Lingxingmen appeared in the Tang Dynasty or earlier. There are two wooden pillars planted on the ground, and banners are hung above the pillars to form a door frame with double doors inside. In the Song Dynasty, it was called Aconitum Gate, because there was a black tile tube on the stigma. There are frames around the door leaf, with straight frames on the top, panels on the bottom and scissors behind the big ones. It is generally used as the outer door of houses and temples. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the pillars of the Star Gate used in temples and tombs were made of stone.
The door is made of vertical wooden boards, with two thickened sides for the door shaft and tenon, and the rest are embedded with horizontal belts on the back. The wooden doornail on the palace is nailed to the plaque, and the nail head is covered with a gold-plated copper cap, which is called a doornail and is an ornament. The knocker is held by the animal head and is called the paving head. Generally, a house does not need a doornail, and the shop is made into a cymbal shape, which is called a door cymbal. The board door appeared the earliest and was the strongest in the door. It is used as the outer door of the house, the city gate and the gate of the palace and temple. Sometimes it is used as the door of a temple or the door on the partition wall of a temple.
Soft door adopts vertical plate, and layering is attached to flat-fell seam. A soft door with a crotch on the back and a structure close to a flat door is called dental joint protection; The invention relates to a soft door with a frame, which is close to the gate and the center plate is filled with protective seams, so it is called plywood. Soft doors were used as doors in the Song Dynasty, but they were no longer used in the Qing Dynasty.
Fan was first seen in Song Dynasty, also known as lattice door, which was developed from the plate door of straight lattice window in Tang Dynasty and used on eaves. It was useful under the eaves in the Qing Dynasty, and it was called Qingsha Pavilion. Each room can use four, six or eight fans. Each fan consists of a frame with two to five squares in it, made of wood such as edge wrapping and plastering. Generally, there are three grids, the upper grid is the longest, filled with hollow, the middle grid is the narrowest, with grid ring plate and the lower grid has skirt plate. Add a grid plate at the upper and lower ends of the five grids. In Song Dynasty, the edge was called "Pavilion", and the head was covered with "Ziting" and "waist rope". Three to five fans are called four to six wipes. There are two kinds of grid centers in the transparent part of the fan: single-layer and double-layer, with paper and silk stuck on it. There are four kinds of pane patterns in Architectural French, such as four oblique four straight balls, four oblique four straight squares, but there are many exquisite panes in the existing buildings in Liao and Jin Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, palaces liked to use rhombic lattice hearts, and houses and gardens had patterns such as swastika, ice flowers and brocade. After the Ming Dynasty, there were two fans, curtain frames and air doors in the open rooms of northern dwellings. There are six kinds of stiles in Architectural French, which are more common in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, there are also push-pull board doors and fence doors in the houses and gardens in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty and wooden coffins in the Warring States period all have cross-shaped or oblique square window images; In the ceramic buildings and murals of the Ming Dynasty, there are many lattice windows outside the window, and their structure remains to be discussed. There are roughly the following kinds of windows after the Tang Dynasty.
In the Qing Dynasty, the lattice windows were mainly arranged vertically and densely, with several horizontal grids. The window fixed with paper on the back was a "one yard and three arrows" window, which originated from ancient lattice windows. In ancient times, there were only vertical lattice windows, and those with rectangular cross sections were called flat lattice windows, those with square cross sections were called triangular lattice windows, and those with square cross sections were called broken lattice windows.
Some windows have only one floor and are equipped with push-pull board switches. Some windows have two layers inside and outside, and the inner layer can move. When the windows overlap, they open and when they cross, they close.
The windowsill removes the fan below the window sash ring plate and stands on the windowsill wall to cooperate with the bay fan. Its legs and panes are the same as the fan. There is no proper name in "Building French Style" in the Song Dynasty, but there is a similar treatment in the article "Catch the Window with the Threshold", and the image of the threshold window has appeared in the Song Dynasty paintings.
The high windows fixed above the doors and windows in Qing Dynasty are called horizontal sash, and the lattice is the same as that of the lower doors and windows. In the Song Dynasty, it was made into corrugated strips, which were called windows.
The lighting materials of doors and windows are usually pasted with paper and silk on the door and window grids, and some of them are impregnated with oil to increase the light transmittance. Some are made of mica and processed shells. Glass began to be used in the late Qing Dynasty.
In ancient times, doors and windows mostly came out of the shaft on one side, with the upper end inserted in the hole of the joint and the lower end inserted in the groove of the door pillow stone. Tanning is a crossbar fixed on the threshold with a door bolt, and there is a hole on it to accommodate the rotating shaft, which was called chicken perch in Song Dynasty. The connection between the gate and the fan is not a whole piece of wood, but a trapezoidal piece of wood, which is nailed to the threshold and the threshold respectively, and has holes on it to accommodate the rotating shaft. This is a unique practice of ancient doors and windows in China.