In ancient China, there were five ceremonies, namely, auspicious ceremony, wedding ceremony, guest ceremony, military salute, and the burial of the Olympic etiquette lady.
It was a fierce ceremony. According to folklore, etiquette includes four kinds of life etiquette: birth, coronation, wedding and funeral. Actually, etiquette can be divided into politics and life. Politics includes offering sacrifices to heaven, land, ancestral temples, sages of teachers, drinking ceremony in the hometown of respecting teachers, meeting ceremony, military ceremony and so on. Life includes five sacrifices, high sacrifice, Nuo ceremony, birth ceremony, crown ceremony, food etiquette, gift etiquette and so on. Chinese etiquette plays the role of "quasi-legalist" in China culture.
According to Xunzi, there are "three books", namely, "the foundation of heaven and earth", "the foundation of ancestors" and "the foundation of learning from teachers". Bowing in China's traditional etiquette.
Among them, the funeral is the earliest. Funeral for the dead is to appease their ghosts, and for the living, respecting the old and loving the young, filial piety and virtue have become a kind of etiquette. In the process of establishing and carrying out etiquette, the patriarchal clan system in China was born (see "The Patriarchal Clan System in China"). The essence of etiquette is the way to govern people, and it is a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. People think that everything is manipulated by invisible ghosts and gods, and performing etiquette is to please ghosts and gods to get happiness. Therefore, etiquette originates from the belief in ghosts and gods, and it is also a special manifestation of the belief in ghosts and gods. The appearance of "Three Rites" (Yili, Li Ji and Zhou Li) marks the mature stage of etiquette development. In the Song Dynasty, etiquette was combined with feudal ethics and moral preaching, that is, etiquette and ethics were confused and became one of the effective tools to promote ethics. Salute serves to persuade morality, and red tape makes full use of it. It was not until modern times that etiquette was really reformed. Both the etiquette of national political life and the etiquette of people's life have become the new content of the theory of no ghosts, thus becoming the etiquette of modern civilization.
Edit this debate about Chinese etiquette
17 ~ 18 century Christian missionaries' arguments about how to treat China's traditional etiquette. Debate on Chinese etiquette
The two sides are mainly the Jesuits controlled by Portugal and Dominica and the Franciscans controlled by Spain. Jesuit missionaries combined Christian teachings and etiquette with traditional cultural customs in China, allowing China believers to worship Confucius and ancestors, while Dominican missionaries and Franciscan missionaries thought that worshipping Confucius and ancestors was idolatry. To this end, the two sides have submitted a ruling to the Holy See, while still going their own way. The ruling of the Holy See has been repeated several times, the main purpose of which is to prohibit China believers from offering sacrifices to their ancestors. So Emperor Kangxi ordered the expulsion of missionaries who opposed Chinese etiquette, and finally ordered the prohibition of missionary work. It was not until 1939 that the Vatican lifted the ban on Chinese etiquette at that time.
China is a state of etiquette that has been passed down for thousands of years, and its teachings spread overseas. According to legend, more than 3,000 years ago, during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou put forward the program of propriety. Later, after Confucius and the 1970s, there were Mencius, Xunzi and others who proposed the traditional Wan Fu ceremony (for women).
Advocating and perfecting etiquette and music civilization has become the core of Confucian culture. After the Western Han Dynasty, as the theoretical form of ritual and music culture and the source of ancient ritual system, Yili, Zhou Li and Li Ji were successively listed as scholars, which not only became the classics that ancient scholars must read, but also became the basis of ritual system in past dynasties, and had a far-reaching impact on China culture and history. With the formation of Confucian cultural circle in East Asia, ritual and music culture has naturally become an important feature of eastern civilization. Undoubtedly, to understand the traditional culture of China, we must understand the etiquette culture of China. The development of etiquette culture has its historical origin. Can be traced back to the distant past. It should be said that when the first page of the history of the Chinese nation is opened, etiquette is accompanied by human activities and primitive religion. Etiquette system is formulated to deal with three relationships: man-god, man-ghost and man-to-man. With the development of human social life, people's activities of expressing awe and offering sacrifices have become increasingly complex, gradually forming various fixed patterns ... and finally forming etiquette norms. From the emergence and development of etiquette, we can see that etiquette is the need of the development of human social life and the inevitable requirement and reflection of human social relations. This can also be further proved by the formation and changes of etiquette norms in the historical development of China. According to archaeological data, there are large altars, temples and stone piers. Hongshan Culture site found in Kazuo, Liaoning Province is a place for holding large-scale sacrificial activities. The ceramic statue of a naked pregnant woman may be the goddess of fertility worshipped by her ancestors. Earlier images of worms on painted pottery of Yangshao culture and the heads of the dead lying to the west in the tomb also revealed some information about the ancient etiquette system. As far as ancient literature is concerned, there are "five rituals that show self-sacrifice; At the time of Yao and Shun, five rites were salty. In fact, the evolution and development of etiquette system has experienced a long and tortuous Chinese etiquette.
The curriculum of the Western Zhou Dynasty is really complete and systematic. Due to the lack of materials and documents, it has been difficult to examine the etiquette system before the week. The book Three Rites of Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji, compiled by Confucian scholars, recorded and preserved many etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty. For more than 2,000 years after the Han Dynasty, they have been classic works for the state to formulate etiquette system, so they are called "rites". Now, studying and discussing the ancient etiquette system mainly applicable to the nobility, Sanli is still the most important book. Although there are different opinions on their ideological tendency, many of their expositions are only based on the ideals of later Confucianism, but they still have certain reference value and influence in the cultural history. The so-called etiquette in ancient times includes a wide range of contents and forms, including political system, imperial court decrees, offering sacrifices to gods, praying for good fortune in drought and flood, imperial examinations in schools, military campaigns, administrative divisions, building tombs, and even food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals, speeches and manners. It is almost a system that contains all the laws and regulations of the country's politics, economy, military affairs, culture and personal ethics. Until modern times, the scope of etiquette gradually narrowed, and now generally only refers to etiquette and ceremony. China's etiquette culture, with its characteristics of peace and integrity, has had a far-reaching impact on people. However, the culture of any nation can't be consistent all the time, and we can only discard its dross and take its essence with the changes of the times. The factors of excellent culture are often eternal, living in the long river of history for a long time, and constantly affecting the spirit and outlook of the nation. For example, around the 6th century BC, it was the axial age of ancient world civilization, and philosophers such as Confucius, Laozi, Sun Tzu, Socrates, Plato, Sakyamuni and other brilliant classics appeared. For more than two thousand years, they have always accompanied the historical process, and people can feel their existence almost anywhere. In today's highly developed science and technology, people often go back to that era to look for wisdom. People should also look at the culture of rites and music advocated by Confucius. Since modern times, due to the decline of the country and the invasion of foreign powers, China people have been excited by the changes of the times. It is reasonable to accuse the traditional culture of backwardness, but it is not entirely true. Imagine a learned scholar being beaten by a robber. People can blame him for not being brave in boxing, but for the Chinese etiquette competition.
You can't blame him for not being sensible. It would be a real tragedy if a scholar lost his books and only practiced martial arts and became a "strongman" without education. Human society will eventually enter a civilized era in which everyone is honest and respectful. Therefore, people should not only practice martial arts and strengthen their health, but also carry forward the existing culture, and the ritual and music culture will eventually have its new use. China's etiquette culture not only played a great role in the Chinese nation, but also had a far-reaching impact on the world. For example, China's traditional etiquette culture has been preserved in Korean and Japanese, and continues to play an active role in social life. Shamefully, in people's native land, its loss rate is very alarming. In people's interpersonal communication, there are fewer and fewer people who know how to show respect with elegant language and manners. As the most common and grand wedding and birthday ceremony among the people, it has increasingly lost its national characteristics and rapidly westernized; Christmas and Valentine's Day are increasingly becoming the main festivals for young people in China. As a symbol of national culture, once the etiquette and festivals are all westernized, it shows that the standard culture has been abandoned by the people and its demise will not be too far away. China people and people of insight should be aware of their worries. China's etiquette culture forged by thousands of years of civilization could have become the strength of tourism economy, but many people in the industry can't even say such kind words as "I'm sorry, thank you, it doesn't matter, please", let alone others. Although hotel restaurants are becoming more and more gorgeous, the quality of service has always been the weakness of tourism development, which makes people sigh. In addition, in recent years, the number of China people traveling abroad is increasing day by day, but there are many people who are vulgar and lack etiquette education. The criticism of overseas public opinion is often seen in newspapers, which greatly damages people's national image as an "ancient civilization" and a "state of etiquette". In order to change this situation, in recent years, the government regards "reciprocity" as an important content of "civic morality", and how to rebuild the etiquette norms that meet the requirements of the times has been put on the agenda. China's traditional etiquette civilization is a valuable ideological resource, which can provide important reference for people. 2 1 century is the century of culture, and the competition between countries and nations will be more and more carried out in the cultural field. Culture is the basic feature of a nation. When culture exists, the nation survives, and when culture dies, the nation dies. Throughout the ages, few ethnic groups really perished in genocide, but countless ethnic groups perished in the disappearance of their own culture. China is the only country among the four ancient civilizations in the world that has never experienced cultural interruption. In the next century, whether Chinese civilization can stand on its own feet among the nations of the world is a basic prerequisite, which is undoubtedly a strategic event. Rites and music culture is the core of China traditional culture, and whether it can develop its essence is very important for the rise and fall of standard culture.
Edit this paragraph to explain the traditional etiquette movements in China in detail.
China ancestors used body movements to convey the language of "two-way equivalence" and "orderly position". These actions are called rituals. The ritual movements handed down from generation to generation have the traditional fighting ceremony of China.
Words passed down from ancestors to future generations. These etiquette movements originated in ancient times, when there was no language for human beings. It is sign language and hieroglyphics that everyone can understand, and it is "Putonghua" passed down from generation to generation. There are ten etiquette movements and two routine etiquette movements. Carry the principle of two-way reciprocity, orderly position, indispensable, suitable for both sides, and the principle of being a man. Ten etiquette movements are: bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, bow. The two common manners are: meeting for the first time, paying tribute to parents, and bowing to friends, classmates and colleagues. Etiquette action list; The name of etiquette; Scope of action; Etiquette
Bow your hand on your chest, retract it and push it forward. Everyday etiquette is respectful, acceptable and funny.
Bend your arms, hold your hands and bow. Traditional etiquette respects, gives and receives.
Bow your arms, put your hands together, bow 30 degrees, respect, accept and pay.
Two salutes, arms open, hands clasped, 45-degree bow, and two conventional gifts: respect, acceptance and reward.
Three Worship: Bow to the forehead, bend 90 degrees, bow to the ancestors of heaven and earth, respect, accept and report.
Bow down to the ground, worship, bow down to a specific gift, respect, accept and return.
Hold your hand and grow old with your son, be filial to your parents and respect your teachers.
Unarmed combat ceremony: cross your chest and push it out to show your return to Confucius.
JuGongLi lowered his hand and bowed, but he could understand the etiquette, humility, acceptance and comity.
Hand-held ceremony: the men and women standing in front of the hand-held ceremony with their hands attached to the chest and abdomen are sincere and upright.
1, bow and salute
Put your hands together on your chest and take them back from front to back in a hand shape. Push forward, don't bow your head. Depending on the distance, it can be high and not lower than the chest. Daily meeting ceremony, farewell ceremony.
Step 2 welcome
Holding your chest with both hands is lighter than making a fist and more important than fighting. Slightly or not. Used for daily salute, respect for elders, and mutual respect among classmates and friends.
3. A worship ceremony (worship ceremony)
Spread your arms to your chest and put your hands together. In front of the male's left hand and the female's right hand. Bend down (30 degrees). Move your arms with your waist, but don't move your head. Used for first meeting, respecting elders and expert ceremony. Only one can. Ordinary gift.
4. Worship twice (farewell)
Spread your arms in front of your face and put your hands together. Bend down (45 degrees). Move your arms with your waist, but don't move your head. Used to give big gifts to platoon leaders. Generally, a line is called "Bye-bye". Two at most, called "farewell".
5. Three Worship Ceremony (once again).
Stand still, stand up and be solemn. "Hands are attached to the heart." Stick your hands between your chest and abdomen, with the boy's left hand in front and the girl's right hand in front. Fold, elbows in line with hands. Hand means "harmony with heaven and earth". Tiande is energetic, durable, trustworthy and has a big start. Dede is very tolerant, tolerant, rich and dedicated. Both virtues have their own characteristics. Showing virtue will change with time and environment. "Senior one." Push your hands forward and up, to the front of your forehead, and keep your arms straight. "Salute (worship)." Keep your head, neck and arms still, bend your waist and bow deeply (90 degrees). "Xing." Stand up and put your hands on your forehead. "Salute again (goodbye)." "Xing." "Front hand." Put your hands on your forehead and push them out. "Three worships (three worships)." "Xing." "Li Cheng." Get your hands back to your chest and abdomen. It is used to pay homage to the ancestors of heaven and earth, honor parents and give life gifts on specific occasions. Used for group gifts. The name of the ceremony is "Farewell Forehand", which is equivalent to the ancient "Farewell to kowtow".
6, kowtow ceremony
The ancients called it "sitting" and "sitting straight" because they sat on the floor with their calves and heels. It's convenient to make this gift. The greatest gift of the ancients was "kowtowing again". Sit down first, stand up straight, and don't let your hips leave your calves, that is, don't kneel. Worship first and do two things. The action of bowing is to put your hands in front of your forehead, put them down, bow your hands to the ground in front of you, and lean forward with your arms. During the third ceremony, hands are put down, separated, palms up. Bend down, put the back of your hand on the ground in front of your body, and knock your forehead on the ground. The third etiquette action can also be folded hands, forehead hit the palm. These three ways show more and more respect. Today, people can worship and kowtow again, or they can just do a kowtow ceremony. Standing and walking are all "paying tribute again" and "paying tribute". Three means more, and more is still three. It is only used for certain gifts, such as offering sacrifices to ancestors in the sky, offering sacrifices to teachers on specific occasions, offering sacrifices to biological parents on specific occasions, and paying homage to couples on the wedding day. You can't do whatever you want. Anything you do casually is blasphemy, blasphemy against each other.
7. Hold hands.
Hands stretched out side by side, the younger generation palms down, the older generation palms up, and the older generation holds the younger generation's hands. The elder can sit and hold the hand of the younger generation. Family etiquette. Courtesy of husband and wife at marriage.
8. Battle ceremony
Only used when students pay homage to Confucius, and the teacher returns the gift on behalf of Confucius. On the statue of Confucius, Confucius used this gesture of returning gifts. Cross your hands on your chest, push them out and flatten them. Teachers can't just reciprocate.
9, JuGongLi
Put down your hand and bow. Bow can be big or small, and the lower the bow, the more respectful it is. Nodding and bowing are used by elders in return.
10, with a hand gift
Hands on the chest and abdomen, hands on the left, women on the right. Stand in front of the ceremony and raise the national flag. Show sincerity and integrity. Shaking hands, waving, waving, hugging, getting up, clapping, nodding, bending over, answering, smiling, asking for permission and showing off are also manners, which belong to the categories of "appearance" and "appearance". The above etiquette movements seem complicated, but usually only the equal bow ceremony between friends and a worship ceremony to the elders are used. How can I pay back what the other party does? It's simple. The rules of etiquette are reciprocal, reciprocal and orderly. When the other party salutes, it is necessary to reciprocate. No matter how high your position and seniority are, you should return the gift, otherwise it is impolite and impolite. Answering, nodding, and bending down are all replies. Salute to the ancestors of heaven and earth, and the ancestors of heaven and earth do not reciprocate. Because they have been giving us "gifts", we just return the gift and repay it. Etiquette action is based on etiquette and etiquette. These are just basic norms. Etiquette movements can be changed. Different cultures, customs and habits have different manners and behaviors. With basic formulas and differences, we can distinguish and be appropriate. Japan, South Korea and other countries and regions influenced by Confucian culture retain Confucian cultural traditions, which are all branches of Confucian culture. Salute according to your own tradition, so that there is a different place and it is appropriate. In Chinese mainland, etiquette was extreme by monarchy, and now it has been interrupted. We should return to the origin of the ceremony of Zhou, combine the achievements of western culture, formulate etiquette norms, and connect with ancient and modern China and foreign countries. The implementation may be different in different places. The new ceremony inherits the ancient ceremony, and etiquette brings people closer together and makes them respect each other. At the same time, it develops and changes, conforms to people's hearts, draws people closer, and increases the ceremony of "holding hands" to make them fall in love. It is appropriate to get through the two things. Etiquette moves change the humbleness, sense virtue, fortitude and justice, and Kunde is elegant and noble. Tribute to Gankun Hede.
abstract
The inherent rules of etiquette are: two-way giving, equality and reciprocity, and orderly position. The function of ceremony is: ceremony gives birth to respect, respect gives birth to affection and respect gives birth to holiness. The respect of courtesy students can be transferred to work, study and treat people with things, so as to be dedicated, respect things, respect people and be respected. He is a first-class person. When people lose their manners and manners, they lose respect, disrespect everything and become second-rate and third-rate people. Ancestors' etiquette behavior makes life respected first. Shaking hands can only produce goodwill, not respect. It is impolite to carry forward character and raise national dignity. The ceremony is centered on the straight path, which is both righteous and lenient. The law of giving (beginning): humble yourself and respect others, and respect others. Rule of reporting: report straight, come and go, and return the favor. You can report it again, vote for me and report it to Qiong Yao. No return, no understatement, no omission. Those who know propriety know reason, those who know propriety understand reason, and those who know propriety understand reason. Rites are born from the heart, and they are made by themselves. The combination of "self-denial" and "self-denial" The combination of "Fu Li" and "Ren". Confucius said, "Self-denial is benevolence." Confucius said, "Benevolence depends on itself, but on others?"
Editing this ancient political etiquette
Worship heaven
Worship to heaven, which began in the Zhou Dynasty, is also called suburban worship. On the day of winter solstice, it is held in the capital of the southern suburbs. The ancients first paid attention to the worship of entities, and the worship of heaven was also reflected in the worship of the sun, the moon and the stars. All these specific worship, after reaching a certain amount, are painted as worship of heaven. The worship of heaven in Zhou Dynasty developed from the worship of "emperor" in Yin Dynasty. The supreme ruler is the son of heaven, and offering sacrifices to heaven serves the supreme ruler. Therefore, the prevalence of worship of heaven did not come to an end until the Qing Dynasty.
Sacrificially
The solstice in summer is the day of offering sacrifices to the earth, and the etiquette is roughly the same as that of offering sacrifices to heaven. In the Han Dynasty, it was called Mother Earth, saying that she was the etiquette of blessing people in ancient times.
The goddess of class, also known as the god of society. The earliest place of sacrifice was blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, the belief in geomantic omen, which was not suitable for breaking ground, prevailed, and the rituals of offering sacrifices to the land included offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, offering sacrifices to the land gods, the valley gods and the country.
Ancestral temple sacrifice
The ancestral temple system is the product of ancestor worship. The ancestral temple is a place where people set up for the deceased before his death. The ancestral temple system consists of seven temples for emperors, five temples for princes, three temples for doctors and one temple for scholars. Temples are not allowed in Shu Ren. The ancestral hall, the son of heaven and the princes are located on the left side of the door. Doctors sleep on the left and right in the temple. The common people set the ancestral hall next to the kitchen hall of the dormitory. When offering sacrifices, choose a corpse. Bodies are usually served by grandchildren. The god in the temple is a wooden cuboid, which is only placed when offering sacrifices. Sacrifices cannot be called by their first names. During the sacrificial ceremony, nine worships such as kowtow, nod, empty bow, vibration, auspicious worship, fierce worship, strange worship, praise worship and Su worship are performed. The ancestral hall also offered sacrifices to the first generation of emperors. The Book of Rites Quli stipulates that all the ancestors who made contributions to the people, such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Huangdi, King Wen, should make sacrifices. Since the Han Dynasty, people began to build cemeteries and shrines to offer sacrifices to the previous emperors. On the other hand, Ming Taizu established an imperial temple in Kyoto. During the Jiajing period, the Emperor Temple was built in Fuchengmen, Beijing, to worship the first king and the 36th emperor.
Sacrifice teachers and sages
After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou was a saint and Confucius was a teacher. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was the sage and Yan Hui was the teacher. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ceremony of "releasing wine" has always been a ritual of learning and a ritual of offering sacrifices to Confucius. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, wine-releasing ceremonies were held twice a year in the spring and autumn, and Confucius and Yan temples were also set up in county schools all over the country. In the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called "the most holy teacher". In the Qing Dynasty, Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province) established the Confucius Temple. After making Beijing its capital, imperial academy, the capital of Beijing, was elected as imperial academy and set up a Confucian Temple. Confucius called it "the forerunner from Dacheng to Wenshengxuan". Qufu's temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and etiquette are all based on Beijing imperial academy. Rural drinking ceremony is the product of offering sacrifices to sages.
Meeting ceremony
When subordinates meet their superiors, they should pay their respects to each other, and officials should also pay their respects to each other. When they meet, Volkswagen, Marquis and Ma Xu should pay tribute twice. The subordinates face west first, and the superiors face east first. When civilians meet, the young and the old salute, and the young salute. Say goodbye to the four foreign worshippers and pay homage nearby.
military salute
Including conquest, taxation, hunting, construction, etc.
Edit this ancient life etiquette
Birthday ceremony
From a woman's seeking for a child when she is not pregnant to a baby's first birthday, all etiquette revolves around the theme of a long life. Shu Gao's sacrifice is begging etiquette. At this time, an altar was set up in the southern suburbs, and all the empresses participated. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were sacrifices made by Gao Qi. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ceremony of Gao Qi was formulated. During the Jin Dynasty, Gao Qi offered sacrifices to Di Qing, and a wooden square platform was built in the north of Yong 'anmen in the east of the imperial city. There was no sacrifice by Gao Qi in Qing Dynasty, but there was a ceremony of "changing rope" with the same meaning. Birthday ceremonies have a preference for sons over daughters since ancient times. Birthday ceremonies also include "Three Dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days" and "One Year". The Three Dynasties are the three days when the baby was born and received various congratulations. When the baby is one month old, the full moon shaves the fetal hair. Hundred-day uncle recognition, naming ceremony. At the age of one, we should grasp the rites of the week and predict the fate and career of our children.
Pass the ceremony
Also known as the coronation ceremony, it is a coronation ceremony for men to enter the ranks of adults. The coronation ceremony evolved from the adult ceremony attended by young men and women who were popular in clan society at maturity. The Han dynasty followed the crown ceremony system of the Zhou dynasty. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jia Guan began to accompany with music. Crown ceremony was practiced in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and was abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many ethnic minority areas in China still have ancient adult rituals, such as pulling teeth, dyeing teeth, wearing skirts, trousers and tying a bun.
Yande's Catering Etiquette
Dining is held in the ancestral temple, and the cooking is too firm to drink guests. The emphasis is on etiquette rather than diet. Yan is a banquet, the ceremony is held in the bedroom, and guests and friends can enjoy drinking. Yan Li has a profound influence on the formation of China's food culture. Festive banquets have formed festive food etiquette in China's folk food customs. Eating Yuanxiao on the 15th day of the first month, cold rice and vegetables in Tomb-Sweeping Day, zongzi and realgar wine in Duanyang in May, moon cakes and laba porridge in Mid-Autumn Festival, and making friends to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new are all festive ceremonies. Eating certain foods on some festivals is also a kind of eating etiquette. Seats at the banquet, the order of serving, and the etiquette of persuading people to drink and toast all have the requirements of men and women, the relationship between elders and children, and the taboo of praying for blessings in social customs.
Courtesy to guests
Mainly used to receive guests. There are different levels of gift etiquette for guests. When the scholars meet, the guests see the master, taking the pheasant as the guide; When doctors meet, they take geese as baskets; When you meet a doctor, you should take a lamb as a basket.
Five sacrifices
Refers to the sacrificial gate, gate, well, stove and middle room. In the Zhou Dynasty, people visited households in spring, roamed around in summer, visited doors in autumn and visited wells in winter. During the Han and Wei dynasties, there were five sacrifices every season, and in March of Meng Dong, there was a total sacrifice. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the theory of "Seven Sacrifices to Heaven Emperor" was adopted, offering sacrifices to Siming (a minor god in the palace), Guo Men, Guo Xing, (a wild ghost), Hu and Zao. Five sacrifices were still offered in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, special sacrifices such as doors, households, baby carriages and wells were abandoned, and only the stoves were sacrificed on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, which was in line with the folk story that the kitchen god told things in the sky on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month. The national sacrificial ceremony adopted a folk form.
Nuo instrument
Originated in prehistoric times and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Nuo ceremonies in the Zhou Dynasty were designed to drive away evil spirits and epidemics in the four seasons. Zhou people believe that the operation of nature is closely related to the good or ill luck of personnel. With the change of seasons, the variation of cold and heat, the epidemic of plague and the taking advantage of ghosts, timely mourning is needed to exorcise evil spirits. Fang Shixiang is the main god in Nuo ceremony. Twelve animals formula Shixiang appeared in Nuo instruments in Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties followed the Han system, and entertainment elements were added to Nuo ceremonies, with musicians playing Fang and twelve animals. So far, the Nuo ceremony of Tujia nationality in Guizhou is the most complete and typical.
Edit this paragraph of China Modern Business Social Etiquette.
Handshake etiquette
Handshaking etiquette originated in ancient Europe, which shows that they are unarmed and friendly. Later, it became a fashion, popular in Europe and America. After the Revolution of 1911, China became accustomed to it. In today's business communication, shaking hands is the most commonly used greeting. Handshaking method: Both sides extend their right hands, keep a distance of about one meter from each other, and shake hands with palms slightly forward and downward.
Straighten out, put your right four fingers together, thumb up, palm to the left, and the height of your hand is roughly flush with your waist. When you hold each other, you should look at each other with a smile and say a few commonplaces. Pay attention when shaking hands: 1 Don't be half-hearted, keep your eyes on each other; ② The handshake time should not be too long (usually about 3 seconds to 5 seconds); Don't clap the other person's arm when shaking hands; Don't shake hands too hard. (the relationship is average, the two sides hold hands slightly and shake up and down; If the relationship is close, you can use a little force and shake it up and down a few times to show your friendship or deep feelings. But it is impolite to just hold your fingertips or just pass them or put your hands around each other's hands. When shaking hands, the principle should be followed: honour person takes precedence. Between the superior and the subordinate, the superior should reach out first; Between the elder and the younger generation, between men and women, the elder reaches out first and the lady reaches out first; Between peers at the same level, whoever reaches out first. Note: When two handshakers meet two or more of the above orders, generally, the location is considered first, then the age is considered, and then the gender is considered. Note: when introducing, you should respect the last person (introduce the person with lower position first, then introduce the person with higher position); But when shaking hands, the distinguished person should come first (the person with the highest status reaches out first). When the guest shakes hands with the host, the order of reaching out is different. When welcoming guests, the host reaches out first; Send away the guests, the guests reach out first. When the guests arrive, the general host extends his hand to welcome them first; When guests leave, they usually reach out first. The guest held out his hand first, expressing his hope that the host would stay. Taboos to shake hands: hands do not shake hands, left hands do not shake hands, cross hands, do not wear gloves, hands are not dirty, hands are not in pockets, do not wear sunglasses, except those with eye diseases or eye defects.