Scientific name: weeping willow
Alias: Salix salicifolia, weeping willow, Qingming willow
Family name: Salicaceae
Blooming Moon: I don't know.
Origin: Chinese mainland.
Toxicity: Yes.
Use: I don't know
Other characteristics: deciduous trees, slender willow branches, soft and drooping, like wetlands, 20-30 meters high, 50-60 cm in diameter, growing rapidly; The bark tissue is thick, longitudinally cracked, and the center of the aged trunk is rotten and hollow. The branches are slender and drooping, brownish green and hairless; Winter buds are linear and close to branches. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, 7-15cm long and 6-12mm wide, with sharp tips, serrated edges with small glands, dark green surface, grayish white back, smooth and hairless surfaces and stipules. After the leaves bloom, the male inflorescence is a short peduncle, slightly curved and 1- 1.5 cm long. The fruit is a capsule with 2 petals at maturity, containing many seeds with a tuft of hairs on them. Cutting propagation in Taiwan Province Province, introduced in the late Ming Dynasty, has a history of more than 300 years. It has strong resistance to air pollution and dust and is suitable for growing in urban gardens, especially by pools or streams.
1. Biological characteristics and distribution of Bai Liu.
Willow, a deciduous tree of Salicaceae, is 18m high and 80cm in DBH. The crown is ovoid to obovate. Bark is grayish black and longitudinally cracked. Like light, not tolerant of shade; Strong cold tolerance; Like wet water, but also resistant to drought. The soil requirement is not high, and it can grow in dry and barren sandy land, low humidity floodplain and weak saline-alkali land. Salix matsudana is widely distributed in China, including Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and Yangtze River Basin, with the Yellow River Basin as the distribution center, and it is one of the most common native tree species in Northwest China.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the Governor of Shaanxi, Gansu and Gansu left to guard the northwest border, he set out from An, crossed Longdong and Hexi Corridor, until Yili in northern Xinjiang and Aksu in southern Xinjiang, and planted willows along the post road. Up to now, there are three big willows in Aksu and other places, which are called "Left Gong Liu". Yang Changjun, a poet in A Qing, has a poem: "The general has not returned to the border, and Xiaoxiang disciples have traveled all over the Tianshan Mountains. Newly planted willows are three thousand miles away, and the spring breeze welcomes you. " It can be seen that Salix matsudana is widely distributed in northwest China.
Salix matsudana is distributed in northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi. Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi are mostly surrounded by green shade, and northern Shaanxi is planted in a large area, which is a concentrated distribution area. Twelve districts and counties in Yulin City can be seen everywhere, especially Jingbian, Dingbian, Hengshan and Yuyang, followed by Mizhi, Suide and Jiaxian. According to the investigation data of forestry resources in Yulin Institute of Forestry Science 1987, the area of Salix matsudana in the whole city is1200,000 mu. At present, it is estimated that there are at least 6.5438+0.4 million mu. According to the calculation of 22 plants per mu, there are 30.8 million willows in * *, and the timber reserve is 83.65438+0.6 million cubic meters. Salix matsudana is an excellent tree species for wind and sand fixation and soil erosion control in our province because of its easy survival, fast growth, water and humidity resistance, drought resistance and wind and sand resistance.
In the investigation, we also found that there are many varieties of Salix matsudana, which can be divided into black Salix matsudana and white Salix matsudana according to the color of bark. Among them, Bai Liu has the best performance in the sandstorm area. Compared with Bai Liu, its main characteristics are fast growth, straight trunk, strong resistance and high timber yield, which has more significant development value. Bai Liu is mainly distributed in four towns along the Great Wall in the north of Jingbian County, and Erdejing Village in Hongdunjie Town is a concentrated area of Bai Liu, with a total of about 6,543.8+0.5 million plants.
Second, the excellent characteristics and development value of Bai Liu.
Fraxinus mandshurica is fresh and beautiful, elegant and generous, and has strong pressure resistance. Whether in the desert Gobi, which is ravaged by sandstorms, or in the scorching sun, it has the tenacious and beautiful charm of Fraxinus mandshurica. Especially before the recovery of ten thousand mu, it was the first to spit green and report the information of spring to people, so it was very popular. It has been an important garden and urban and rural greening tree species since ancient times.
First of all, Salix matsudana is an excellent native tree species in northern Shaanxi. Native tree species are winners after long-term natural selection under harsh ecological conditions. They have the characteristics of tenacious vitality, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, easy survival and great economic value. In areas where the ecological environment is very fragile, the key to improving the effect of afforestation and greening is to follow the laws of nature, vigorously promote excellent local tree species and let local tree species "take charge". Only in this way can we achieve biodiversity and achieve the goal of win-win ecological and economic benefits. On the other hand, if exotic species are introduced blindly, it will not only be detrimental to improving afforestation benefits, but also destroy local biodiversity and ecological balance. For example, at the end of last century, when China implemented the "Three North" shelterbelt project, a large number of fast-growing poplar trees were planted, and the construction of the "Three North" shelterbelt was once dominated by "Yang Jiajiang". However, the good times did not last long. After more than ten years, these poplars not only consume a lot of water resources, but also have single species and poor disease resistance and adaptability. Most of these poplars, which took a lot of manpower and financial resources to grow alive, were eaten to pieces by the pest "longicorn", which greatly affected the benefits of the shelter forest. Salix matsudana is a native tree species in China, and it is also an out-and-out native tree species in northern Shaanxi. Cultivation has a long history and is widely distributed, so it is urgent for forestry science and technology workers to promote it through careful selection.
Secondly, Salix matsudana is a pioneer tree species for afforestation in northern Shaanxi. The so-called pioneer tree species are the trees with the strongest resistance, the best growth and the earliest closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation on bare land. In order to achieve the success of large-scale afforestation in arid and rainy northern Shaanxi, choosing pioneer tree species is the key to afforestation. Salix matsudana is a pioneer tree species in afforestation in northern Shaanxi, which is mainly manifested in four aspects: First, it is drought-resistant and sandstorm-resistant. Salix Salix survived when the annual rainfall was less than 200mm, and sporadic Salix Salix survived in Huangtuliang area of Bai Yushan at an altitude of1200-1800m, indicating that Salix Salix has good drought tolerance. There are more than 50 strong winds of magnitude 5 or above in the sandstorm area along the Great Wall, with a maximum of 127 and a maximum wind force of magnitude 9. Under the condition of "it is difficult to blink when the wind blows the yellow sand, and it is difficult to fully produce the crops of Xinwei", Salix matsudana still blooms with tenacious vitality. The second is cold and high temperature resistance. Salix matsudana is famous for its cold tolerance. The extremely low temperature of Salix matsudana can reach -28℃, so there is a saying in the folk proverb "Look at the willow by the river in 7989". At the extreme high temperature of about 40℃, Salix matsudana still grows healthily without sunburn, showing the characteristics of high temperature resistance. The third is barren resistance and saline-alkali resistance. The reason why Salix matsudana can thrive in sandy areas is related to its barrenness and salinity tolerance. Salix matsudana can still grow tenaciously in sandy areas with few nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, or in swamps and saline-alkali beaches with PH around 7.5. Fourth, it is easy to breed and has a long life. People often say that "it is impossible to plant flowers with heart, but it is impossible to plant willows in shade without heart", which describes the characteristics that willows are easy to survive. Salix matsudana is rarely propagated by seeds, but afforestation with cuttings is simple and easy, and the survival rate is high, so Salix matsudana is known as "air nursery". The life span of Salix matsudana is generally around 1000 years, and the longest life span is1000 years. There are more than 200 willows in Pengjiawa Formation, Hongdunjie Village, Jingbian County. The largest willow can be folded by five people, with a circumference of 7.5 meters and a DBH of 2.5 meters. These willows are old, but their branches are strong and full of vitality. After hundreds of years of wind and rain, I was struck by lightning many times and was split in half or cut into three pieces. However, the old tree has taken root and sprouted, and it is still amazing.
Thirdly, Salix matsudana is an important ecological tree species in northern Shaanxi. Salix psammophila is one of the main tree species for afforestation in sandstorm areas along the Great Wall. In the flowing crescent dunes and crescent dune chains, Salix psammophila can be used for afforestation and sand fixation, and sand dunes can be fixed within 3-5 years, or the height of sand dunes can be significantly reduced to maintain soil and water. If Salix matsudana is mixed with Salix psammophila, Treading Waves, Flower Stick and other shrub species for afforestation, the effect of wind prevention and sand fixation will be better. According to our investigation in Erdejing Village, Hongdunjie Township, severe wind erosion has exposed the roots of the intertwined willow trees to a height of 1 m or more, while the willow trees are still rock-solid and stand tall. In the construction of large-scale shelterbelts and farmland shelterbelts in northern Shaanxi, xerophytes are important afforestation tree species. Especially after the "first tree" operation, the willow crown is tall and dense, like a tall green barrier, which slows down the wind speed and plays a significant role in stopping sandstorms.
Fourthly, Salix matsudana is an important economic tree species in northern Shaanxi. Willow is full of treasures. Its roots, stems, leaves, flowers and skins have great development value.
Salix is an "air pasture". According to the analysis, Salix matsudana leaves contain crude protein 1 1. 1%. Crude fat 2. 1 1%, crude fiber 1 1.96%, nitrogen-free extract 54. 13%. Calcium 0.57%. 0.08% phosphorus. In addition, it also contains a variety of amino acids. The main indexes of nutritional components of willow leaves are higher than that of general forage grass, and the crude fiber is lower than that of general forage grass. Moreover, willow leaves have no toxic reaction and good palatability. Cattle and sheep can enhance their immunity and make them fat after eating, which is one of the main feed sources for developing animal husbandry in sandy areas in the future.
Salix matsudana is an "aerial forest". Willow wood is light and soft, waterproof and moisture-proof, and is an excellent material for making furniture, small farm tools and matches. At the same time, it is a high-quality raw material for plywood and papermaking. In the long-term production practice, the people of northern Shaanxi have created the "first wood operation" technology of dried willow. Cut off and level the willows that grow vigorously, and then grow straight-tipped willows. Rafters can be formed in 5-7 years, and each plant can produce more than 30- 100 rafters. After 3-5 years, the second crop will be leveled and repeated. Feng Wan Spring Natural Village, Erdejing Village, Hongdunjie Town, Jingbian County, has only 17 households with 72 people and 5,300 willow trees, with an average annual output of/kloc-0.5 million willow rafters, an output value of 30,000 yuan and a per capita income of more than 400 yuan. Cao Xingren, a villager in Pengjiawa Natural Village, has two families, 1000, with an average annual output of more than 3,500 willow rafters and an average annual income of more than 7,000 yuan. Salix matsudana has become the main industry for local farmers to increase their income.
Salix matsudana is an "aerial medicine garden". In China, willow bark, branches, leaves and tidbits have long been used to treat diseases. There are as many as 15 articles in Compendium of Materia Medica alone, and its bark has the function of treating "headache in stomach". Branch "Phlegm-heat stranguria, you can take a bath in soup, and the wind is swollen and itchy"; Leaves have the effect of "scab scab, decoction, washing and healing"; Trivia has the function of attending "jaundice due to geomantic omen". The raw material for making aspirin can be extracted from willow. According to recent reports, willow roots and barks have anti-tumor effects and are promising adjuvant drugs for chemotherapy and anti-cancer. Chemotherapy of cancer often makes the white blood cells in the body drop, but after taking willow root and bark, it will make the white blood cells rise again, which plays the role of strengthening the body resistance and consolidating the foundation.
Fifth, Salix matsudana is an important garden tree species. Salix matsudana has always been the favorite of China people. Its tender branches and leaves, full crown and beautiful tree shape, combined with the advantages of the easiest survival, rapid growth, early leaf development, late defoliation, strong adaptability and good air purification, have been important garden and urban and rural greening trees in northwest China since ancient times and won people's love. From ancient times to the present, there are countless poems of literati chanting willow. From the Book of Songs, "I have been there, Liu Yiyi; Thinking about rain and snow today, from Wei Zhuang's "willow full of green silk smoke, painting clear February day" to He's "singing willow", "jasper decorating trees, tapestries hanging with green silk; I don't know who cut off the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors. These poems all express the charm of willow with the biggest pen. Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, once wrote the poem "Thousands of willows in the spring breeze, and 600 million Chinese are prosperous", which described the beautiful scene of new China's talented people and prosperity through willows, and showed China people's love for dried willows.
According to the ancient legendary novel "Talking about the River", after Yang Di ascended the throne, he ordered the excavation of Tongji Canal, so Historical Records suggested planting willows on the embankment. Yang Di thought this suggestion was very good, so he ordered to plant willows on both sides of the newly opened Grand Canal and planted them himself. The imperial book gave Yangliu a surname and enjoyed the honor of sharing the same surname as the emperor. From then on, willow was called "willow".
Willow does not require high environmental conditions and is suitable for all places.
Weeping willows are mainly distributed in water towns in the south of the Yangtze River, and are also cultivated in the north. They are widely distributed and have strong adaptability, and the successfully introduced hybrid willows also have strong adaptability. Water and moisture resistance, developed root system and strong soil consolidation ability. I like light, but I don't like shadows. The requirements for soil are not strict, and hybrid willow can grow on the beach with salt content of 0.5%.
Main pests: scarab, thorn moth, longicorn beetle.
Control: spraying 800 ~ 1000 times diluent, dichlorvos or methylaminophosphine on scarab; Spraying 800 times solution of Dendrolimus punctatus, omethoate and monocrotophos; Use 40% omethoate to inject Anoplophora longicorn.
Salix belongs to SalixmatsudanaKoidz. Salicaceae. Strong cold resistance, no freezing injury under the conditions of annual average temperature of 2 degrees Celsius and absolute minimum temperature of MINUS 39 degrees Celsius. I like moist and well-drained sandy loam, which can be planted in floodplains, ravines and low wetlands. The survival rate of afforestation in dry ridges and sand dunes is low, and plants are easy to die or grow into small old trees. In clay and low-waterlogged wetlands, it is easy to rot roots and die. It can grow on mild saline-alkali soil with salt content of 0.3%.
Name: weeping willow
Branch: Salicaceae.
Scientific name: willow.
Alias: weeping willow, weeping willow, upside-down willow
Leaves: linear or narrowly lanceolate, about 6 ~14cm long and 5 ~1/mm wide, with serrated edges.
Flowers: Flowers bloom from February to March every year, and the inflorescence belongs to Zizania, the male inflorescence is 2 ~ 4 cm long and the female inflorescence is about 2 ~ 4 cm long.
Fruit: capsules.
Seed: It has hair on it.
Deciduous trees It originated in Chinese mainland, with an altitude of 10-L6 meters. The bark is dark gray and the stem is thick; Branchlets are slender, soft and drooping. Main garden trees, shade trees or street trees.