When Taizu of the Song Dynasty founded the country, he established land, land, private ownership, property, rights, system, control, freedom of buying and selling, and adopted a policy of not inhibiting annexation. , policy, rent, sharecropping, and management have become important forms of land management. Rent, tenancy, contract, contract. After the expiration of the term, the tenant can freely decide whether to terminate or renew the contract. People, mouth, flow, movement, sex, enhancement, city, business, product, economy, development.
The economic prosperity of the Song Dynasty was unprecedented, with major developments in agriculture, printing, papermaking, silk weaving, and porcelain making. The navigation and shipbuilding industries have made outstanding achievements, and overseas trade has developed. The large-scale comprehensive and in-depth development of the south in the early Southern Song Dynasty helped the southern region become the economic, cultural, and cultural center of the country, and it has since completely replaced the economic, cultural, and cultural center of the northern region.
Taizu of the Song Dynasty once asked his descendants to never kill or harm literary people. In the Song Dynasty, the status of intellectuals was unprecedentedly promoted. The culture of emphasizing culture over martial arts reached its extreme in the Song Dynasty. Common proverbs such as "A good man cannot be a soldier" and "Every noble man in the dynasty is a scholar" all came from the Song Dynasty. During the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, Chen Yaozi, who was born as the number one scholar, refused to take up a higher-ranking military position. In the rise of science, religion, power, the decline of speech, control, and reduction of speech, the rise of civil culture, business, quality, economic prosperity, and the invention of printing, etc. Under a series of backgrounds, outstanding scholars of the Song Dynasty emerged in large numbers, with knowledge, knowledge, identity, self-awareness, awareness, and unprecedented awareness. Shi Yaobi believed in "Ce Wen": "Only during the two hundred years of the Song Dynasty, the prosperity of cultural relics spanned hundreds of generations." Lu You also believed in "Preface to the Collection of Lu Juren": "In the rise of the Song Dynasty, all Confucian scholars looked at each other and made great achievements. "Those above the Han and Tang dynasties" Later, due to the invasion of the Mongols, China adopted a hostile policy towards the literati. In addition, the Ming and Qing eight-part essays and the Qing dynasty's writing and calligraphy prisons severely suppressed learning. People's ideas are free to develop, and except for the late Ming Dynasty, China has never seen a cultural scene as prosperous as the Song Dynasty.
Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the influence of religion on social life in the Song Dynasty decreased slightly, and religion became more secular and Sinicized. In the later Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Shizong issued an order to restrict Buddhism, abolish temples and courtyards in various places that were not imperial edicts, denounced Confucianism, and abolished the tax exemption rights of Confucius' descendants. Taizu of the Song Dynasty established the Song Dynasty and was committed to unifying the country and strengthening the centralization of power and governance. In some aspects, he inherited and developed the policies of Zhou Shizong. Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty appointed officials, officials, and officials, and Confucianism gradually emerged, and Buddhism became more and more popular. Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty claimed that "rituals and music are both promoted, and Confucianism is transformed into". He vigorously promoted Confucianism, and at the same time advocated Buddhism, religion, belief in Taoism, and established Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. To think, to think, to rule, to govern. However, in general, religion in the Song Dynasty was more prosperous with Taoism. Many emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Song Taizong, Song Zhenzong, Song Huizong, etc., believed in Taoism, religion, and government supported and promoted it, which made Taoism in the Northern Song Dynasty , religion, big and prosperous, declined in the Southern Song Dynasty, but the lingering influence is still among the people. Buddhism suffered a blow during the reign of Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and gradually recovered in the early Song Dynasty. However, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty advocated Taoism, restraint, and Buddhism, which suffered a slight blow. It recovered after the southern migration. In terms of Buddhist research, it is more depressed than in the Tang Dynasty. . In addition, there are also Zoroastrian, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, Buddhist, and Jewish religions among the people.
In the Song Dynasty, the government's treatment of literati was the highest in Chinese history. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to examinations, quality, quality, education, and career were also treated by the government. , government support. During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, he issued an edict to prefectures and counties to establish schools and further improve the system of scientific examinations and examinations. The official school of the Song Dynasty was unprecedented in scale. The government was established at the central level, including the Imperial College, Taixue, Martial Arts, Legal Studies and the Four Schools and Guangwen Hall. The Central Government, various ministries, and departments also established calligraphy, arithmetic, painting, and medicine. At the local level, schools were established at the state and county levels, and school officials were established on the roads. Teachers are first selected and hired by the local government, and then they are hired. They are Jinshi or students who graduated from Imperial College or Imperial College. The teaching materials include country, family, unified, unified, promulgated, and published, mostly based on the Five Classics.
The cities, towns, businesses, products, economy and economy of the Song Dynasty were particularly developed. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 46 cities with a population of more than 100,000.
Including Kaifeng, Luoyang, Lin'an, Daming, Yingtian, Zhenjiang, Pingjiang, Jiangling, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Tanzhou, Quanzhou, etc. Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, had a population of more than one million and more than 6,400 shops. In the Song Dynasty, the system of squares, cities, divisions, and districts was broken. Shops could be opened at will, and night markets and dawn markets also appeared. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the population of Lin'an Prefecture reached 1.25 million in 1274. The city was extremely prosperous and was known as the first state in the southeast. Even after the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, Marco Polo still called Hangzhou the "Heavenly City".
The tile house is an important place for common people to travel and have fun. There are hooks and columns inside, specially for the entertainment of large groups. There are ten tiles in Dongjing that are found in "Dongjing. Meng. Hua. Lu". Lin'an's tiles are among the twenty-three found in "Old Wulin Stories". The performance content of Washe shows a new trend of commercialization, professionalization, popularization and popularization. The content of the performance mainly includes rap, drama, acrobatics and martial arts. It comes in various forms and is well received by the public.
In rural areas, clan, clan, system, and degree have become the main factors that maintain society. Before the 20th century, China's political power only extended downward to the county government, which was completely managed through "xiangbao" and "tribe chiefs". Under the influence of the teaching of Neo-Confucianism and scholars, officials, officials, managers, social societies, rescue and help; through the influence of Neo-Confucianism and learning, Tao, merchants and people, Rank, level, out, capital, management, management, society, society, rescue, help. In addition to running academies and making village covenants to encourage moral character, the content of rescue and assistance also includes general management, management, righteousness, village, to save, poor, sympathize with, orphans, fund, help, teach, and educate; Shecang, to prepare, to apologize for shortages; to manage, to protect, to supplement the local area, to use weapons, to protect the people. This kind of spontaneous rescue, help, work, and work by the scholars has become an important factor in the stability of the country, society, and society since the Southern Song Dynasty. Before the Song Dynasty, the official society, society, rescue, assistance, and activities were mostly temporary, time, nature, and quality; starting from the Song Dynasty, various states and counties generally established various societies, societies, and rescue activities. The permanent, long-lasting, nature, mechanism and structure of help. The clan leader maintains the order of the society by establishing township covenants and rules. Place, place, gentry, scholar, pass, pass, do, learn, save, help, cause, industry, repair, bridge, pave, road, etc., section, create, blessing, township, li.
The status of women declined significantly in the Song Dynasty. Zhen, Jie, and Guan were promoted in the Song Dynasty. From the Song Dynasty, they began to be practiced in the middle, upper, upper, rank, level, women, women. Binding, foot, custom, strict, heavy, persecution, harm , women's body, mind, soul, officials, prostitutes, this kind of system has been reduced to tools and tools for selling their flesh in the Song Dynasty, and there are many new styles .
Clothing: advocating frugality - luxury is prevalent.
Food: Most of the meat in the Northern Song Dynasty was mutton - the price of mutton in the Southern Song Dynasty was high and ordinary people could not afford it.
Housing: The people's houses are relatively simple, and the slightly richer families use a combination of thatched huts and tile-roofed houses.
Ring: Ox cart - mule - sedan chair.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was the capital. The south of the Yangtze River was hot and humid and had abundant water resources. Therefore, the whole society had the habit of bathing. There were many bathhouses in Lin'an city for business purposes. An independent industry was formed - "perfume shop" ("Capital Chronicle").
There is a folk custom of pounding impatiens flowers to dye nails red during the Dragon Boat Festival or Chinese Valentine's Day in May. For example, "Yan. Jing. Sui. Shi. Notes": "Imati flower is the bone grass, also known as nail grass." In May, when the flowers bloom, the children of the boudoir will take them and pound them to dye their nails, which will become bright red and disappear over the years. "
Zhou Chu's "Fengtu Ji" says: "On the seventh day of the seventh month, on the night of the sweeping courtyard, several banquets were served, and wine and preserved fruits were placed, and fragrant powder was spread on the banquet to offer sacrifices to the river drum. (That is, morning glory) Weaver Girl. "The poem "Begging for Skills on the Chinese Valentine's Day" written by the poet Zu of the Tang Dynasty goes like this: "A girl begs for the goddess of heaven, and the watch is late. There are pink mats in the Jade Court, and gold plates are held in the sleeves. It is easy to thread a needle toward the moon, but difficult to straighten the needle toward the wind. I don’t know who has the luck, I’ll try it out tomorrow. 』Those who want to beg for skills by threading needles can either thread a seven-hole needle or a nine-hole needle, and use a colored thread to pass through it continuously for skill. "The Drunkard's Talk": "Actually, this needle cannot be used. The needle is thick and the hole is large." 』
"Dong Jing Meng Hua Lu" records: "Mohou Luo is very skillful in Suzhou, and it is made by the Yuan family in Mudu."
” During the Song Dynasty, there was a toy market in Huqiu, Suzhou, which was called “Huqiu Huaqiu”, including clay dolls and clay beauties, with brightly colored paintings and excellent production. Hangzhou West Lake toys are called "earth rituals on the lake", including clay children, Yingge, Huahu boats, etc. "Mengliang Lu" records: "In the inner courtyard and the noble house, there are sculptures selling grinding mills and drinking music, also called Mahuluo. The children all use earthen wood sculptures, and even decorate the throne with colorful decorations, cover it with blue gauze, and use a table to stand below it." , surrounded by green and gold table clothes, or decorated with gold, jade, beads and emeralds. "The poem "Clay Boy" written by Xu Pei of the Song Dynasty goes: "Mudu is a piece of clay, which is decorated with extravagant sculptures. The double-covered red gauze kitchen stands delicately on the bottom of the vase. Young man, my wife tasted sourness for the first time, and she was happy when she played. I beg for the great scholar and spirit, and I hope to have a son. 』
The fifth Wu day after the beginning of autumn, the eighth month when Xingu debuts, is the Qiu Society. Lu You's poem "Autumn Society" says: "After the rain, the sun shines on the locust tree in the courtyard, and the drums of the society are beating loudly as they return to the temple." I also saw that the meat was divided into pieces on the sacred plate, and it was too cold to be brought by the sand geese. It is forbidden to spend the whole day leisurely reading books, and drink a glass of wine to cure deafness. Remember the infinite scenery of Jinghu Lake, with falling apple blossoms and blooming polygonum flowers. 』
"Mengliang Lu": "Watching the tide, the Hangzhou people have a class of scoundrels who do not hesitate to kill their disciples. They use big colorful flags, small parasols, red and green umbrellas, various types of The poles are covered with embroidered satin, waiting for the tide to come out of the sea gate. Hundreds of people swim in groups holding flags, performing the trick of playing with the tide, or some holding five small flags on their hands and feet to play with the tide. Since then, the government has banned it, but it cannot be stopped. There is a poem in "Looking at Nong Chao" that says: "After Nong Chao entered the city at night, the red flag was flying and the white flag was light." Don’t make trouble just because you know how to make trouble, and strive to be welcomed by the streets! 』It can be seen that the citizens welcome the trendsetters like heroes.
Yang Wanli of the Southern Song Dynasty wrote a poem titled "Ten quatrains were scattered on the trip to Zhongxiang's tomb on March 3rd." At that time, going to the tomb had been replaced by offering sacrifices to the suburbs with food boxes and wine utensils. It is an outing activity; and many vendors on the roadside selling noodle balls, elephant fruits and other items use gambling to attract buyers. This kind of gambling is called "Guan, Pu".
The clothes in the Song Dynasty were mainly made of silk, linen and wool. In the Song Dynasty, only Hainan had kapok cloth - Jibeibu. Su Dongpo wrote a poem "I left my Jibeibu, the sea breeze is cold this year" ("Nine Ancient Poems by He Tao"). There were no cotton fabrics in the Central Plains. The so-called "cloth" at that time referred to products such as linen and kudzu. There is a poem about Dongpo: "Purple plums are yellow, the roads in Guacun are fragrant, and the black gauze and white ge roads are cool" ("Wandering to the Ancestral Pagoda Courtyard in the Middle of Illness"). Its "Ge" is a kind of cloth.
Members of the palace, court, nobles, clans, and officials mainly wear brocade and silk. According to historical records, the sericulture industry was very developed during the Song Dynasty, and the brocade weaving technology was also quite advanced. The sewing, weaving, dyeing, and embroidery skills were also very advanced.
"Dong. Jing. Meng. Hua. Lu" records the clothing customs in the market: "Those who sell medicine and sell divination all wear crowns and belts. As for beggars, there are also standards. If you slack off a little, everyone will It is not tolerated. The clothes of hundreds of people, farmers, workers, and merchants all have their own characteristics, and they dare not go outside. They are like incense, shop, wrap, incense. If you wear a soap shirt with no hat, people in the market will recognize your appearance."
The Song Dynasty had extremely strict restrictions on the clothing of scholars, farmers, workers, and merchants. Meng Yuanlao's "Dong Jing Meng Hua Lu Folk" records: "Those who sell medicine and hexagrams are all wearing crowns and belts. As for beggars, there are also standards. The slightest sign of slackness is not tolerated. The scholars, farmers, There are hundreds of households in the industry and business, and their clothes are of their own color, and they dare not go outside. It is said that they are like incense, shop, wrap, incense, people, that is, wearing a hat on their back; Pedestrians in the market will recognize the color of their clothes if they wear soapy (black) shirts with no hats." It can be seen that in the Song Dynasty, in addition to the difference in class, the industry in which they were engaged could also be seen.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, cooking techniques from the south were introduced to Dongjing, which changed the previous extensive eating habits of northerners. There, several cuisines such as Northern cuisine, Southern cuisine, and Sichuan cuisine compete with each other, making the catering industry richer. After the Song Dynasty moved to the south, with the migration of a large number of northern people, Tokyo's catering industry also entered Lin'an, which caused the northern and southern diets to be exchanged again, forming "a confusing diet with no distinction between the north and the south" (Wu Zimu's "Meng. Liang. Record") Volume 16) situation.
Judging from the records in documents such as "Dong. Jing. Meng. Hua. Lu" and "Meng. Liang. Lu", the cooking techniques of the two Song Dynasties have been quite advanced, including cooking, roasting, roasting, stir-frying, popping, boiling, boiling, etc. There are dozens of types including stewing, stewing, steaming, curing, honey, scallions, wine, freezing, pickling, pickling, holding, and pocketing, etc. Each of them can be made into more than 20 varieties, which can be described as rich and colorful.
On the Lunar New Year's Eve in the Song Dynasty, according to the records in "Meng Liang Lu", people wanted to "clean the courtyard, change doors, gods, hang bells, kui, and nail peaches and talismans." The purpose of affixing door gods and peach charms is mainly to drive away evil spirits, avoid disasters, and pray for good luck in the new year. The door god originally used the bell Kui, which was said to be able to fight ghosts and exorcise evil spirits in ancient legends. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the famous generals Qin Qiong and Yuchi Jingde of the Tang Dynasty replaced them. People also put up New Year pictures to add to the festive atmosphere. Due to the advancement of printing technology, woodblock New Year pictures appeared at that time, which made it easier for people to buy and post them. People in the Song Dynasty also had the custom of keeping watch on New Year's Eve. "Dong, Jing, Meng, Hua, Lu" records: "In the homes of scholars and common people, they sit around the stove and cannot sleep until dawn, which is called staying up late." Yuan Wen's "Wengxian Commentary" commented: "Although the matter of keeping up the year is It was a child's play recently, but the father and son reunited, drank wine, laughed and sang to each other, and stayed up all night, just as everyone liked. "
In the Song Dynasty, on the first day of the first lunar month, after the third watch and when the fifth watch came, it exploded. Bamboo leaves resounded across the sky. Not only the palace, the palace, the sound of firecrackers, bamboos, and mountains, but also the grand Yuanri Dynasty greetings will be held. Ordinary people also competed to light, set off, and explode bamboos, and began the activities of worshiping heaven and earth, offering sacrifices to ancestors, and paying New Year greetings to each other. When colleagues, relatives and friends pay New Year greetings, they should give famous thorns (i.e. business cards) as gifts. If you can't go to your friends' homes to pay New Year's greetings in person, you should send someone on horseback to each friend's house, shout several times, and leave a name badge to show that you have come to pay New Year's greetings. There is also a lot of entertainment, fun, activities and activities in the festival. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Beijing had a three-day holiday on New Year's Day. "The scholars and common people celebrated each other since early in the morning... (Fangs and alleys) were all decorated with colorful sheds, and they laid out crowns, combs, pearls, heads, faces, clothes, flowers, collars, socks, boots and shoes, and played with them." There are dance halls and song halls, and there are cars and horses galloping around." In the evening, "Nobles, families, women, indulge, reward, close, see, enter the venue to watch, enter the market shop to eat, habitually become the custom, do not laugh or surprise each other" ("Dong Jing Meng Hua Lu" Volume 6 ). In Lin'an in the Southern Song Dynasty, at night on New Year's Day, there were many entertainment activities such as setting off fireworks and admiring lanterns.
Football in the Song Dynasty was quite popular. Song Dynasty people wrote "Cuju Illustration" and other special works on kicking and ball. The football, ball, and teams organized by those who play football include "Yuanshe", "Qiyunshe", etc. At that time, there were two different ways of kicking. One was to set a goal and compete with the number of goals scored; the other was to compete with the pattern of kicking the ball. There are hundreds of ways to use flowers, patterns, and feet. In addition to using the feet, you can also use the head, shoulders, hips, chest, abdomen, knees and other parts to position, handle, and ball. Playing football in the tile hook fence is just like playing football in a competition. In the Song Dynasty, football, ball, high, hand, generation, came out. Su Shi's book, Tong, Gao, Qiu, later served a minister, and by chance, showed his skills to King Duan (later Song Huizong) in the palace. King Duan admired him very much and kept him to practice football with him from time to time. After King Duan ascended the throne, Gao Qiu also had a prosperous official career, rising to the rank of prime minister and serving as the highest military attaché of the imperial court for twenty years. There is also a Taoist priest who is so good at playing that he can "make the ball wrap around him and keep it from falling all day long."
The mural "Feasting Picture" on the west wall of the front room of Song Dynasty Tomb No. 1 in Baisha Town, Yu County, Henan Province was excavated in 1951. The painting is about 90 centimeters high and 135 centimeters wide. The picture uses a combination of brick carving and painting. Seated figures of men and women, tables and chairs, roller blinds, etc. protrude from the mural by 5 to 10 centimeters. Under the rolling curtains and hanging curtains, there is a table in the center with wine bottles and wine glasses on it. A middle-aged man and woman were sitting on the armchairs on both sides of the table. The man is on the right, wearing a blue hat and a round-collared robe; the woman is on the left, with her hair in a high bun, a crimson jacket and a white skirt. They sit opposite each other with sleeves on their hands. There is a water-rippled screen behind the figure, and three waitresses and a boy stand in front of the screen. They are holding spit bottles, boxes, and fruit plates, serving the master. Opposite this mural, there is a picture of female dancers and musicians. There are 11 people in the picture. One woman in the middle is dressed as a man and dancing with her arms raised. The others are holding various musical instruments and standing on the left and right to accompany the dancers. . Looking at the two paintings together, the man and woman sitting opposite should be the owners of the tomb. They looked solemn, admiring the women opposite, performing tricks and music.
"Wearing dogwood flowers on the Double Ninth Festival has been popular from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. Although men have worn flowers in the Han and Tang Dynasties, it is not very common and can only be worn on the Double Ninth Festival. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was occasionally done . Only in the Song Dynasty did men wear flowers, which became the most popular. In the Song Dynasty, men not only wore flowers on their heads, but also cut their silk scarves into dogwoods and chrysanthemums to wear. Influenced by women's hairpins, emperors and ministers also wore hairpins.
Han clothing is greatly influenced by Qi, Dan, tribe, clothing and ornaments. Han women are popular in wearing a kind of clothing called "Guzi", which is derived from Liao Khitan clothing. The effect is completely different from the shape of small clothes and large skirts in the Tang Dynasty. Instead, it shows the silhouette of a long dress and a short skirt. Women wearing a short skirt will look dignified, stable and elegant. In the Song Dynasty, it was generally popular for women to wear a short skirt. Footbinding was a fashion.
Since the clans, clans, nobles, and clans had declined in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the system of science, examinations, examinations, and examinations became widely used in the Song Dynasty and had a great impact on society. Influence. The science, examination, system, and system have enabled a large number of previously poor scholars to become scholars, officials, and husbands, which has brought the government and society into close contact, and also opened the door for ordinary people to enter officialdom and work. Through the knowledge, knowledge, and rank of officials, in the Song Dynasty, they had achieved comprehensive advantages in politics, economics, law, law, and culture. The position in the law also has many privileges. Therefore, the public takes promotion, appointment, and officialdom as the primary goal of study. The society also derives the idea that "everything is of inferior quality, but only The custom of "reading well". Confucian loyalty, filial piety, integrity, righteousness, concepts, and thoughts are deeply rooted in the people and promoted to the whole society through various methods such as society, society, township, covenant, clan, rules, family, etiquette, etc. China Since the Song Dynasty, a cultural, cultural, social, social, clan, group has been formed that is far more popular than the Tang Dynasty, and the basic level, knowledge, knowledge, division, and sub-level constitute the basic level, township, and gentry, and become villages. They are the bridge between the town, the people, the surname and the official government. Fang, sacrifice, ceremony, correction, gathering, relief, disaster, work, work, recruit, recruit, place, party, self, defense, force, provide village, town, conduct, behavior, standard, standard. The scholar-level class that was born through the civil service examination is a new ethnic group that possesses political, power, economic advantages, and academic and cultural qualities at the same time. This combination made this era the most generally developed era in China's history. Therefore, in general, by the Song Dynasty, except for some relatives of the emperor and wealthy businessmen, there were no obvious social classes.