Facing disasters calmly
Earthquakes, tides, and typhoons make it difficult for Japan, an island country, to escape natural disasters. However, after each disaster, Japan's speed of recovery cannot but be admired, and the calm and orderly way the Japanese face the disaster is even more unforgettable.
Japan, from the country to individuals, attaches great importance to disaster prevention. In recent years, Japan has established the "Ministry of Disaster Prevention". The central government has a minister in charge of disaster prevention and has established a disaster prevention information system and emergency response system from the central to local levels.
The Prime Minister is the supreme commander of crisis management. The Cabinet Secretariat is responsible for coordination and liaison between various departments, and formulates crisis countermeasures through decision-making bodies such as the Security Council, Cabinet Meeting, and Central Disaster Prevention Council, which are implemented with the cooperation of the National Police Agency, Defense Agency, Coast Guard, and Fire Protection Agency. . Article 15 of the Cabinet Act stipulates that there must be a "crisis management supervisor" in the Cabinet Secretariat who is responsible for handling relevant emergency matters when citizens' lives, bodies, and property are seriously harmed or endangered. In addition, the cabinet will publish its own disaster prevention information online for citizens to check.
Japan has also transferred disaster response functions to agencies directly under the cabinet, and formulated laws such as the "Basic Disaster Prevention Plan", the "Regional Disaster Prevention Plan", and the "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures". When the Prime Minister's official residence was renovated two years ago, a modern dedicated crisis management office was added.
Japan designates September 1st every year as Disaster Prevention Day. On this day, various regions will conduct earthquake disaster prevention drills with the participation of the Prime Minister and relevant ministers to popularize disaster prevention awareness and teach disaster prevention knowledge. In Japan, every residential area has an evacuation center designated by the local government. Most of these shelters are schools or gymnasiums that have been specially designed to meet disaster prevention standards. In the event of a disaster, nearby residents can use these places as habitats. Since the Great Hanshin Earthquake in Japan in 1995, Japan has learned lessons. In addition to ensuring the smooth flow of water supply, power supply, food supply and other systems after the disaster, Japan has also paid more attention to post-disaster medical security issues and has successively established a nationwide network of key disaster relief hospitals. , and exchange relevant information through the Internet.
The Japanese people’s calm and calm attitude in the face of disasters is particularly commendable. After a disaster occurs, Japanese people tend to respond in a pre-rehearsed way, remain calm and do not panic, and work hard to rescue themselves or each other. A sound crisis prevention mechanism and transparent and complete information dissemination channels enable timely disclosure of information, prevent the spread of rumors, and stabilize public sentiment.
Let’s look at Wenchuan again. The Wenchuan earthquake had a magnitude of 8, a focal depth of 10 kilometers, and an epicenter intensity of 11 degrees. There are 20 million people distributed in an area of ??100 kilometers around the epicenter. The shock wave spread to 70 In Chengdu, kilometers away, the intensity dropped to 7 degrees (the intensity of this earthquake in Yunnan was 8 degrees). There were basically no deaths or house collapses in Chengdu (excluding Dujiangyan and other areas belonging to the greater Chengdu area). After that, Chengdu became the national The earthquake relief base camp played an extremely important role. Moreover, no high-rise buildings with shear wall structures collapsed during the Wenchuan earthquake.
Let’s analyze this Japanese earthquake. In fact, it cannot be called a Japanese earthquake at all. The epicenter was in the Pacific Ocean 130 kilometers offshore Japan. It is not Japan’s territorial waters at all. It should be called the Great Pacific Earthquake. The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0 and a depth of 25 kilometers. No one had calculated the intensity of the epicenter. The number of people within a radius of 120 kilometers from the epicenter was zero. The intensity of the earthquake is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the epicenter. The shock wave reached Tokyo, 370 kilometers away, and the intensity was 6 degrees. Sendai, which is closest to the epicenter, has an intensity of 7 degrees, which is equivalent to Chengdu during the Wenchuan earthquake. For Japan in the earthquake zone, it is not worth mentioning at all. The supermarket shown on TV was shaking, but people could still stand still, which shows that the earthquake intensity in that place was not great. During the Wenchuan earthquake, there were also many videos taken in Chengdu during the earthquake that were very similar to that one. Therefore, it is quite normal to say that this earthquake rarely caused house damage due to the earthquake. The impact of this earthquake on mainland Japan is at most the same as that of Chengdu during the Wenchuan earthquake.
Therefore, the losses caused by this earthquake were mainly caused by tsunamis and other secondary disasters such as fires.
The same goes for the Kunlun Mountains earthquake in China. Although it was 8.1 magnitude, it was deserted within hundreds of kilometers. The epicenter was 8.1 magnitude. If it spread to crowded places, the earthquake intensity might only be two or three degrees, so there was no Casualties are quite normal.
It is a fact that China’s earthquake resistance level is not as strong as Japan’s, but it is impossible to imagine that if an earthquake of the same magnitude as Wenchuan were to hit a city in Japan, not a single house in Japan would collapse, but hundreds of people would die. people.
If you really want to see Japan’s earthquake resistance level, please refer to the Great Hanshin Earthquake in Japan in 1995. At 5:46 a.m. on January 17, 1995, a 7.2-magnitude earthquake occurred in Kobe, Japan, with an earthquake intensity of Japan 7 The intensity is converted to the Chinese intensity of 11 degrees (basically equivalent to Wenchuan), causing 6,434 deaths, more than 34,000 injuries, more than 190,000 houses collapsed and damaged, and direct economic losses of US$100 billion. The earthquake in Japan was basically similar to the Wenchuan earthquake. It was slightly smaller than the Wenchuan earthquake, but it also caused a lot of house damage and thousands of casualties. The economic level of Wenchuan in 2008 should be similar to that of Hanshin, Japan at that time, and there is some comparability. Although the death toll from the earthquake here is much lower than that in Wenchuan, there is no myth that one or two hundred people will die if only one house in the epicenter of a magnitude 9 earthquake does not collapse.
Of course, the gap is still huge. The Hanshin Earthquake occurred more than ten years ago. After so many years of development, Japan’s earthquake resistance level has definitely improved, but China’s earthquake resistance level is also improving. With the continuous development, earthquake-resistant regulations are also constantly improving the safety of houses with the development of economic level. Compared with the Tangshan earthquake, the number of casualties in the Wenchuan earthquake was also greatly reduced. Everyone should know that there is still a gap between the economic levels of China and Japan on average. Please give China’s seismic design and seismic researchers some tolerance and less abuse.
1. Japan’s disaster legislation and disaster prevention countermeasures
1. The relationship between the disaster prevention legal system and historical disasters
By understanding the occurrence status of disasters in Japan and the establishment process of laws related to disaster prevention and reduction, it can be clearly known that the promulgation of many laws and regulations related to disaster countermeasures in Japan has mostly It was triggered by a disaster that occurred at a certain time. After World War II, there were many major disasters that led to the establishment of disaster prevention and relief laws in Japan. For example, the 1946 Nankai Earthquake exposed Japan's weaknesses in disaster relief and post-disaster restoration of agricultural, forestry and fishery facilities. Therefore, in 1947, Japan promulgated the Disaster Relief Law; in 1950, Japan promulgated the Post-Disaster Restoration of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Facilities. The law related to temporary measures to provide subsidies to the public treasury; in 1951, the law to bear the public treasury's post-disaster restoration costs for public civil engineering facilities was passed. After the Ise Bay typhoon disaster in 1959, Japan promulgated the Law on Emergency Measures for Mountain and Flood Control in 1960; in 1961, it promulgated Japan’s fundamental law on disasters, the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures. After the Niigata Earthquake in 1964, the Earthquake Insurance Related Law was passed in 1965; after the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995, the Earthquake Disaster Prevention Countermeasures Special Measures Law was passed in 1995, and part of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Law was revised in the same year; The nuclear accident that occurred in 1999 prompted the promulgation of the Atomic Energy Disaster Countermeasures Special Measures Act.
2. Disaster prevention legal system
According to the content and nature of the law, Japan's laws related to disaster response can be classified into the basic law category, laws related to disaster prevention and disaster prevention planning, laws related to disaster emergency response, and post-disaster reconstruction. It is divided into five major types including reconstruction law and disaster management organization law. Among them, in terms of the Basic Disaster Law, it mainly promulgates the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures, the Law on Special Measures for Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures, the Law on Special Measures for Nuclear Energy Disaster Countermeasures, the Law on the Prevention of Disasters such as Oil Bases, the Law on Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster Prevention, and the Construction Standards Law.
Laws and regulations on disaster prevention and relief include the River Act, the Coastal Act, the Sand Control Act, the Landslide Prevention Act, the Act on Preventing Disasters such as Cliff Collapse, the Forest Act, and the Special Soil Zone Disaster Prevention and Revitalization Act. Temporary Measures Act, Act on Promotion of Geological Disaster Prevention in Geological Disaster Warning Zones, Act on Special Measures for Countermeasures against Active Volcanoes, Act on Special Measures for Countermeasures in Heavy Snow Areas, Act on Special Measures for Earthquake Disaster Prevention Countermeasures, Act on Special Measures for Prevention of Disasters in Typhoon-Prone Areas, etc. , the Act to Promote the Earthquake-resistant Reinforcement of Buildings, the Act to Promote the Establishment of Disaster-Prevention Neighborhoods in Dense Areas, the Meteorological Business Act, etc.
Disaster emergency response: Fire Protection Law, Flood Control Law, Police Officers' Duties Execution Law, Disaster Relief Law, Infectious Disease Prevention Law, Flood Disaster Rescue Law, Road Law, Aviation Law, Radio Wave Law, Radio and Television Law , the Wired Electrical and Telecommunications Act, the International Emergency Assistance Team Dispatch Act, and other laws and regulations.
The following laws and regulations are mainly promulgated in the field of post-disaster reconstruction and reconstruction: laws related to special financial assistance in the event of catastrophic disasters, laws related to special national financial measures related to collective relocation and promotion of disaster prevention, etc. Act on Temporary Measures to Provide National Treasury Subsidies for Post-Disaster Repair Costs of Public Civil Engineering Facilities, Law on Temporary Measures to Provide National Treasury Subsidies for Post-Disaster Repair Costs of Agricultural, Forestry, and Fishery Facilities, Law on Temporary Measures to Provide National Treasury Subsidies for Post-Disaster Repair Costs of Public School Facilities, and Public Housing Act , the Law on Temporary Measures for Funding Loans to Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Operators Victimized by Natural Disasters, the Law on Special National Financial Measures concerning the Strengthening of Earthquake Disaster Prevention Countermeasures and the Emergency Construction Project for Regional Earthquake Countermeasures, the Railway Track Construction Law, and the Airport Construction Law, The Act on Special Measures for Urban Revitalization in Disaster Areas, the Act on Special Measures for the Reconstruction of Classified Buildings in Disaster Areas, the Act on Special Measures for Ensuring the Rights of Victims of Specific Extraordinary Disasters, etc.
There are six types of laws involved in disaster management agencies and organizations: Fire Protection Organization Act, Police Act, Coast Guard Act, Self-Defense Forces Act, Water Damage Prevention Organization Act, Japanese Red Cross Society Act, etc. This provides legal protection and basis for establishing a good disaster management organization and institution.
Based on the characteristics of different stages of disaster prevention and relief, Japan has formulated laws and regulations related to disaster prevention, disaster emergency response, and post-disaster reconstruction. However, these laws are all included in the legal scope of the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures.
3. Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures
The frequent occurrence of natural disasters has caused Japan to continue to be hit by various disasters while developing its economy and society. As introduced in the previous section, in order to implement various disaster prevention and reduction measures and disaster prevention undertakings and effectively reduce the damage caused by natural disasters, the Japanese government has long begun to implement disaster-related measures such as disaster prevention, disaster emergency response, and post-disaster restoration. Many relevant laws and regulations have been formulated to ensure the implementation of disaster countermeasures. For example, in 1880, after a fire in Ginza, Tokyo, destroyed a large number of buildings, Japan issued a tile-making building order. This is considered Japan's first modern disaster prevention law. Later, after the great flood in 1894, the River Act was enacted in 1896, the Sand Control Act and the Forest Act were promulgated in 1897. These three methods constitute Japan's three modern methods of mountain and water control, which have played a very important role in Japan's desertification prevention and water control undertakings. However, most of these laws are formulated in response to specific disasters or things, and their contents are also limited to the fields of specific disasters involved, which has great limitations. For example, due to the Nanhai Earthquake in 1946, many difficulties and problems were encountered in rescue and other aspects that had not been encountered before. Therefore, the Disaster Relief Law and the Fire Protection Organization Law were promulgated in 1947, and the Fire Protection Law was promulgated in 1948. This was mainly to deal with earthquakes. Relevant regulations promulgated for rescue in disasters and fire-fighting issues in earthquakes and fires.
Since these laws do not consider the interrelationship with other relevant laws, whether it is the implementation of pre-disaster preventive measures or disaster emergency rescue when a disaster occurs, since the entire disaster prevention measures and activities involve all areas of the disaster-stricken area, The corresponding laws related to disaster prevention are relatively simple and only apply to the original disaster-related parts and cannot be applied to all departments. This results in that each department can only carry out corresponding disaster prevention and relief activities based on its own judgment. As a result, the measures taken by various fields Disaster prevention countermeasures are also quite scattered, and they cannot achieve due coordination with each other, so that the effects of disaster prevention countermeasures cannot be fully reflected administratively.
In order to change this fundamental flaw in the disaster prevention system, systematize the country's entire disaster response, and achieve the purpose of comprehensive disaster prevention in a planned manner, the Japanese government suffered the huge typhoon in Ise Bay. After the disaster, we drew on the experience and lessons learned during the disaster countermeasures process, and took the Ise Bay typhoon disaster as an opportunity to formulate this Disaster Countermeasures Basic Law.
The Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures is not only the fundamental law for all laws and regulations related to disasters, but also retains the integrity of the original laws and regulations related to disaster countermeasures, and makes necessary supplements to the deficiencies of the original laws, organically Therefore, the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Law also has the nature of a general law for other disaster-related laws. Japan's Disaster Countermeasures Basic Law aims to protect Japan's territory and the lives and property of citizens during disasters. It establishes necessary disaster prevention systems through the state, local public organizations and various public agencies, and clarifies their respective responsibilities. , at the same time, formulate disaster prevention plans and promote the establishment of comprehensive and planned disaster prevention administration based on the basic provisions of necessary disaster countermeasures such as disaster prevention, disaster emergency countermeasures, post-disaster restoration, and disaster prevention-related fiscal and financial measures, In order to maintain social order and ensure public welfare. After the promulgation of the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures, Japan's disaster prevention industry has developed rapidly. The disaster prevention capabilities of the country, society, and cities have been greatly strengthened, and the losses caused by natural disasters have been greatly reduced.
Japan’s Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures was promulgated and implemented on October 31, 1961 after being voted by the National Assembly. After the promulgation of the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures, the Central Disaster Prevention Council conducted many discussions to varying degrees based on various problems encountered in practical applications, especially on the basis of valuable experiences and lessons gained from responding to various actual disasters. Revise. The current Disaster Countermeasures Basic Law has been revised 23 times and has become a law that includes 10 major provisions, including general provisions, disaster prevention-related organizations, disaster prevention planning, disaster prevention, disaster emergency countermeasures, post-disaster restoration, fiscal and financial measures, disaster emergencies, and miscellaneous provisions. It is a relatively complete basic law for disaster relief, including 117 legal provisions and supplementary provisions for explanation after successive revisions.
In order to reduce losses caused by various natural disasters and accidental disasters, the Japanese government attaches great importance to the establishment of disaster countermeasure systems such as disaster prevention, disaster emergency response, and post-disaster restoration. In order to effectively implement disaster prevention policies, Japan promulgated the National Disaster Prevention and Relief Basic Law in 1961, and the Central Disaster Prevention Council formulated national disaster prevention plans and various disaster prevention systems. Develop basic disaster prevention plans, regional disaster prevention plans, and disaster prevention business plans in accordance with the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures. In addition to conducting various disaster-related research and development, Japan allocates a large amount of financial budget every year to carry out disaster prevention, disaster emergency response, and post-disaster restoration and reconstruction projects in accordance with the contents of the disaster prevention plan. Through decades of implementation of disaster countermeasures, Japan has established a relatively complete system for disaster mechanism research, disaster prevention, emergency disaster recovery, and recovery. The disaster prevention budget has always been kept at around 6 in the fiscal budget. In 1995, when the Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred, fiscal expenditures for disaster prevention reached 7.54 trillion yen (approximately 63 billion U.S. dollars), accounting for 9.7% of the fiscal budget for that year. It can be seen that the Japanese government has invested a lot of financial and material resources in disaster prevention and relief.
Japan’s disaster prevention undertakings include four aspects: disaster prevention science and technology research, disaster prevention undertakings, soil and water protection and post-disaster restoration.
In the disaster prevention budget, the disaster prevention science and technology research expenses remain at around 1.5%, and there is a trend of increasing year by year. By 2000, it accounted for 1.8% of the disaster prevention budget. This shows the importance of scientific and technological research in disaster prevention.
4. The Current Situation of Disaster Prevention Countermeasures
Japan has been investing a large financial budget in basic research on disaster prevention. Disaster prevention research and development mainly strengthens the basic scientific research on the mechanism of disaster occurrence and disaster prevention. On the one hand, it conducts investigation and research on the mechanism of disaster occurrence and establishes a complete set of basic information and databases on various disasters; on the other hand, a large amount of investment financial resources to develop and research disaster prevention technologies. For example, research on disaster forecasting, development of disaster information transmission technology, development and research of disaster management technology, etc. Particular emphasis is placed on research on the application of high technology in disaster prevention and relief. Japan has now established a complete scientific and technological research system for disaster prevention and relief. In addition to the National Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Technology, which is responsible for research on various disaster mechanisms, major universities have established disciplines and majors related to disaster prevention. While cultivating disaster prevention professionals, the school also strengthens research and development of technologies related to disaster prevention and relief. In addition to basic and comprehensive disaster prevention scientific research, the Japanese government has also invested a large amount of manpower and material resources in the research and development of the following cutting-edge disaster prevention technologies. The main research and development projects include the following nine aspects:
First, the occurrence mechanism of abnormal natural phenomena. Research on the occurrence mechanism of natural phenomena such as large-scale earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, abnormal heavy rains, abnormal low water, etc. and the development of prediction technology. Including research related to global warming, research on stratospheric changes, research on changes in tropical forests, development of comprehensive undersea earthquake observation systems, research on comprehensive cutting-edge seismic technologies, research on earthquake generation mechanisms, research on prevention of rainfall disasters, volcanoes Development and research of large-scale research projects such as outbreak prevention and disaster prevention-related research.
Second, immediately respond to disaster systems (disaster prevention IT, emergency systems, etc.). Research and development of emergency response systems that minimize damage when disasters or accidents occur. Including the development and construction of the disaster emergency command system, the development and research of the three-dimensional GIS geographical information analysis system, etc.
Third, disaster reduction countermeasures for huge disasters in urban areas. Research on the development of disaster reduction technologies, rapid recovery and recovery measures, and self-help and public assistance support systems when abnormal natural disasters occur in overly dense metropolitan areas. Including related research on the spread characteristics of neighborhood fires during major earthquake fires, research on the development of comprehensive residential fire monitoring systems, etc.
Fourth, the central function and the protection system of cultural property. Improvement of disaster prevention in hubs of social and economic activities, and development and research of protection systems for assets such as cultural properties and scientific and technological research bases.
Fifth, ultra-high disaster prevention support system. It is concerned with the development of next-generation disaster prevention support systems such as high-precision observation of the universe and above, communication technology, mobile machinery, high-mobility transportation machinery, disaster prevention and life-saving robots, etc. This includes research on artificial satellite utilization technology for disasters, disasters using satellite radar, and observation research on changes in the earth's environment.
Sixth, advanced road transportation system (ITS). Efficient support systems for people flow and logistics during disasters and post-disaster reconstruction; development of support systems for reducing traffic accidents, including development and research of road traffic damage status evaluation systems during disasters.
Seventh, land, sea and air traffic safety countermeasures. Safety countermeasures corresponding to changes in land, sea, and air traffic demands, characteristics, and increases in traffic volume.
Eighth, countermeasures for the aging of social infrastructure. To prevent accidents and disasters caused by aging social infrastructure, we strive to build a modern social system with strong disaster prevention capabilities. Mainly includes research on evaluation methods and countermeasure technologies for community construction and disaster prevention performance, research on the relationship between social changes and urban development and urban planning, etc.
Ninth, safety countermeasures such as hazardous materials and crime response. Strengthen safety measures such as management of hazardous materials, crime reduction, and how to establish a safe social system and other related research.
Mainly including the prevention of oil spill accidents, development and research of large-scale oil recovery equipment, research related to explosion prevention, research related to test methods for determining hazardous materials, development and research of information support systems for hazardous materials disasters, and research related to nuclear power plant safety, etc.
Disaster prevention is the most basic and important component of disaster countermeasures. After experiencing experiences and lessons learned from various disasters, Japan attaches great importance to disaster prevention. The Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures provides detailed provisions on disaster prevention and clearly stipulates the disaster prevention responsibilities of the state, collectives and individuals. Japan's disaster prevention countermeasures mainly focus on the establishment of disaster prevention infrastructure, water and soil protection projects, disaster prevention education and disaster prevention training. In order to carry out disaster prevention activities quickly and effectively, a complete disaster prevention infrastructure must first be established. Japan is currently actively building meteorological satellites, meteorological radars, seismometers and other observation instruments, fire-fighting equipment, water storage tanks, generators and other disaster emergency response equipment; it has strengthened communication and broadcasting facilities such as emergency information liaison, helicopters, ships, and vehicles. The establishment of transportation equipment, evacuation facilities, and disaster response headquarters facilities. At the same time, the Japanese government continues to strengthen the campaign to promote non-combustible buildings, the planning and construction of evacuation sites and evacuation routes, and the construction of designated disaster prevention facilities. In addition, in order to strengthen the prevention of earthquake disasters in large cities, in addition to the above-mentioned projects, the construction of disaster prevention green spaces, the promotion of seismic diagnosis and seismic reinforcement of existing buildings, the maintenance of public facilities, and the promotion of lifeline projects have also been strengthened. Disaster prevention measures such as earthquake resistance.
2. Disaster prevention planning and disaster prevention administration stipulated in Japan's "Basic Disaster Countermeasures Law"
The "Basic Disaster Countermeasures Law" is not only the fundamental law related to all laws and regulations related to disasters, but also retains It improves the integrity of the original disaster countermeasures, comprehensively integrates the significance of disaster reduction and makes necessary supplements to the shortcomings of the original laws, and organically adjusts the relationship between various laws and regulations. The establishment of the "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" provides a legal basis for various disaster prevention activities involving disaster prevention, disaster emergency response, and post-disaster recurrence. It also clarifies the obligations and responsibilities that agencies, groups, and individuals must bear. Since the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures has a unified system (legal system and organizational system), disaster prevention activities are more efficient and standardized. A careful reading of Japan's "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" will reveal its four major characteristics:
1. Clarification of disaster prevention responsibilities. The so-called administrative responsibility for disaster prevention refers to the five major responsibilities that the establishment of the disaster prevention system must rely on the joint efforts of the state, social groups and the entire public: (1) The national disaster prevention responsibility, which is the entire disaster prevention regulations and disaster prevention countermeasures Therefore, the Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures clearly states that it is the mission of the state to protect the safety of citizens’ lives and property and the integrity of the country’s territory during disasters. The state has the responsibility to take various administrative measures and carry out effective disaster prevention so that all parties can Disaster losses are minimized. It stipulates that the Central Disaster Prevention Council is responsible for the formulation and implementation of national disaster prevention plans and policies, and requires the formation of a Central Disaster Prevention Council organization with the Prime Minister as the chairman, the establishment of an emergency disaster response headquarters, and other responsibilities; (2) Prefectural governments responsibilities and obligations. On the basis of obtaining assistance from relevant agencies and other local public organizations, and based on the basic content of the basic disaster prevention plan, a disaster prevention plan suitable for the region must be formulated, and be responsible for the comprehensive adjustment of various disaster prevention affairs; (3) Municipalities, streets and villages Responsibilities and obligations; ⑷ Responsibilities of public and administrative agencies; ⑸ Citizens’ responsibilities. The "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" also stipulates the responsibilities of local public organizations, public organizations in the region, managers of important disaster prevention facilities, and ordinary citizens in disaster prevention, such as commendation of disaster prevention heroes, violations of the law, etc. punish.
2. Promotion of comprehensive disaster prevention administration. Governments at all levels promote disaster prevention in accordance with their respective disaster prevention laws and regulations or prevention plans for single disasters. The "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" requires governments at all levels to formulate comprehensive disaster prevention plans that can respond to various disasters, and to coordinate the relationship between various departments and systems through administrative means. Therefore, only the promulgation of the "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" can substantively Promote the establishment of a comprehensive disaster prevention administrative system.
3. Establishment of planned disaster prevention administration.
Japan's "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" stipulates that the country shall establish a central disaster prevention council, and the central disaster prevention council shall formulate a national basic disaster prevention plan. It also stipulates that local governments and public institutions must formulate their own regional disaster prevention plans. and special plans for disaster prevention. Disaster prevention and reduction work across Japan has now been incorporated into the administrative planning of governments at all levels, thus forming a scientific and effective disaster prevention administrative system.
4. Establish a financial assistance system for catastrophic disasters. The "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" clearly stipulates in advance how the national and local governments should bear the expenses required for disaster prevention, disaster emergency response, post-disaster reconstruction and other disaster prevention undertakings, as well as the national disaster subsidy methods. Specific economic and insurance protection provisions are made for disasters based on the risk level of hazards.
In accordance with Article 14 of the country's "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures" and the "Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council Regulations", the Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council (permanent organization) was established as the highest decision-making body for disaster prevention administration in Tokyo. This organization is directly under the governor, and the governor serves as the president. It is composed of employees or representatives of the country's local administrative agencies, public institutions, local public institutions, cities, districts, towns, villages, etc. The current committee has 62 members, including 14 members from designated local administrative agencies, 1 member from the Ground Self-Defense Force, 1 member from the Metropolitan Board of Education, 1 member from the Metropolitan Police Department, 21 members from the governor’s departments, and 5 members from firefighting agencies and municipalities. , 19 people from designated public security agencies and designated local public security agencies. The main purpose of the committee is to formulate or revise the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Disaster Prevention Plan and promote the implementation of the plan. According to the professional research needs related to disaster prevention, professional committee members will be established and people with rich knowledge and experience will be invited to serve. The committee consists of executive committees and departmental committees. The Board of Directors currently has 61 people, mainly the actual business operators of the department. There are earthquake department, volcano department and fengshui department.
Japan’s local governments at the city, ward, neighborhood, and village levels are the lowest-level administrative agencies that formulate disaster prevention plans and policies such as disaster prevention, emergency relief countermeasures, and post-disaster restoration and reconstruction. In response to geological disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, typhoons, landslides, mudslides, and various accidental disasters, grassroots governments carry out various disaster prevention plans and disaster prevention undertakings in accordance with the three axes of "investigation, disaster prevention, and disaster mitigation." , in order to minimize the damage caused by disasters, so as to ultimately achieve the fundamental purpose of preventing people's lives and property from being damaged by disasters. In the process of disaster prevention activities and disaster prevention management of Japanese local administrative agencies:
(1) Disaster investigation: In order to ensure that residents’ lives and property are protected from losses, local governments must investigate the geological conditions in the administrative area, Conduct seismic performance evaluation of civil buildings and public facilities, and conduct comprehensive disaster prediction and forecasting to effectively grasp the weak links of disasters in the region.
(2) Disaster prevention engineering (hardware engineering): Based on the prediction and evaluation of regional disasters, disaster prevention projects such as earthquake-resistant reinforcement and river management are carried out for various weak facilities and buildings. Strengthen the construction of infrastructure.
(3) Disaster reduction business (software engineering): Strengthen social engineering construction for disaster prevention. Conduct various disaster prevention education and training for residents; develop a comprehensive disaster prevention information system so that people not only know in advance what kind of disasters may occur in their area, but also know what to do before and when a disaster occurs. How should we respond to ensure that we suffer the least harm?
The disaster administrative management support system is an auxiliary system that provides decision-making support for local administrative agencies in daily disaster management, disaster emergency response, and post-disaster reconstruction. The disaster response support system refers to the rapid collection and dissemination of information by administrative agencies on the damage situation, the operation status of evacuation sites, the content of reports from the disaster response headquarters, and the activities of the disaster response team to achieve the efficiency of the government's disaster response and intelligence. ***Disaster countermeasures support system developed for the purpose of disaster relief. This disaster response support system targets municipal and village local governments who are on the front line of disaster response and supports the entire response process from normal times, the initial post-disaster response period, to post-disaster restoration and reconstruction.
The system has the following characteristics:
(1) From the normal period (raising the public’s awareness of disaster prevention through disaster prevention training and the disclosure of disaster prevention maps) to the disaster period (the blank period of foreseen disaster information) A disaster-related management response system from the initial stage of government disaster prevention countermeasures to post-disaster life reconstruction and post-disaster recovery);
(2) A support system for determining disaster countermeasures plans with various information The integration, sophistication, and publicization of information can easily collect and provide intelligence;
(3) Using already established intelligence facilities can significantly reduce costs (operating expenses);
(4) Using the ID management system, the Disaster Response Headquarters can be set up anywhere it is considered safe. Furthermore, even if the facilities of the disaster response headquarters are damaged, the same functions can be ensured through the network.
3. Key points of Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Planning and disaster emergency response system
1. Key points of the Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Plan
Tokyo is a world-class comprehensive and modern international metropolis. Tokyo plays an important role not only in Japan and the metropolitan area, but also in the world economy. In order to adapt to the requirements of international urban construction in terms of cities, citizens, administrative reform, diversification of public services, and improvement of the existing disaster prevention management system, Tokyo established a governor-directed crisis management system in April 2003, setting up The Director-level "Crisis Management Director" reorganized the Disaster Countermeasures Department, established the Comprehensive Disaster Reduction Department, and established a unified response system for all government agencies to face various crises. Tokyo, like Japan, has accumulated more than 50 years of experience in disaster prevention and reduction after the war. It has developed to a very high level in terms of infrastructure construction, the government's crisis management mechanism and capabilities, and even citizens' awareness. The subway sarin incident, countermeasures to prevent NBC terrorism, and the response process of Tokyo’s crisis management during the World Cup football match fully demonstrate the maturity and advancement of Tokyo’s urban crisis management in various aspects such as system construction and institutional construction.
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s crisis management planning system is basically based on the original disaster prevention plan. It includes comprehensive disaster prevention planning, health care and other special department plans, as well as disaster prevention, safety, and disaster prevention in each department’s plan. Emergency planning, etc. According to Article 40, Paragraph 1, of the country's "Basic Law on Disaster Countermeasures", the Tokyo Metropolitan Government convenes the "Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Conference" to formulate local disaster prevention plans. The contents of the plan must be discussed every year and revised when necessary. The purpose of the plan is for disaster prevention agencies such as the metropolitan government, wards, municipalities, towns, designated local administrative agencies, designated public agencies, and designated local public agencies to perform all their respective functions and carry out activities related to disasters that occur in the metropolitan area. Prevent earthquakes, wind and floods and other disasters, implement emergency countermeasures and carry out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction to protect the lives, bodies and property of residents. The Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Plan was formulated in 1963 and is divided into "Earthquake Disaster Chapter" and "Volcano, Wind and Flood Disaster Chapter". "Volcanoes, Wind and Flood Disasters" has been continuously supplemented and refined, and now includes "Feng Shui Disaster Countermeasure Plan", "Volcanic Disaster Countermeasure Plan", "Large-Scale Accident Countermeasure Plan", "Atomic Energy Disaster Countermeasure Plan", etc.