The King of Qin's family came from a famous family in the Shang Dynasty, after the important ministers E Lai and Fei Lian of the Shang Dynasty. Qin Feizi, the first generation king of Qin, was the fifth-generation grandson of Erai, a general under King Zhou of Shang, and Qin Shihuang was the 35th-generation grandson of Erai. The Qin royal family came from China, and the Qin State was the front line of the Zhou Dynasty against the Xirong. King Ping of Zhou once promised Qin Xianggong that the Rong people were unjust and occupied the land of Qi and Feng. If Qin could drive away the Rong people, he could own the land occupied by the Rong people. Qin culture mainly comes from Ji Zhou culture.
The surnames in the pre-Qin period were not unified. Men were called surnames and women were called surnames. The surname of the Qin State is Zhao, Ying, and the monarch is the descendant of Sun Boyi (Da Fei), the fifth generation of the Yellow Emperor. Boyi was given the surname Ying by Emperor Shun because of his contribution to assisting Dayu in flood control, and his tribe became the tribe with the surname Ying. At the end of the Xia Dynasty, Feichang, the great-great-grandson of Boyi's second son Ruomu, abandoned Xia to join the business and drove for Shang Tang. He assisted Shang Tang in destroying Xia and establishing Shang, and became a hero of the Shang Dynasty. Boyi's eldest son, Dalian's great-great-grandson Zhongyan, drove the emperor Taiwu, and Taiwu married his daughter to him. The tribe surnamed Ying therefore became the nobility of the Shang Dynasty and assisted the Shang Dynasty for generations. Until Fei Lian and evil come.
At the end of the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou attacked Zhou. Eilai from the tribe surnamed Ying worked for King Zhou together with his father Feilian. Evilai was later killed by King Wu of Zhou, while Feilai was quarrying stones in the north for Zhou. After returning home and having no hope of recovery, he built an altar in Mount Huotai to offer sacrifices to King Zhou of Yin. As a result, he got a stone coffin with an inscription that said: "God spared your father from the rebellion of Yin Dynasty and gave you a stone coffin to glorify your clan after your death." He was buried in Huo Taishan.
An inscription was unearthed from Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb, which records that the Qin royal family is the successor of the Yellow Emperor. According to archaeological discoveries and historical records, the Qin people and the Rong people engaged in a long and fierce tug of war. The two tribes were incompatible with each other in terms of nationality and culture.
Archaeologists have discovered that the styles of cultural relics unearthed from the sites of the Qin and Rong tribes are completely different. The Qin culture mainly comes from the Zhou culture, while the culture of the Rong people comes from the Siwa culture. The researchers also found that the Qin and Rong people's residences were intertwined and in confrontation. The Qin people mainly lived in the open plateaus and gentle terraces on both sides of the upper reaches of the Western Han River, while the Rong people mostly lived in the valleys of the lower reaches of the Western Han River or its tributaries. Two cities were also discovered in the Western Han River Basin, which were one of the earliest places where the Qin people lived. The cruelty of the struggle between the two tribes can be seen from the ruins and cultural relics. The two tribes usually live in their own living areas and watch out for and fight against each other. Experts also discovered a tomb of an early Qin noble. The head of the tomb owner was smashed by Rong arrows, which shows the ferocity of the struggle at that time.
According to "The Classic of Mountains and Seas. Hai Nei Xi Jing": Qin and Zhou are both descendants of the Yellow Emperor. The people of Qin regarded themselves as Huaxia and regarded Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang as their ancestors (the princes all over the country worshiped Emperor Huang as their ancestors). For example: Qin Linggong built the upper border in Wuyang (now Wushan, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) in 422 BC to worship the Yellow Emperor; he built the lower border to worship the Yan Emperor. The people of Qin believed in the Central Plains mythology system such as the Queen Mother of the West of Kunlun and Nuwa, and had always worshiped the Four Emperors (Huangdi, Yandi, Fuxi, and Shaohao).
Furthermore, the excavation of Qin Jinggong’s tomb also proved that the Qin people were from the Huaxia ethnic group. One of the chimes had an inscription: "There is a spirit in Gaoyang, and there are naeus in all directions." Emperor Zhuanxu was named Gaoyang, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. This is similar to "Historical Records". "The records are consistent. Later, Qin State's Shang Yang's Reform adopted the policy of "inviting the people" and attracted 2 to 3 million people from the six Shandong countries to the vast and sparsely populated Qin State. What's more, most of the Qin area was originally the territory of the Zhou people, and many Zhou people originally lived in it. The land of Qin was occupied by the Xirong later, so naturally there would be many descendants of Zhou people in Qin. For example: During the Qin Dynasty, Duke Wen of Qin defeated the Rong people and "received the remaining people of the Zhou Dynasty" and later occupied the old land of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In other words, the Zhou people are the indigenous people of the Qin State's homeland, while the Rong people are outsiders. In ancient times, when transportation was extremely inconvenient, it was not easy for the Xirong people to move to Qin. Therefore, there is no evidence to prove that the Rong people are the main ethnic group in Qin. Therefore, it is extremely wrong to say that Qin was a Rong, not to mention that Qin and Rong people never regarded each other as their own kind.
"Historical Records·Fengchan Book" records: "Qin Xianggong was a marquis and lived in Xicui. He thought he was the god of Shaohao (one of the five emperors in Han nationality legends). The White Emperor is Shaohao, one of the Five Gods. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, according to the "Zhou Rites", people used six chariots to worship Haotian God and the Five Gods: Dongfang Qing Emperor Taihao Fuxi, Nanfang God. The Yan Emperor, the Central Yellow Emperor, the Western White Emperor Shaohao, and the Northern Black Emperor Zhuanxu each had one name: the foal, the ox, and the ram.
" "Zuo Zhuan" makes it very clear that the place where the country of Lu was defeated is also called "Shaohao's Xu".
After Duke Zhuang of Qin was killed by Rong Di, his son said, "Rong kill me." Father Zhong, I dare not enter the city unless I kill the Rong King. "According to the records of "Historical Records of Qin", both the kings of Qin and Zhao had the surname Zhao. Erlai's younger brother Ji Sheng was the ancestor of Zhao. Qin and Zhao were the same ancestors and were of the same blood. During the period of King Mu of Zhou, Ji Sheng's His great-grandson Zaofu drove for King Zhou Mu and made great contributions when King Zhou Mu put down the rebellion of King Xu Yan of Xu State. He was awarded the title of Zhaocheng (today's Hongdong, Shanxi) by King Zhou Mu.
When King Zhou Xiao was king, Zaofu. His grandnephew Feizi (the sixteenth grandson of Boyi) was granted a land in Qin (today's Tianshui, Gansu Province) by King Zhou Xiao because of his meritorious service in raising horses. Feizi took the land as his surname and named it "Qin Ying", which was later called "Qin Ying". "Qin Feizi". The Qin people raised horses for the Zhou royal family for generations and fought against the Xirong at Xubian. Qin's initial territory was in the Guanzhong area of ??Shaanxi Province. At that time, the Qin state was only a vassal of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Three years after Qin Zhong came to the throne, King Li of Zhou was immoral, and some princes rebelled against him. Xirong. Qin Zhong ascended the throne for twenty-three years and died in the hands of Xirong. The eldest son was Qin Bo. King Xuan of Zhou summoned Qin Bo's five brothers and handed them seven. With thousands of soldiers, he ordered them to attack Xirong and defeated Xirong. King Xuan of Zhou then rewarded Qin Zhong's descendants again, including the fiefdom of their ancestor Da Luo, including Quanqiu, and appointed them as officials of Xicui. The Qin State had two fiefdoms, one in Qin (Tianshui) and one in Quanqiu (Xianyang Xingping).
Qin Zhuanggong lived in their hometown of Xiquanqiu and gave birth to three sons. The eldest son was called Shifu. Shifu said: "Xirong killed my grandfather Qin Zhong, and I will never return home until I kill the king of Rong. "So he led his troops to attack Xirong and gave up the position of successor to his younger brother Qin Xianggong. Qin Xianggong became the prince. Duke Zhuang died in his forty-fourth year, and the prince Xianggong succeeded to the throne.
777 BC , Qin Xianggong married his sister Miao Ying to King Feng of Xirong. In 776 BC, Xirong surrounded Quanqiu, and Shifu fought back. After more than a year, Xirong released Shifu. Quan Rong and Shen Hou attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty together and killed King You at the foot of Mount Li. Due to the harassment, the capital was moved eastward to Luoyi. Qin Xianggong led troops to escort King Zhou Ping. King Zhou Ping made Xianggong a prince and gave him the land west of Qishan. King Qin Shijian also said: "The Rong people don't talk about it." Morally, if the Qin State can drive away the Rong people from Qishan and Fengshui, the land occupied by the Xirong will return to the Qin State. "King Ping made an oath with Qin Xianggong. At this time, Xianggong made Qin a vassal state (county state), exchanged envoys with other vassal states, and sent greetings and gifts to each other. He also used a black-maned and naked pony, Three oxen and three rams were sacrificed to the Emperor of Heaven in the western border. In 766 BC, when Qin Xianggong arrived at Qishan, he died there.
From 677 BC, the Qin State was in Yong (now Baoji). Fengxiang) was established as the capital for nearly 300 years. It has palace areas, residential areas, burial areas for scholar-bureaucrats and citizens, and the Qin Gong Cemetery. During the Qin Mugong era, Qin participated in the struggle for hegemony in the Central Plains and became a second-class power after Jin, Chu, and Qi. . During the reign of Duke Ai of Qin, Shen Baoxu went to Qin Ting to cry bitterly to ask for help from King Zhao of Chu to restore the country, leaving behind the allusion of "Shen Baoxu cried to Qin Ting"
Qin people and Rong people have been together for a long time. Fighting made Qin people adept at martial arts. The verse "How can one say that one has no clothes, and one wears the same robe as one's son?" comes from the Qin army's military song "Wu Yi" in "The Book of Songs: Qin Feng". "Wu Yi" depicts the Qin army's actions when they rescued Chu. Scene.
"The Book of Songs·Qin Feng·Wu Yi"
Is it true that I have the same robe as you? /p>
How can I say that I have no clothes? The king is in the same position, and I am working with him! , Repair my armor. Go with me!
In terms of science, technology, culture, etc., Qin was relatively backward in the early Warring States period. This situation did not begin to change until Shang Yang's reform in 361 BC. In 350 BC, Daliang Zao of Qin (Shang Yang) proposed to move the capital from Yongcheng (today's Fengxiang, Baoji) to the newly built Xianyang City in order to deepen his reforms and get rid of the interference of the old aristocratic forces, which was supported by Qin Xiaogong. /p>
In 325 BC, King Qin Huiwen became king.
In 316 BC, Qin destroyed Shu. In the Battle of Ying in 279 BC and the Battle of Yan in 278 BC, the Qin army commanded by Bai Qi captured Nanyang County, Nanjun and Lin of Chu State, which were the political cores at that time in Nanyang and Danyang. Jiangjun (Jiangxia County), Qianzhong County. At this point, the Chu State, a large country in the south, declined due to the loss of large areas of territory and population.
In 260 BC, the Qin State general Bai Qi severely damaged the Zhao State in the Battle of Changping. The Zhao army lost about 400,000 troops, and the Qin State was powerful throughout the world. In 246 BC, King Qin ascended the throne and took power in 238 BC, beginning his conquest of the six kingdoms. From 230 BC when Qin destroyed Han, to 221 BC when it destroyed Qi and unified China.
In the thirteenth year (356 BC) and the nineteenth year (350 BC) of King Zhou Xian, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out the most thorough reforms. Shang Yang's reform encouraged population growth, emphasized agriculture and suppressed business, abolished the system of senior ministers and senior officials, rewarded military merit, established household registration, and implemented the law of joint residence. At that time, the Qin State had a vast territory and a large population, while the Jin Dynasty had many people but little land, and the people lacked land. Therefore, Shang Yang suggested that Qin Xiaogong adopt preferential policies for foreign immigrants and recruit people from the three Jin Dynasties to Qin to reclaim wasteland. Shang Yang's reforms made Qin the most powerful country after the middle period of the Warring States Period. Although Shang Yang was later killed by a chariot, the new law was not abolished.
From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng (the 35th grandson of Ying Erai, a famous official under King Zhou of Shang) successively destroyed the six kingdoms of Kanto and completed the unification of the country. Later, he attacked the Xiongnu in the north and conquered Baiyue in the south. It pioneered the emperor system and the central official system represented by the three gongs and nine ministers. The system of prefectures and counties was established to completely break the Shiqing Shilu system since the Western Zhou Dynasty to maintain national unity and strengthen the central government's control over local areas.
The Qin Dynasty ended more than 500 years of division and separatism since the Spring and Autumn Period, and became the first multi-ethnic centralized state in Chinese history with the Han nationality as the main body, laying the foundation for the unification of China. The foundation of the dynasty's rule, so there is a saying that "the political laws of Qin can still be obtained in a hundred generations".
However, the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty also caused class conflicts and social unrest, leading to the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history.
In 206 BC, Prince Ying of the third generation of Qin surrendered to Liu Bang. In only 15 years, the Qin Dynasty came to ruin. During the reign of Duke Mugong of Qin, 12 kingdoms of Xirong were destroyed;
In the period of King Qin Huiwen, Ba, Shu, and Ju were destroyed in 316 BC;
In the period of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, Yiqu was destroyed in 272 BC ;
Qin destroyed South Korea in 230 BC;
Qin destroyed Zhao in 228 BC;
Qin destroyed Wei in 225 BC;
Qin destroyed Chu in 223 BC;
Qin destroyed Yan and Zhao in 222 BC;
Qin destroyed Qi in 221 BC, and King Qin Yingzheng (Zhao Zheng) proclaimed himself emperor and the first emperor. .
Remarks: Since 221 BC, Chinese history has officially entered a society of prefectures and counties. The Qin State has become the first unified multi-ethnic authoritarian centralized state in Chinese history with the Chinese ethnic group as the main body—— Qin Dynasty. Qin's social economy is still dominated by agriculture.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, cast iron farm tools appeared.
During the Warring States Period, water conservancy projects such as Zhengguo Canal and Dujiangyan were built to further promote the development of agricultural production. The most developed handicraft industries are copper smelting and pottery making.
A new process for oxidizing weapons with chromium salts was invented; the building materials are quite unique, and the tiles are exquisite works of art. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, princes from various places fought against each other, and the original dominance of Zhou culture was gradually destroyed, and the culture of various regions began to change towards "localization". After the Warring States Period, this situation became more obvious. The use of characters can be roughly divided into five major systems according to regions: Eastern Qi system, Northeastern Yan system, Southern Chu system, Northern Jin system and Western Qin system. The characters of each system are roughly They are very similar, with only a small part of the text being different, so there is not much of a problem in exchanging documents with each other.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, Li Si standardized and organized the large seal script (Qin script) and the ancient texts of the Six Kingdoms, and formulated the small seal script as the standard writing font of the Qin Dynasty, unifying Chinese characters. . The small seal script is rectangular and the strokes are round and smooth. Xiaozhuan solved the problem of a large number of variant characters among the scripts of various countries, and the history of "scripts with the same script" began.