2. There are two ways to improve the capacity of intersections-tunnels and overpasses, whether it is ground loop or elevated loop.
Tunnels and overpasses are used in both Beijing and Shanghai, and the number is also large. So there is not much difference between Beijing and Shanghai in terms of "tunnels and overpasses". The difference still lies in the ground ring road in Beijing and the elevated ring road in Shanghai.
4. The first photo of the main body is the nanpu bridge approach bridge. The second photo should be interchangeable. In fact, neither of these two photos can reflect the characteristics of the Shanghai elevated ring road.
5. There are many factors to be considered when deciding whether to adopt the ground loop or the elevated loop, including but not limited to: geological requirements, road boundary requirements, traffic requirements, landscape requirements, etc. Although it is arranged in order, more and more attention is paid to the ones behind.
Although the soil quality in Shanghai is worse than that in Beijing, since tunnels and interchanges can be built, the geological requirements can certainly be met. However, the government should still be very worried about the collapse of viaducts. In my opinion, there are many technical problems to be solved at the current detection level, which is also a research hotspot. For a conservative model like Beijing, we should still be biased towards a conservative ground loop. Again, the overpass is a separate structure, but the length and span of the elevated loop are not even an order of magnitude with the overpass.
7. Boundary requirements are an important factor. Beijing Road is very wide and atmospheric, and Shanghai Road is very narrow, which needs to be repaired layer by layer.