Huguang was first established as a provincial administrative region in the Yuan Dynasty, with the full name of "Huguang and other places are among the provinces in writing books". People are too troublesome to call it the province of Huguang where books are written, the province of Huguang, the province of Huguang or simply the province of Huguang. These abbreviations were still used in the Qing dynasty, but the Qing dynasty set up the governor of Huguang (also known as the governor of the two lakes) to make the Yuan Dynasty and Hubei Province.
Many people see the word "Huguang" and immediately associate it with "Guangdong and Guangxi". In fact, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "Huguang" had nothing to do with Guangdong and Guangxi, but people were still accustomed to the title of "Huguang is a province" in history, so the Chief Executive was naturally called "Governor Huguang".
Then, why should we organize people from more than a dozen provinces, mainly Hunan and Guangdong, to "fill in" Sichuan Province on a large scale? The reason is very simple, mainly due to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the late Yuan, early Ming and early Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Long-term and large-scale wars and the disasters such as plagues and diseases that followed have caused the population of Sichuan to decrease extremely, and it is necessary to make up for it.
Among the population of "Huguang filling Sichuan", the number in Hubei and Hunan provinces is as high as half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position. What is the reason?
First of all, from a geographical point of view, Macheng is the best route to enter the Sichuan Basin under ancient conditions. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, migrants from Macheng, Hubei Province filled Sichuan, and the most people entered Sichuan and left their jobs.
As early as the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Yuzhen, the general of the Red Scarf Army peasant uprising from Suizhou, Hubei Province, led hundreds of thousands of Hubei peasant troops and a large number of Hubei farmers who lost their land into Sichuan. Ming Yuzhen is an important general Xu Shouhui of this Red Scarf Army in the south. Later, Ming Yu Zhen led an army to attack Sichuan, and later claimed to be the king of Gansu and Sichuan in Chongqing, and later proclaimed himself emperor. After two generations and nine years, the "Daxia" regime he established was destroyed by Zhu Yuanzhang, and many of the people he brought into Sichuan were Macheng people.
There are three inherent advantages in Macheng's immigration conditions: first, Macheng is not far from Chongqing; Second, Macheng immigrants have a long history. In Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Macheng immigrants entered Sichuan. Third, it is related to Zhang's peasant uprising. Zhang stayed in Hubei for a long time, and then moved to Huguang and Jiangxi, especially Macheng, where many farmers joined the army. So many of Zhang's men are Macheng people. After Zhang's defeat, some people stayed in Sichuan anonymously. The immigrants from Nanchuan County, Sichuan Province (now Nanchuan District, Chongqing) are all Huguang people, especially from Daqiu, Ezhou, Xiaogan Township, Macheng (there were four townships in Macheng in the early Ming Dynasty, and Xiaogan Township was merged into Xianju Township in Chenghua).
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Rebirth of "Huguang fills Sichuan"
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Huguang fills Sichuan, Macheng is more than half.
Ask where your ancestral home is, Xiaogan Township, Macheng, Hubei.
Xiaogan here refers not to Xiaogan city, but to Xiaogan township under the jurisdiction of ancient Macheng. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huguang immigrants moved to Sichuan in large numbers, the most famous being Xiaogan Township in Macheng. Over time, Macheng Xiaogan has become one of the eight major immigrant distribution centers in China.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, due to the large-scale war at that time, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply and the land was barren. Ancient books recorded Sichuan at that time: "There are fields that can be cultivated, but there are no people who can cultivate fields." In order to fill the population gap in Sichuan and Chongqing, the government organized a large-scale planned migration, and moved a large number of people from Huguang to Sichuan.
However, over time, a strange phenomenon appeared, that is, among the immigrants in Sichuan, many marked their ancestral home in Xiaogan, Macheng, and finally gave people a feeling that many immigrants were from Xiaogan, Macheng. However, in fact, Xiaogan in Macheng is only a small place. How can there be so many immigrants?
Where is Xiaogan in Macheng?
During the Ming Dynasty, Macheng County was divided into four townships: Xianju, Taiping, Tingchuan and Xiaogan.
To put it bluntly, Xiaogan Township in Macheng appeared in the early Ming Dynasty, and was revoked and merged into Xianju Township during Chenghua years. However, Xiaogan Township was not so big and there were not so many people. It is even impossible to set up a county alone, let alone let a township people fill more than half of Sichuan.
Then, why do so many immigrants from Sichuan and Chongqing call themselves Xiaogan people from Macheng?
First, pretend to be ancestral home, look at the countryside by county, and seek self-respect. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Red Scarf Army led by Ming Yuzhen of Suizhou, Hubei Province captured Chongqing. Later, it was called Emperor Jianyuan, and the title was Daxia. At that time, almost all the ministries of Ming Yuzhen were Huguang people, among which Macheng County in Huangzhou had the most people. Many of the immigrants who moved to Sichuan from Xiaogan in Macheng in the early Ming Dynasty later became celebrities, such as Yang Sheng 'an, the champion of the new capital in Ming Dynasty, Yang Tinghe, the cabinet minister in Wuzong period, and Zhang Peng Ao, the prime minister of Suining in the early Qing Dynasty.
Because of this, in the land of Sichuan and Chongqing at that time, "Macheng Xiaogan" became a gold-lettered signboard, which was not only numerous, but also famous. Most of the former headquarters of Yu Zhen in Ming Dynasty were descendants of Macheng, and the descendants of Macheng came forth in large numbers, which were respected by the people and valued by the court. New immigrants pretend to be Xiaogan people in Macheng, which also means "climbing relatives".
Second, Macheng Xiaogan itself is an immigration transit point. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, * * * had five immigration transfer stations, besides Xiaogan in Macheng, Zhuji Township in Nanxiong, Guangdong, Dahuiba in Hongdong, Shanxi and Yanmen in Suzhou. Among them, Dahua Fort in Hongdong, Shanxi Province and Xiaogan Township in Macheng, Huguang are the two most famous and largest immigration transit points in the north and south respectively.
Many people in the north claim that their ancestors came from locust trees, but they have never considered how a village can have such a large population, and future generations can be spread all over the country. In fact, Xiaogan Township in Macheng was just a transit station at that time, just like Sophora japonica. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most people who migrated to Sichuan from other provinces gathered in Xiaogan Township to register, and then concentrated in Sichuan.
After all, Xiaogan in Macheng is not very big. Why did it become an important transit point for Huguang immigrants to enter Sichuan?
First, Macheng area, which is densely populated, has been a famous place with a prosperous population since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and "often suffers from the countryside". Macheng and its surrounding areas have very convenient conditions, not only its own population is sufficient, but more importantly, it attracted a large number of people from Jiangxi and other places in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty, the Red Scarf Army conquered the Central Plains and Jiangyou, which led to a large number of people from Henan and Jiangxi entering Macheng. At that time, the population in Macheng area suddenly increased, and many problems appeared, such as insufficient land support and too many people who needed to move out, while Xiaogan area in Macheng happened to be the center of population flow in Jiangxi and Hubei areas at that time.
Second, the decision made by the Ming Dynasty to stabilize the country. Most Macheng immigrants from Sichuan, although their ancestors were Chu when they entered Sichuan, also have a large number of non-Huguang people, such as Huizhou, Jiangxi, Henan and other places that were included in the territory of the Ming Dynasty earlier. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's fellow villagers and their relatives became the elite of the Ming Dynasty, and Macheng, the frontier position of the Ming Dynasty based on Huguang, naturally became the most important place in the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of people who took the lead in surrendering themselves moved to Sichuan, which was once mastered by Ming Yu Zhen. In addition to developing the local resource economy, there is also the consideration of balancing forces. Surrogate population from jute area, who has been in business for many years, can divide, disintegrate and digest the remnants of the old Ming family in Sichuan more effectively to prevent accidents.
In a word, during the Huguang Movement, there were indeed Xiaogan people from Macheng who settled in Sichuan, but there were not as many real Macheng originators as expected. It is really unimaginable that a small Xiaogan township can fill more than half of the population of Sichuan and Chongqing.
Later, a large number of Sichuan and Chongqing immigrants claimed that their ancestors came from Macheng for three main reasons: First, they lied that they were Xiaogan people in Macheng, hoping to get close to the local clan forces and gain a foothold as soon as possible; Second, I don't know where my native place is at all, because there are many people who call themselves Macheng, so they also have the heart of conformity; Third, a large number of immigrants did move to Sichuan through Xiaogan in Macheng, but obviously confused the difference between ancestral home and transit station.
I come from Macheng, Hubei. Let me answer this question and say some personal opinions.
Many people know that Huguang fills Sichuan, and there is also a historical basis to check. In the late Ming Dynasty, the peasant army uprising, Zhang slaughtered the city in Sichuan, which led to a sharp drop in the population of Sichuan, so he immigrated from Huguang.
Where is Huguang? Before the Ming Dynasty, Huguang had a large area. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were Hubei and Hunan provinces. These two provinces are in the center of the country, and there has always been a saying that "the lake is wide and ripe, and the world is enough".
But I personally doubt that Macheng accounts for half of the immigrants from Sichuan. Although there are official records now, many Sichuanese who immigrated to Sichuan from Xiaogan Township in Macheng said that their ancestral home was Xiaogan Township in Macheng, and they came to Macheng to find their ancestors. There is no such place name as Xiaogan Township in Macheng. As for whether it was before, I'm really not sure, and I dare not talk nonsense.
Macheng has a large immigrant park, where large-scale sacrificial activities are held every year, and there is a root-seeking culture. Deng Xiaoping's younger brother Duncan once said that his ancestral home is Macheng, Hubei, and Li Peng's ancestral home is Macheng, Hubei. They said it themselves.
I have no reason to doubt so many facts, but I still want to put forward some opinions.
Macheng is a county-level city, which is now managed by Huanggang. There has never been a state capital in history, and it is located in Dabie Mountain area. Today, the population just exceeds 654.38+200,000. I don't know how many people there were in the late Ming Dynasty, but it is definitely not enough to immigrate so many people from Macheng to Sichuan. Some people say that it is not Macheng immigrants, Macheng is just a place where immigrants are concentrated.
Macheng is a mountain city far from the Yangtze River in Huanggang County. Immigrants to Sichuan have to go upstream, so why not gather immigrants on the river and go to Macheng, a mountain city?
In addition, I have a question. Only Huangzhou and qi zhou have been the state capitals in Huanggang, and these two local cultural celebrities have emerged in large numbers. As for Macheng, I'm sorry I'm ignorant. Apart from the founding generals after the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are really no historical and cultural celebrities. Now all parts of the country are speculating on culture, Macheng has no culture to speculate on, and immigrants and root-seeking culture can't wait to be caught.
Of course, this is just my personal opinion, which may not be correct. I hope everyone can discuss it.
The title "Xiaogan in Macheng" should be Xiaogan Township in Macheng. In fact, the existence of Xiaogan Township in Macheng is controversial, but as early as 1997, the famous scholar Ge confirmed the existence of Xiaogan Township in Macheng, that is, the area around Chengguan Town in today's county. Later, Sichuan scholar Chen and Macheng local scholar Ling made a detailed textual research on place names, which confirmed Mr. Ge's point of view.
According to the data provided by Jianyang county annals and clan annals in the Republic of China, among the 349 immigrants from Hunan and Hubei, 239 claimed to be Macheng people, accounting for 68.5%, of whom 228 claimed to be Xiaogan people, accounting for 95.4% of Macheng. But as the subject asked, Xiaogan Township in Macheng is only a township, accounting for a quarter to a third of Hong 'an County at most. It is impossible for so many people in such a small place to move to other places. As for why it spread so widely, we should consider the following aspects:
First of all, because Macheng and other places were one of the centers of peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty, Zou Pusheng, a Macheng native, assisted Xu Shouhui, a Luotian native, to establish Tianwan regime, and both Macheng and Luotian belonged to Huangzhou government in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so a large part of Tianwan regime was people near Macheng, that is, Luotian. Chen Youliang killed Xu Shouhui after independence, Suizhou people Ming Yu Zhen led Huguang soldiers into Sichuan to fight. Perhaps Macheng is more influential than Macheng, so Xiaogan Township in Macheng is the ancestral home.
Secondly, Xiaogan Township in Macheng is a transit point for immigrants. As stated in the preface to "The Family Tree of Luzhou, Sichuan":
Wang Zushi lived in Xiaogan Township, Macheng for more than two years. There should be many similar cases, so in this case, many people do not remember their ancestral home, but only remember the place name of Xiaogan Township in Macheng, so it is called Xiaogan Township in Macheng. There is also the "Jiangxi Waxie Dam", which happens to be in Macheng and its subordinate Huangzhou Prefecture. Many families claim that it came from the "Waxie Dam in Raozhou Prefecture, Jiangxi Province" at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. According to the research of Qing Dynasty and modern scholars, Waxieba is actually just a small place name, so it is impossible for so many people to move out, so it is similar to Xiaogan Township and also serves as a transit point for immigrants.
Finally, the phenomenon of impersonation. It is not only the fake names of people in other towns and villages in the county (it is also possible that the original residents still call themselves Xiaogan Township after the abolition of Xiaogan Township), but also people from other Huguang ethnic groups outside Macheng County, such as Cao Textual Research. According to Yunyang County Records in the Republic of China, the most popular names in this county are Xiang, He, Tan, Sun, Yu, Zhang, Jia, Li and Wang, all of whom were from the Hongwu period in the Ming Dynasty, that is, other Huguang people pretended to be Xiaogan villagers in Macheng.
In fact, Xiaogan Township in Macheng, like Waxieba in Jiangxi, Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi, Shibi in Ninghua, Zhuji in Nanxiong, Jianmen in Suzhou, Jiangsu, and Shimenkan in Liushuwan, Nanjing, are the roots of Huguang people, North China people, Hakkas, South China people, everyone in northern Jiangsu and Han people in Yunnan, but they are symbolic ancestral homes of immigrants. In order to better adapt to the life in the place of immigration and obtain the right of immigration, people will have affiliated associations. The intention is to imply an alliance and even continue the joint clan with the friendship of fellow villagers.
refer to
Ge: Xiaogan Township in Macheng is one of the cradles of immigrants in China's history.
Chen: Analysis of Xiaogan Phenomenon in Macheng.
Ling: Investigation of Migrants in Xiaogan Township, Macheng
Macheng, Hubei Province is one of the "eight birthplaces of immigrants" in ancient China. Xiaogan Township is the starting point and distribution center of "Huguang filling Sichuan" and is recognized as the "ancestral holy land" in Bashu area. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Macheng set up an immigration institution of "Huguang filling Sichuan". Many immigrants report here and may also investigate from here.
Recently, I saw a lot of questions about "Huguang filling Sichuan", so I also answered some questions. After all, I am from Sichuan! I know from my genealogy that I am also an immigrant from Hubei and a native of Macheng. I was only a teenager at that time, and I was still ignorant. Grandpa asked me to copy the substitute words. I looked through it twice and then copied it down. I don't know where I am now. Our post-80s generation, family values are not as strong as grandpa's generation. To tell the truth, it is difficult to see ancestral halls in Sichuan. We don't have any ancestral halls at all. I wonder if it's because immigrants don't have ancestral temples. I didn't know about the ancestral hall until I went to Guangzhou. A colleague of mine in Hunan said that they have it everywhere. He didn't believe me when I said we didn't see it anywhere. Of course, I can't represent all the people in Sichuan alone. Anyway, in our place, we didn't see any ancestral halls, and we don't know if they were damaged. We have never heard from our elders since childhood.
Now the grandparents' generation, those who know the past history, have basically passed away. We young people don't pay much attention to our ancestral home either. I personally like history and have a strong interest in it. Seeing this question, I couldn't help answering it. After all, my ancestors were also a member of the immigrant army. Our ancestral home is Macheng, Hubei, but I didn't see the specific address. In fact, in our younger generation, the concept of family is gone, but I think it is a cultural heritage. In our generation, it should not be broken! I wonder if the genealogy is still there. If there is an opportunity, I would like to go to Macheng, Hubei Province, and maybe I can find many brothers 500 years ago.
When many Sichuanese are asked "Huguang fills Sichuan", where did their ancestral home come from? Will say I came to Xiaogan, Macheng, Hubei. In fact, it should be said that it is misleading! Why do I say that? Because this large-scale migration was officially organized at that time, maybe Xiaogan in Macheng was a gathering place at that time, and people from surrounding counties and cities had to gather there, and then it was more reasonable to immigrate to Sichuan from Xiaogan! It is said that many people didn't want to emigrate at that time, so the government tied everyone's hands and needed to relieve themselves on the way. Sichuanese say that it is convenient to go to the toilet and call it "relieving oneself". There are so many immigrants coming to Sichuan, most of them can't come to Xiaogan in Macheng, Hubei! The people mentioned here do not include Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi.
I am also from Sichuan, and the information recorded in my genealogy is from Macheng. Out of curiosity, I have also learned about other people's genealogy materials, most of which are from Macheng. As for why so many Macheng people come to Sichuan, it is unknown. I guess ancient Macheng was a distribution center for commerce and handicrafts, right?
Does Macheng Xiaogan have many surnames?
I am from Sichuan, and it is said that Huguang fills Sichuan. Our word generation is different from the surnames around us. I wonder if they filled it in, too.
Besides, we don't have ancestral halls and genealogy. I don't know if I lost it when I filled it out, or what happened. There are only a few words in the mouth of our elders. No one in my generation named it by word generation, let alone the next generation, and even forgot the only word generation information.
In addition, there are not many ancestral graves in our village, more than four generations at most, and there are no more. When filling it out, it feels a hundred years old!
The older generation is long gone, and no one remembers the history, and there is no written record left.
Look at the epitaph in Xiaogan Township, and you will understand why there are so many Macheng people in Sichuan.
That's because there was no family planning in ancient times, and Xiaogan Township in Macheng was sparsely populated. As long as the population is too large, people can only emigrate, and many people leave in pairs every time. Among them, Xiaogan Township has the largest population on the alluvial plain of Macheng Jushui River, so Xiaogan Township has the largest number of people going out.
Many people only think that Huguang has filled the part of Macheng people in Sichuan, but they don't know that Macheng people have been migrating spontaneously for hundreds of years from the Yuan Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty.
In ancient times, Macheng people thought that many children were more blessed. It is not unusual for a family to have ten or eight children, but three or five children are just ordinary families. There are many people, and there are not enough types of land when they grow up. Therefore, there has been a saying among Macheng people for hundreds of years that if you go west with your genealogy, you will not starve to death. When I was a child, I heard from the old man, but I don't know why I can survive in the west. Now I know that there are Sichuan, a land of abundance and people with the same surname and clan in the west.
Some people say, why don't other places go to Sichuan?
I analyze three reasons. First, the folk customs are different. For example, some places are reluctant to have more children. When Su Dongpo was exiled to Huangzhou, he was frightened by the local infanticide for several days. The local people usually gave birth to two sons and a daughter, and then drowned in the water.
Second, Macheng people entered Sichuan earlier, tens of thousands of people joined the Red Scarf Army in Macheng in the Yuan Dynasty, and tens of thousands of people did not follow Zhang into Sichuan in the Ming Dynasty. These people later settled down in the local area and found Sichuan a good place to go, which led to more and more people coming and going to Sichuan later. As the saying goes, many people are not afraid of being bullied by others and can live in groups. Later, Macheng people who came to Sichuan said they were from Xiaogan Township, and some of them were not Macheng people. In order to survive, they also assume that they are from Xiaogan Township, Macheng.
Third, Macheng is a mountainous area, and it can't support many people in the farming era. Most parts of Hubei are Jianghan Plain, so you can survive in your hometown, so why go out?
Xiaogan Township was evacuated in the middle of Ming Dynasty because there were too many people fleeing. At that time, Macheng county magistrate surnamed Chen thought that so many people fled from here, and this place name should be kept. So he wrote to the court three times, demanding the restoration of Xiaogan Township, but all failed. Later, a monument of Xiaogan township government was set up in the former site of the township government. Later, someone inscribed it and kept it in the genealogy. This article clearly records Xiaogan Township.
In any case, Xiaogan Township in Macheng is a symbol of existence, which has protected generations of immigrants from taking root and developing in Sichuan.
It cannot be said that Macheng has no history and culture. The imperial examination in Macheng in the Ming Dynasty had a great influence in the whole country, with hundreds of scholars and hundreds of people. There is a saying that Yang Shan's Book of Rites is Macheng in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are so many Jinshi that Huang and Qi can't compare with each other, which is rare in the whole country. There are ten Macheng people in the biographies of Ming history. The founders of Gongan School and Jingling School are also Macheng people.