass".
Opera
In 1923, the Peking Opera master Mei Lanfang adapted the thirteenth episode of "Flowers in the Mirror", "The beauty fell into the sea and was snared, and the Confucian scholar lost his way while climbing the mountain" into Peking Opera. , and named it "Lian Jinfeng". Since then, the Peking Opera "Lian Jinfeng" has become one of the representative repertoires of the Mei School. [20]
Storytelling
Tian Lianyuan, a storytelling performance artist, adapted "Flowers in the Mirror" into storytelling, with thirty chapters. [21]
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Reference materials
[1] Li Ruzhen. Mirror flower edge. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House. 1955-04-01：001-002
[2] Hu Shi’s “feminist” interpretation of “Flowers in the Mirror”. Guangming.com． 2009-03-07 [Citation date 2016-07-28]
[3] "Flowers in the Mirror" Chapter 1: The scene of the female leader, the Big Dipper, and the Queen Mother's feast in the West Pond. Chinese Studies Navigation [cited date 2014-06-21]
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