The collective name of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Zeng Gong, and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty began with Mao Kun's "Eight Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasty" in the Ming Dynasty.
Han Yu (768～824), a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. The word retreats. A native of Heyang (now Meng County), Henan, his ancestral home is Changli, known as Han Changli in the world. In his later years, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, also known as the Ministry of Personnel. His posthumous title is "Wen", also known as Han Wengong. He is a descendant of the nobles of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His father, Zhongqing, was a minor bureaucrat. Han Yu lost his father when he was 3 years old. Raised by the Brotherhood. Later, he was demoted to Guangdong with Han Hui. After his brother's death, he returned north to Heyang with his sister-in-law Zheng. Later he moved to Xuancheng. He studied at the age of 7 and was able to write at the age of 13. He learned from the disciples of Duguji and Liang Su and studied ancient precepts. At the age of 20, he went to Chang'an to take the Jinshi examination, but failed in three tests. At the age of 25, he was promoted to Jinshi. After three attempts at erudition and poetry, he was not selected, so he went to Dong Jin in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou to serve in the shogunate. Later he went to the capital and became a doctor of four disciplines. At the age of 36, he was appointed as the Supervisory Censor. He was demoted to Yangshan Order because he wrote a letter to discuss the drought and hunger, requesting reduction of corvee taxes and criticizing the government. Shunzong ascended the throne and used Wang Shuwen's group to carry out political reforms, but he held an opposition position. Xianzong ascended the throne, was pardoned and returned to the north, where he was awarded the title of Doctor of the State. The order of Henan was changed, and he was moved to the post of Fang Yuanwai Lang, and he was promoted to the crown prince's right concubine. Because of successive confrontations with eunuchs and powerful officials, he has been unsuccessful in becoming an official. At the age of 50, he conquered Wu Yuanji's rebellion in Huaixi from Pei Du, and served as Army Sima. He implemented the idea of ??strengthening the centralization of power and opposing the separatist rule of feudal towns. After Huaixi was pacified, he was promoted to Minister of Justice. He rejected Buddhism throughout his life. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (819), Xianzong welcomed the Buddha's bones into the imperial palace. He worked hard and remonstrated, regardless of his own safety. For this reason, he was demoted as the governor of Chaozhou. Moved to Yuanzhou. Soon after he returned to the court, he had various official positions such as Guozi Jijiu, Minister of the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Jing Zhaoyin. When he was the minister of the Ministry of War, the royal court of Zhenzhou rebelled. He went to Xuanfu and returned successfully. This last stage is more politically fruitful.
Han Yu made great achievements in politics and literature throughout his life, and his main achievement was literature. He opposed parallel prose since the Wei and Jin Dynasties and advocated ancient prose, and carried out a long and fierce struggle. Due to the advocacy of him, Liu Zongyuan and others, the ancient prose movement of the Tang Dynasty was finally formed, opening up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang and Song Dynasties. His poems have original achievements and have an important influence on the development of Song poetry. Han Yu's collection was compiled by his disciple Li Han, and the outer collection was compiled by Song Dynasty people. Among the existing ancient versions of Korean collections, the "Collected Works of Mr. Changli of Five Hundred Family Sounds" and "Waiji" compiled by Wei Huaizhong in the Qingyuan Dynasty of the Southern Song Dynasty are the best. They preserve many old annotations by Song people that have been lost and are now available in photocopies. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Liao Ying's Zhongshi Tang version of Mr. Changli's Collection, Waiji, and Suiwen were most popular after they were reprinted by Xu's Dongya Hall in the Ming Dynasty. Become. There is a photocopy of Liao's original engraving. There are two single-line annotated editions of poetry collections in the Qing Dynasty: Gu Sili's "Annotations to Mr. Changli's Poems" and Fang Shiju's "Chronological Annotations to Han Changli's Poems". Qian Zhonglian's "Anthology of Han Changli's Poetry Series" is a separate annotated version of the poem series. In the Song Dynasty, those who made collations or supplementary annotations for the Han Collection without including the main text included Fang Songqing's Juzheng of the Han Collection and Zhu Xi's Research on the Variations of the Han Collection. In the Qing Dynasty, there were Chen Jingyun's Commentary of the Han Collection, Wang Yuanqi's Reading of Han Jiyi, and Shen Qin's Han's "Supplementary Notes to Han Ji", Fang Cheng□'s "Han Ji Jianzheng", and recent scholars include Xu Zhen's "Han Ji Annotation".
The life story of Han Yu can be found in Huangfu's "Mr. Han's Epitaph in Changli", "Han Wengong's Shinto Stele" and Li Ao's "Han Gong's Journey", which are the most original materials. There are two original biographies of the New and Old "Book of Tang", and Zhu Xi also has detailed annotations on the original biography of the "New Book of Tang". There are several types of chronology and chronology, among which "Hanzi Chronicle" by Hongxingzu of Song Dynasty is the most detailed. Fang Songqing's "Additional Examination of the Chronicle" is engraved after each item of the Hongpu. Research works, including relevant entries or articles in Wang Mingsheng's "Moth Collection", Zheng Zhen's "Chao Jing Chao Collected Works", and Yu □'s "Yu Lou Miscellaneous Collection", are of academic value. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry", Fang Dongshu's "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan", and Lin Shu's "Han Liu Wen Research Method" are representative works of poetry criticism. Among the single papers, "On Han Yu" by the contemporary Chen Yinke is the most famous.
Liu Zongyuan (773～819), a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. The character is thick. A native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi). It is known as Liuhedong in the world. Because he died as the governor of Liuzhou, he was also known as Liuzhou. Together with Han Yu, he was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.
Liu Zongyuan became a Jinshi in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793). In the 14th year, he entered the Bo Xue Hong Ci Department. Granted the official name of Jixian Hall. He was once transferred to Lantian County Lieutenant. Soon after, he returned to the imperial court and served as censor Li Xing. He was the same official as Han Yu and Liu Yuxi, and together with Liu Yuxi, he joined the Wang Shuwen political group that advocated reform. In the first month of the 21st year of Zhenyuan, Shunzong came to the throne and Wang Shuwen's group came to power. Liu Zongyuan was promoted to wailang, a member of the Ministry of Rites. He collaborated with Wang Shuwen and others to implement a series of progressive measures within six months, which were opposed by eunuchs, vassal towns, and conservative bureaucrats. . In August of the same year, Shunzong was forced to give way to the crown prince Li Chun, known as Xianzong, and was changed to Yuan Yongzhen. In September, the Wang Shuwen group was persecuted. Liu Zong was demoted to the governor of Shaozhou in the early Yuan Dynasty, and in November he was demoted to the Sima of Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). Liu Yuxi, Wei Zhiyi, Han Tai, Chen Jian, Han Ye, Ling Zhun, and Cheng Yi were also demoted to Yuanzhou Sima at the same time, known as the "Eight Sima" in history. In the winter of the first year of Yongzhen, Liu Zongyuan arrived at Yongzhou where he was demoted. During his nine years in Yongzhou, he had the opportunity to deeply understand the sufferings of the people, visit the scenic spots in the state, and write many famous poems. In the spring of the tenth year of Yuanhe (815), he was summoned to the capital. In March, he went out to serve as the governor of Liuzhou (now part of Guangxi). When I arrived at my post in June, my official position was slightly promoted, but my location was even more remote. Here he promoted advantages and eliminated disadvantages, renovated the state's appearance, developed production, built schools, freed slaves, and made outstanding achievements. He died of illness in November of the 14th year of Yuanhe. Local residents mourned him and built a temple in Luochi to commemorate him. There is also the tomb of Liu Zongyuan in Liuhou Park in Liuzhou City. The number of poems is relatively small, with only more than 140 remaining, all of which were written after he was demoted. Most of the predecessors who commented on Liu's poems thought that they inherited the tradition of Tao Yuanming, and were called "Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu" together with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei Yingwu. Liu Zongyuan's collection was compiled by Liu Yuxi, titled "Collection of Mr. Hedong", and was published by Mu Xiu in the early Song Dynasty. "Sikuquanshu" contains 45 volumes of "Collected Works of Mr. Liu Xunxun" by Song Hanchun, 2 volumes of external collections, and 1 volume of newly compiled external collections, which is the earliest extant edition of Liu's collection. Song Tongzong's phonetic annotation, Zhang Dunyi's phonetic analysis, and Pan Wei's phonetic interpretation of "Zengguang Annotated Phonetic Analysis of Tang Dynasty by Mr. Liu" have 43 volumes, 2 volumes of special collections, 2 volumes of external collections, and 1 volume of appendices. There is also the Yingyuan edition of "Sibu Congkan". It is the earliest current photocopy.
Song Tongzong's Commentary "New Issue with Additional Annotations by Bai Jia, Mr. Tang Liu's Collected Works", 45 volumes, printed by Jianzhou of the Song Dynasty, now in the collection of Beijing Library. Huaizhong of the Song and Wei Dynasties edited and annotated 21 volumes of "Collected Works of Mr. Liu Bianliu of Five Hundred Schools of Phonetic Notation", 2 volumes of external collections, 1 volume of newly compiled external collections, 2 volumes of "Longcheng Lu", and 8 appendix volumes, including "The Preliminary Collection of Rare Books of Sikuquanshu" Photocopy of the Wenyuan Pavilion edition. Liao Yingzhong of the Song Dynasty edited and annotated 45 volumes of "The Collection of Mr. Hedong", 2 volumes of external collections, addendums, appendices, etc., which is the last type of annotated editions in the Song Dynasty. There is a photocopy of the Song Dynasty's Tang Dynasty edition, which was edited by the Shanghai Book Company of Zhonghua Book Company. According to the typesetting, Shanghai People's Publishing House has a reprint. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiang Zhiqiao compiled and annotated 45 volumes of "Liu Hedong Collection", 5 volumes of external collections, posthumous texts, appendices, etc. Although the old annotations were collected and compiled, most of them were annotated by Jiang himself; 》Print version. For Liu Zongyuan's life story, see Han Yu's "Epitaph of Liu Zihou", the new and old "Book of Tang" biographies, and Wen Anli's "Chronology of Mr. Liu" (containing the first volume of Liuji's Annotations by Five Hundred Scholars, and a separate version of "Guangdong Yatang Series") . Modern works include Shi Ziyu's "Chronicle of Liu Zongyuan" (contained in the first issue of "Journal of Wuhan University" in 1957, and published by Hubei People's Publishing House), and the "Preliminary Draft of Chronicle of Liu Zongyuan" (published in "Journal of Wuhan University" in 1974, published by the Chinese Department of Shanxi Normal University). 3 issues) for reference. Regarding Liu Zongyuan's research treatise, Zhang Shizhao's "Liu Wen Zhi Yao" draws on detailed and extensive material and is the largest work on Liu Zongyuan, but it mostly promotes Liu's theory of suppressing Han.
Ouyang Xiu: (1007-1072) writer and historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Yongshu, his nickname was Zuiweng, Liuyi Jushi, and he was a native of Jishui, Jizhou (now part of Jiangxi). Tiansheng Jinshi. Guan Guan Pavilion collated and demoted Zhi Yiling because of his outspoken remarks. He served as an admonisher in Qinglizhong, supported Fan Zhongyan, and demanded political reforms. He was falsely accused of being demoted to Chuzhou. He reached the rank of Hanlin bachelor, deputy envoy to the privy council, and participated in political affairs. When Wang Anshi implemented the new law, he criticized the Qingmiao Law. Posthumous title: Wenzhong. He advocated that articles should be "clear" and practical, expressed dissatisfaction with the elegant and dangerous writing style since the early Song Dynasty, and actively cultivated underachievers. He was the leader of the classical prose movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. The prose is fluent in reasoning and euphemistic in lyricism, making him one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties"; the poetic style is similar to that of prose, and the language is fluent and natural. His poems are graceful and beautiful, inheriting the style of the Southern Tang Dynasty.
He once co-edited "New Tang Book" with Song Qi and authored "New History of the Five Dynasties". He also liked to collect epigraphic inscriptions and compiled them into "Collection of Ancient Records", which had a great influence on epigraphy in the Song Dynasty. There is "Ouyang Wenzhong Collection".
Su Xun (1009～1066) was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Together with his sons Su Shi and Su Che, they are collectively known as the Three Sus, and they are both included in the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The courtesy name is Mingyun and the nickname is Laoquan. A native of Meishan, Meizhou (now part of Sichuan). It is said that he only started studying hard at the age of 27. After more than ten years of studying hard behind closed doors, he made great progress in his studies. In the first year of Emperor Renzong's reign (1056), he led Su Shi and Su Che to Bianjing to pay a visit to Ouyang Xiu, a scholar of the Imperial Academy. Ouyang Xiu admired his "Book of Quan", "Lun of Heng", "Several Strategies" and other articles, and thought they were comparable to those of Jia Yi and Liu Xiang, so he recommended them to the court. At that time, officials and officials rushed to recite it, and the literary name became popular. In the third year of Jia dynasty, Renzong summoned him to take the examination in Sherenyuan. He refused to answer the imperial examination, saying that he was ill. In the fifth year of Jiaqing, he was appointed as secretary and provincial school secretary. Later, he and Yao □, the county magistrate of Chenzhou Xiangcheng (now part of Henan), studied the book of rites "Taichang Yinge Li". Shortly after the book was completed, he died and was given posthumously to the Prime Minister of Guanglu Temple.
Su Xun is a person with political ambitions. He said that the main purpose of his composition was to express the important needs of the world and to apply them to the present. In important treatises such as "Heng Lun" and "Letter from the Emperor", he put forward a set of propositions for political innovation. He believed that in order to govern the country well, one must assess the situation and decide what to do. He advocated maintaining prestige, strengthening the administration of officials, breaking the stubbornness and laziness, inspiring the enterprising spirit of the people in the world, and revitalizing the Song Dynasty. Because Su Xun had a good understanding of social reality and was good at summarizing historical experiences and lessons and drawing lessons from the past, although his political essays inevitably contained far-fetched and biased views, many of his views were still relevant to the current situation.
Zeng Gong said that Su Xun was very fond of talking about military affairs. Su Xun's 10 "Book of Quan", the "Judgement of the Enemy" chapter in "Several Strategies", the "Royal General" and "Military System" chapters in "Heng Lun", as well as the "Book of the Privy Council of Shanghan", "Control of the Enemy" " and "Book of the Emperor" both discussed military issues. In the famous "On the Six Kingdoms", he believed that the failure of the Six Kingdoms was caused by bribing Qin. In fact, he used the past to satirize the present and accused the Song Dynasty of its humiliating policies. "Examination of the Enemy" further reveals that the essence of this policy of bribing the enemy is to harm the people. "Military System" puts forward ideas such as reforming the military system, restoring military examinations, and trusting generals. "Book of Power" systematically studies strategic and tactical issues. In "Xiang Ji", he pointed out Xiang Ji's strategic mistake of not taking advantage of the victory to attack Xianyang. He also emphasized strategic and tactical principles such as avoiding the real and attacking the weak, using the strong to attack the weak, making good use of surprise and suspicious troops, fighting a decisive battle quickly, and winning by surprise.
Su Xun’s lyrical prose is not many, but there are also excellent chapters. In "Sending Shi Changyan to the North as Envoy", he hoped that his friend Shi Changyan, who was on an envoy to Khitan, would not be afraid of violence and despise the enemy, and he wrote in an imposing manner. "Portraits of Zhang Yizhou" narrates Zhang Fangping's deeds in governing Yizhou, creating an image of a feudal official who was tolerant of government and loved the people. "Wooden Rockery" uses objects to express feelings, praising a kind of self-reliance and upright spirit.
Su Xun's prose has clear arguments, powerful arguments, sharp language, unbridled and eloquent persuasion. Ouyang Xiu praised him for his eloquent and magnificent arguments, which were both vertical and horizontal, and galloping in and out, and he would make deep and subtle achievements before stopping ("Epitaph of Su Jun, the Chief Secretary of Wen'an County, Bazhou"); Zeng Gong also commented on his article's analysis of things and the introduction of quotations. Metaphorically speaking, trouble can be prevented from chaos, and wantonness can be prevented from flowing ("Su Mingyun's Lament"). These statements are relatively pertinent. The artistic style is mainly majestic and full of changes. Some articles are known for their twists and turns. Su Xun also commented in his "Shangtian Privy Book" that his writing has the grace and softness of a poet, the purity and profundity of a poet, the gentleness and simplicity of Meng and Han, the majesty of Qian and Gu, and the simplicity and simplicity of Sun and Wu. The language of his articles is simple, concise, concise and meaningful; but sometimes he can elaborate and compare, and is especially good at making vivid metaphors, such as "Brother Zhong Zi Wenfu Shuo", which uses Feng Shui to describe a natural description, that is, An example.
Su Xun’s essays also contain many insightful insights. He opposed the flamboyant and weird contemporary prose and advocated the study of ancient prose; he emphasized that the article should be in my heart and write what is in my heart; he advocated that the article should be written for the purpose, and the words must reflect the faults of the world. He also discussed the common requirements and different writing methods of different literary styles. He is particularly good at evaluating the styles and artistic features of various prose works through comparison. For example, "The First Book of Ouyang Neihan" has very accurate comments on the articles of Mencius, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu.
Su Xun did not write many poems, but he was good at writing about the Five Ancients, which was simple and vigorous. Ye Mengde from the Song Dynasty commented that his poems are profound and meaningful, and his words are not in vain, just like his prose ("Shilin Poetry Talk"). His "Ouyang Yongshu White Rabbit", "Yishan Farewell", "Yan Shu", "Reply to the Second Ren", "Two Poems of Farewell to Wu Daizhi Zhong Fuzhi Tanzhou", etc. are all excellent works, but their overall achievements are far behind. inferior to prose.
Su Xun's works were popular in many editions during the Song Dynasty. Most of them were originally lost. What survives today are fragments of the "Collected Works of Lao Su, Lei Bian Zengguang" published in the Northern Song Dynasty. The popular editions include the shadow version of the Song Dynasty "Sibu Congkan" and the 15 volumes of "Jia □ Collection". (Guo Yuheng)
Su Shi (1037-1101): Writer, calligrapher and painter of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Zizhan, his nickname was Dongpo Jushi, and he was a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now part of Sichuan). Su Xunzi. Jiayou Jinshi. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong, he served as Wai Lang, a member of the ancestral hall. Because he opposed Wang Anshi's new law, he sought a foreign position and served as general magistrate of Hangzhou, where he knew Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. Later, he was demoted to Huangzhou for writing poems that "slandered the imperial court". Zhezong was a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy at that time. He had traveled to Hangzhou, Yingzhou, etc., and was appointed Minister of the Ministry of Rites. Later he was demoted to Huizhou and Danzhou. He died of illness in Changzhou the second year after returning to the north. In the Southern Song Dynasty, he was posthumously named Wenzhong. Together with his father and younger brother, they are collectively known as "Sansu". Politically, it belongs to the old party, but it also has demands for reforming bad governance. His writing is unbridled, clear and fluent, and he is one of the "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". His poems are fresh and bold, good at using exaggerated metaphors, and have a unique style in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of their extravagance and arrogance. Ci Kai is bold and unrestrained, which has a great influence on future generations. "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou·Bingchen Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely recited. He is good at running script and regular script, adopting the styles of Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ning, and is able to create his own ideas. The writing style is plump and full of ups and downs, giving it an innocent and lively feel. Together with Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu, they are known as the "Four Families of the Song Dynasty". He is good at painting bamboo and is a scholar of literature. He also likes to paint dead wood and strange rocks. When discussing painting, he advocated "spiritual resemblance" and believed that "when discussing painting, we should see it as a neighbor of children"; he spoke highly of the artistic attainments of "paintings in poems, poems in paintings". Poems include "Seven Collections of Dongpo" and so on. The extant writings include "Essays and Posts in Appreciation to Civil Teachers", "Ji Dao Wen in Honor of Huang", "Qian Chibi Fu", "Poems and Posts on Cold Food in Huangzhou", etc. His paintings include "Pictures of Dead Trees and Strange Rocks", "Pictures of Bamboos and Stones", etc.
Su Che (1039-1112) was born in Meishan (now Meishan County, Sichuan Province, southwest of Chengdu City) in the Northern Song Dynasty. The courtesy name is Ziyou and the nickname is Yingbin Yilao. He was a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, also known as "Xiao Su". Jinshi during the Jiayou period of Renzong (Zhao Zhen). During the reign of Shenzong (Zhao Xu), Wang Anshi implemented new laws, but Shi and Zhe were unable to speak out. They also tasted Cai Que, Han Zhen, Zhang Dun, Lu Huiqing, etc., and were tired of being ministers under the right prime minister's family. Later, he disobeyed the officials of Yuanfeng and was demoted to Xuzhou (now Xuchang City, Henan Province). During the reign of Emperor Huizong, he was reinstated as a great official and became an official. His posthumous title was decided. Su Che was a literary scholar and was as famous as his brother Shi. He is the author of "Biography of Poems", "Biography of Spring and Autumn Annals", "Supplements to the Analects of Confucius", "Mencius' Interpretation", "Longchuan Zhilue", "Ancient History", "Laozi's Interpretation", "Luancheng Collected Works", etc.
Zeng Gong (1019--1083) was a prose writer in the Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Zigu, a native of Nanfeng, Jianchangjun (now part of Jiangxi). Known as Mr. Nanfeng in the world. He rarely has a literary reputation, but after the age of 20, he was appreciated by Ouyang Xiu for his literary talent. In 1057, he became a Jinshi. Judicial counselor of Liping Prefecture, collation of museums and pavilions, etc. He went out to judge Yuezhou, knew Qi, Xiang and other states, and had considerable political achievements. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was recalled and sentenced to Sanbanyuan. Later, he moved to the History Museum to compile and pay homage to Zhongshushe. He died of illness in Jiangning Mansion. He is a famous ancient writer in the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the eight ancient writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He actively followed Ouyang Xiu and contributed to the innovation of poetry and literature in the Northern Song Dynasty with his outstanding creative achievements. What he is good at is argumentative essays and narratives. The arguments and narratives are meticulous, rigorous in composition, and simple in writing style. "Shang Ouyang She's Letter", "Mochi Ji", "Xingxin Pavilion Ji", etc. are all famous prose works. Yi Gong's poems are simple and clear in style, and Qijue has many excellent works.
Wang Anshi (1021--1086), also known as Jiefu, his prose closely followed the practical problems of society, politics and life, and directly served his political struggle. "Reply to Sima's Remonstrance" analyzes Sima Guang's words against the New Deal. The words are concise, euphemistic and firm, clearly stating his political opinions. "Reading the Biography of Mengchangjun" analyzes historical facts, refutes the traditional concept of Mengchangjun raising scholars, and talks about how to "get scholars".
Even in a short essay like "Shang Zhongyong", the author's intention is not to express literary thoughts. His actual intention is to emphasize the importance of acquired learning.
In travel notes, the most eloquent and interesting style of writing, Wang Anshi often introduces very philosophical themes. For example, in "Travel to Bao Zen Mountain", nearly half of the page is devoted to discussing such a Rational question: If you want to achieve a state beyond the norm in doing anything, you need to make extraordinary efforts and have a strong will. In addition, there is no shortcut.
Wang Anshi's prose is mostly argumentative. He pays less attention to brewing the atmosphere of his articles and moving people emotionally. Instead, he pays more attention to the current shortcomings and puts forward clear propositions based on in-depth analysis. Therefore, his prose generally has strong generalization and logic, concise and simple language, and extraordinary intentions.