After Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, arrived in Luoyang in September of the 17th year of Taihe (AD 493), he first inspected the ruins of the Forbidden City in Wei and Jin Dynasties, only to see charred broken piles, collapsed walls and crows. He said to the accompanying ministers:? The Jin Dynasty did not practice moral politics, and the ancestral temple was destroyed in a few years, which only made me sad! ? After that, I recited the poem Mi Li in The Book of Songs. ? He is separated from Xiaomi. He is a seedling of Xiaomi. Walking decadent, the heart is shaken. People who know me worry me; What do I want if you don't know me? Tiandaochang, who is this? ? Millet is separated, and the ears of millet are separated. I walked decadent and my heart was drunk. People who know me worry me; What can I ask if you don't know me? Tiandaochang, who is this? ? The separation of millet is the reality of millet. Walking is decadent and my heart is choked. People who know me worry me; What do I want if you don't know me? Tiandaochang, who is this? ? I can't even look up when I cry. This poem "Li Shu" was written by the poets of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty when they passed by the ancient capital. After the war, their houses were completely destroyed, with broken walls, overgrown with weeds and devastated. Singing this poem in the croaking of wild crows at dusk has to make people feel scared. Those who don't cry? Who is this? ? Since Pingcheng is already quite prosperous, why move the capital to this abandoned and almost abandoned site for many years? Apart from knowing that Luoyang is the symbol of the Central Plains, and moving the capital is an important step of Emperor Xiaowen's localization policy, other reasons will not be discussed here. In October this year, Emperor Xiaowen ordered Mu Liang, Li Chong and Dong Jue to be responsible for the reconstruction project of Luoyang. They imitated the styles of Pingcheng and Wei and Jin Dynasties and constructed the framework of Luoyang New Town. Jiang Shaoyou, a commoner-born Sanda assistant, also contributed. In the fifteenth year of Taihe (AD 49 1), Jiang Shaoyou went to Qi State in the Southern Dynasties as a visiting deputy envoy. He secretly observed the architectural style of the palace houses in Jiankang City. Cui Yuanzu, minister of Qi, said to Emperor Wu. My nephew, Jiang Shaoyou, has the same architectural talent as Lu Ban, so the Northern Dynasties appointed him as an official of skilled craftsmen. He came to the south this time, ostensibly to visit, but secretly to copy China's palace-building paradigm. How can we let barbarian countries steal our cultural relics from China? I ask your majesty to detain Jiang Shaoyou and let their ambassador go back. ? Emperor Wu of Qi thought it was unfriendly and did not agree. So after returning to China, Jiang Shaoyou drew the layout style of Jiankang City from memory and used it in the construction of Luoyang New City on a large scale. It can be seen that the newly-built Luoyang City was influenced by Wei and Jin culture, Pingcheng Saibei culture and Jiangnan culture. Coupled with the residents of all ethnic groups and even countries living in the city, this metropolis has become more international. Emperor Xiaowen's contribution lies not only in moving the capital to Luoyang to accelerate the sinicization of Xianbei people, but more importantly, he built Luoyang into the largest, most populous and most prosperous city in the medieval world. The whole city is an irregular rectangle from north to south, with a wall circumference of about 14 km and a height of six or seven meters. At this time, the scale of Luoyang City was the highest in the Middle Ages. The total area is about 265.5 square miles and the population is about 600,000. At the same time, the combined area of Rome, the capital of the European Roman Empire, and Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, is less than 70 square miles, only 26.4% of that of Luoyang. Other big cities in Europe and Asia are inferior to Luoyang. Compared with Luoyang, they are only small villages. Even the Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was somewhat dwarfed. The overall planning of Luoyang City after reconstruction is clear, orderly and standardized. It basically inherited the previous architectural style, but made a new breakthrough. Miyagi is concentrated in the center of big cities. The northern part of Miyagi is a garden area; South is the palace area; Taicang in the northeast is the reservoir area, which is the food supply place for the imperial palace and officials. Northwest is the famous Jin Yong City in Jin Dynasty, and it is the auxiliary city of Miyagi. South of the city is a concentrated distribution area of state affairs and a vassal of the royal family. This architectural pattern centered on Miyagi embodies the supremacy of the imperial power in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and reflects the mentality and ambition of the emperors to sit in the Central Plains, rule the whole country and transport the world to their hands. This architectural style became the blueprint of capital planning in Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. It's not easy for a Xianbei person to move to the Central Plains all the way and localize himself, leaving classic buildings for * * *. This is a miracle! Outside the south gate of Miyagi, there is the widest north-south street in the inner city, called Tongtuo Street. It is about 40 meters wide and two or three kilometers long, which is the central axis of the city. It divides Luoyang into two parts: the central yamen, the ancestral temple and the state are concentrated in the west, and Yongning Temple, the largest Buddhist temple in Luoyang, is also here; On the east side are Situfu, Guozixue, Zong Zheng Temple and Baojun Building. There are also four north-south vertical streets and four east-west horizontal streets in the city, which cross each other to form a unified chessboard network; Consists of Tongtuo Street and Miyagi Qianheng Street? Ding? Zigzag Road is the widest and most important street in this city. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, this road was divided into three streets, with Imperial Road in the middle. Only the emperor and senior officials of the imperial court are qualified to walk, and there are tall earth walls on both sides. Now that it has been rebuilt, there are still three openings in the city gate, which shows that the system at that time was still used to it. This is to prevent ordinary people? A glimpse? If anyone can see the son of heaven, what else? Rowen? And then what? It can also be seen that Xianbei people are getting more and more divorced from the masses and becoming more and more Chinese. Outside the inner city is outside Guo Cheng. Mangshan in the north and Elo in Nantong. Due to the geographical conditions of the north and south, it extends to the east and west, showing a rectangle with a wide east and a narrow north and south. Outside Guo Cheng, there are squares, temples, cities, sacrificial buildings and so on. Li Fang arranged the whole battlements uniformly on a large scale. Its setting adapts to bureaucrats at all levels who move south and is divided into different living quarters. There are cities and temples in all districts to meet people's religious needs. The west of the city is mainly inhabited by Xianbei people with eight surnames (Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei), nobles, bureaucrats and other immigrants from the south. There is a large central market and many luxuriously decorated Buddhist temples. Shouqiuli here, also known as Prince Square, is a royal settlement. Royal family? Good at the wealth of mountains and seas, living in the kindness of Sichuan forest, fighting for the repair of garden houses, competing? . In addition, there are residential areas where local families (gentry) are officials in Beijing, such as Qinghe Cui Shi, Lushi, Xingyang Zheng, Taiyuan Wang, Zhao, etc., and many important figures of Han families live here. Various cultural areas and other ethnic areas are even more lively, but the market in these areas is smaller, Buddhist temples are much smaller, and there are many religious buildings built by residents of other ethnic groups or countries. There is a strict hierarchy between residential areas, and people who have not reached a certain qualification or have not been invited by the other party are not allowed to enter or leave without authorization. The city gates were rebuilt on the basis of the site of the Han and Jin Dynasties, and some were newly opened, forming thirteen city gates. The moat outside the city is called Shui Gu, which goes around the city and enters the Yangqu in the east outside the Spring Gate. Luoyang's industrial and commercial development is relatively fast. Sima Yang, an ambush, wrote such words in Galand. There are two miles of trade goods in the east of the city, and the people inside are capable. Butchers make a living from this and have huge wealth. Liu Bao is the richest man. Every county has a house, and each house has ten horses. As for the salt millet thief, the high market price is an example. The boat and the car are connected together, and the footprints are all vendors'. It is based on goods from home and abroad. Out of a copper mountain, there is a golden hole hidden in the house, which has more rooms than the system, and there is a cloud on the ground. The clothing of horses and chariots means king. ? In the south of the city, the music is played in Erli, people are inside, and silk and bamboo sing songs. The world is wonderful. ? There are Yanchi and Zhi Zhi in the west of the city, and most people in the city are engaged in wine making. Bai Liu, a native of Hedong, is good at making wine. In June, the last month of summer, it was summer, and it was raining. It was very violent to store wine with poppies in Japan and China. After ten days, the wine was still, fragrant and drunk, and after one day, I didn't wake up. Shi Jing went to the county to visit San Francisco for more than a thousand miles, so it was as far as heaven. Crane? Also known as? Riding donkey wine? . In the middle of Yongxi, Mao Hongbin's South Qingzhou secretariat, a local wine fan, a thief on the road and a drunk while stealing wine were all captured, so he changed his name? Rape wine? . The ranger said:? Not afraid to draw a sword with a bow, but afraid to fall into the spring mash. North of the city, there is a piece of filial piety, a piece of dedication to the end of Erli. People in the city are selling coffins and renting hearses. ? Don't be rich, rich people are here. All these miles are more than people in industrial and commercial Huo Zhi. Thousands of houses are more than one house, building to building, heavy doors and heavy fans, and the traffic on the pavilion road overlaps. Brilliant gold and silver, handmaiden fiddling with clothes; Five flavors and eight treasures, servant Li Bikou. In the Year of the Tortoise, industry and commerce were arrogant and refused to listen to clothes, gold and silver. Although the comparison system was established, it was not implemented. ? From the west of the green ridge, as for Daqin, a hundred countries and thousands of cities, it is attached. Businessmen and businessmen are busy every day, and the so-called zone of heaven and earth has been exhausted. Music China countryside, such a mansion, countless. As a result, more than 10,000 families are attached to the people. The doors and alleys are trimmed, the columns are filled smoothly, the trees are shaded, and the courtyards are full of green willows, which is a rare commodity in the world. ? At this time, Buddhism prevailed, and there were more than 30,000 temples and more than 2 million monks and nuns in the Northern Wei Empire. Luoyang alone has 1367 monasteries with more than 300,000 monks and nuns. Most of these temples are luxuriantly decorated with exquisite materials. The largest is Yongning Temple. The Buddhist temple in the temple is modeled after the Taiji Hall in the palace, and there are more than a thousand monks' rooms, all decorated with pearls, jade and cotton embroidery. There is also a nine-story wooden pagoda (pagoda) in the temple, which is more than 40 feet high and beautifully carved. There are clocks hanging on all sides of the tower, and the wind is exciting, and the sound is ten miles away. (History of Southern and Northern Dynasties) Yongming and Jingming also have 1000 monasteries. These temples are full of incense on weekdays, and whenever Buddhist festivals or monks give lectures, they are crowded and lively. Senior monks will travel with gongs and drums, and they will go to the police like emperors. Even monks and nuns in small monasteries, such as wreaths and charities, swagger through the city like bureaucrats. Other religions have fewer followers than Buddhism, and the temple view is not as good as Buddhist temples. Since moving the capital, the Northern Wei Empire has developed in all aspects, and it is really in full swing. In such a peaceful and prosperous time, who will recite the poem Mi Li? Who remembers the tears that Emperor Xiaowen shed? In the 19th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (495), Emperor Xiaowen officially moved to Luoyang. At this time, the reconstruction of Luoyang has not been completed. When the palace was first built, it began to have a wide range of services, and thousands of soldiers and people delivered materials every day. ,? After moving the capital to Luoyang, it cost a lot? . After Emperor Xiaowen's death, his heirs did not save money for him, and were not interested in the already tight financial resources. They built various royal gardens and amusement places for themselves. The most famous is Hualin Garden. This garden is located on the north side of Jianchunmen Imperial Road in the northeast of Luoyang, and it was expanded on the basis of the Wei and Jin garden sites. There is a big-eyed, narrow spring winding three miles east of the garden. Is there one in Hualin Garden? Sea? , that is, the lake formed by Zhaiquan water, also known as the drought source pool. There is the Jiuhua Terrace built in Cao Pi's time in the pool. Later, the pavilion, Penglai Mountain, Xiantang, Diaotai Hall and Rainbow Pavilion were expanded. The emperors went boating on the lake between the rainbows in Penglai and lived a fairy-like life. There is an ice storage room on the west side of the lake. In June, the ice stored in winter was distributed to Guan Bai as a gift. The southwest of the lake is connected by mountains and rivers; Jingshan Hall, Warm Air Room and Dew Cold Pavilion are connected, Lingshan passes through the valley, and jade carvings are like Changhong. There is an immortal jujube in the Baiguoyuan south of Jingshan Temple. Jujube is five inches long, the kernel is as small as a needle and the meat is delicious. People call it? Queen mother jujube? It is said to belong to Kunlun Mountain. In addition, there are all kinds of exotic flowers and herbs, as well as Guo Ling Xiantao. ? The king is the best in the world? . The emperor is so extravagant that they don't expect their officials to be quiet and disciplined. Most of the private gardens of the aristocratic families are concentrated in Prince Square. They? Fighting and bragging about the renovation of garden houses? ,? Heavy doors are full of rooms, caves are connected with houses, flying halls are windy, heavy buildings are foggy, and high platforms are built in Xie Su. There are flowers, forests, lakes and gardens. Everything is peach, plum, Xia Qing, bamboo, cypress and holly. ? Among these gardens, there are well-known private gardens in Hejian, Linhuai, Qinghe and Laiwang. Yuan Yong has six thousand servants and five hundred prostitutes. Chen Yuan spends money like water, spending hundreds of millions of dollars every day. These two princes used to be richer than Chen Yuan. He made all the food troughs silver, carved golden dragons and jade phoenixes on the windows, and there were countless cups, agate bowls and red jade bowls at the banquet. Chen yuan also boasted:? Don't hate that I can't see Shi Chong and Shi Chong can't see me. ? You know, Shi Chong is the richest man in the Western Jin Dynasty, with billions of wealth. It is estimated that Shi Chong will feel ashamed to see Chen Yuan. It seems that the Northern Wei Dynasty not only inherited the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, but also inherited its extravagance. There were many people who opposed Emperor Xiaowen's move to the capital before, but since he lived a happy and luxurious life in Luoyang, he was full of praise for all the localization policies of Emperor Xiaowen. They all follow Hanfu, correct their pronunciation and learn from Han Li. What the old capital of Pingcheng, what six northern towns, what gentle harassment, have been thrown away. It is better to dream of spring in a colorful and gentle village than to do nothing. How did the emperors, generals and sects in Luoyang know about the changes outside the city? Corruption is prevalent throughout the country. Politics is based on bribery? . After the powerful minister controlled the state affairs, he sold officials and titles and extorted money; Local officials believe that the mountain is high and the emperor is far away, and they are willing to gather in the local area. Uprising and rebellion continued in all directions, and the southern dynasties often invaded. Due to frequent wars, production has been seriously damaged: land merger has revived and the land equalization system has been shaken; Tax officials arbitrarily changed the weights and measures, and heavy taxes caused farmers to flee, or to become monks and nuns, or to be enslaved by aristocratic bureaucrats or to take risks and gather people to revolt. The threat of soft is increasing day by day, and the border areas are repeatedly looted; Military corvees are everywhere, and the people are miserable. On the border? The dead sleep on the road, and as for decay, no one cleans it up; When it rains, ghosts sing everywhere, which is scary? . Buddhist monasteries are divided into Xuan Tong, Shaman, Sanzang, Monk, Monarch, Monastery and Convent. The huge temple industry is basically in the hands of senior monks. Usually, they behave dignified and sit upright. They open an altar to give lectures, just like gods and buddhas. In private, they embrace child molesters and prostitutes, and their food is no worse than that of the royal nobility. Those millions of low-ranking monks are just their slaves. I can't stand the oppression of the superior monks, so I have to oppose both Buddhism and the king's law. The entire Northern Wei Empire faced total collapse in less than 30 years after it moved its capital to Luoyang. At this time, no one thought of the sorrow of Xiao Wendi's "separation of millet". Who would have expected that everything in Luoyang would be in ruins again? But soon, Luoyang will once again fall into the sadness of "millet separation".