Cultivation and management techniques of Kyoho grape 1 timely germination and reasonable pruning.
In the encyclopedia of Kyoho grape planting technology, after the grapes germinate in spring, the heavy buds and small buds should be erased as soon as possible, and the strong buds should be kept. Before flowering, the main shoot should be stoned 2 ~ 3 times in time, and the secondary shoot should be erased, so that more nutrients can be transported to the parts of the flower organs, and at the same time, some inflorescences should be properly thinned, and the 1/4 ~ 1/5 at the end of the inflorescence should be pinched off 3 ~ 5 days before flowering, so that the nutrients can be supplied to the remaining fruit grains in a centralized way. Pruning medium and long branches in winter, it is appropriate to leave new branches 10 ~ 15 per square meter, staggered up and down, to ensure the growth of grapes per spike to 15 ~ 25 leaves, and the yield per mu is controlled within 2500 kg. This can make the ear compact, the fruit grains neat and mature, and improve the flavor and color of berries.
In order to pursue high yield, many fruit farmers do not sparse inflorescences or pinch the tips of ears in summer, which makes the nutrient supply dispersed and the fruit size mature. When cutting in winter, cut lightly and put long, and leave more branches and vines, so that the fruit can move up quickly and the ear can be concentrated on the upper part of the shelf surface. Due to overload, uneven distribution and unbalanced nutrition, it is difficult to form high-quality fruits.
In the encyclopedia of Kyoho grape planting technology, in order to improve the lighting conditions on the shelf surface, reduce diseases, promote flower bud differentiation and enrich vines, lush vines should be pruned with leaves after harvesting. Sparse the vines on the upper part of the shelf, the weak branches on the lower part and the branches and vines in improper positions, reduce nutrient consumption, cultivate strong and robust fruiting vines, and reduce the air humidity under the shelf to avoid diseases.
2. Strengthen fertilizer and water management to prevent premature aging of trees.
In the encyclopedia of Kyoho grape planting technology, Kyoho grape has strong growth potential and requires high fertilizer and water conditions. But irrigation should be appropriate, especially 20 days before 15 ~ picking. It is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
In vineyards that begin to bear a lot of fruit, we should pay attention to increasing fertilizer, keeping the trees vigorous and prolonging the full fruit period.
Organic fertilizer: We can apply high-quality manure at the ratio of 3 kg per 1 kg of fruit, and at the same time, add 1 ~ 2 kg of calcium superphosphate to each 100 kg of organic fertilizer. The fruit is picked and smeared (September). The method is to dig trenches with a depth of 30 ~ 40 cm, a width of 40 ~ 60 cm and the same length between rows every two years. When applying fertilizer, the fertilizer should be evenly mixed with the soil, then backfilled and compacted, and then watered.
Top dressing: Top dressing is carried out for the first time when soybeans are big, so as to promote fruit expansion, and 0.3 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant; The second time was in mid-July, when the ear began to color, calcium superphosphate 0.5 ~ 1 kg and plant ash 1 ~ 2 kg were applied to each plant, which could increase the sugar content of the fruit and promote the coloring and branch maturity.
Foliar spraying fertilizer: after the new leaves are developed, before and after flowering, 0.2% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed on the leaves to accelerate the growth of leaves and enhance the assimilation function. In the middle and late July, in the vigorous period of fruit coloring and vine growth, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 4% calcium superphosphate or 3% sweet clover leaching solution were sprayed continuously 1 time. Spraying 0.5% urea 2 ~ 3 times before defoliation after fruit picking can delay defoliation and accumulate reserved nutrients. When foliar spraying fertilizer, it is necessary to add 3000 times binder or 0. 1% neutral washing powder to enhance fertilizer efficiency.
In the encyclopedia of Kyoho grape planting technology, Kyoho grape has very strict requirements on fertilizers, and usually requires 1.5 kg of pure nitrogen, 1.5 kg of phosphorus and 1.5 kg of potassium per harvest of 100 kg of berries. But at present, fruit farmers use less organic fertilizer, but a lot of chemical fertilizer, and often mainly nitrogen fertilizer, ignoring phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. As a result, the plants grow in vain, the branches and leaves are lush, the density is high, the ventilation is poor, and the illumination is insufficient, so that the grape berries cannot grow and mature normally, the stems are tender, the peel is thin, and the resistance to various germs is poor.
Watering: water the grapes once after they are unearthed in spring. If the soil is not too dry before flowering, try not to water the flowers after withering, and the fruits enter the period of rapid expansion, which is the period when water is most needed, so water them once every 10 day. When the fruit particles begin to change color, stop watering to improve the soluble solid content of the fruit. Before burying the soil in winter, water the grapes once with big water to ensure the grapes to survive the winter safely.
3. Measures to improve the fruit setting rate of Kyoho grape.
Falling flowers and fruits is a common problem in Kyoho grape production. The main reasons are the poor development of flower organs, inability to pollinate and fertilize normally, bad climatic conditions during flowering and malnutrition of trees. The following technical measures should be taken in production to improve the fruit setting rate of Kyoho grape.
The main causes of Kyoho grape cracking are as follows:
Jufeng grape fruit cracking mostly occurs near the harvest time. Kyoho grape fruit has poor swelling resistance and is sensitive to ethylene, but the ethylene content in the fruit is high near maturity, and the fruit is easy to crack. There is often drought and little rain in the early stage of fruit growth, and it is rainy or even rainy when the fruit is ripe. After ripening, the temperature rises rapidly and the weather begins to dry, which makes Kyoho grape easy to crack at harvest. The tree vigor of Kyoho grape is weak, but the amount of fruit left is large, and the fruit is too tight, which also easily leads to serious fruit drop. Apply more nitrogen fertilizer; Grapes on clay ground are prone to waterlogging and drought, and the external environment changes quickly and fruit is easy to fall; Following the traditional pruning method, the core removal leads to fewer leaves, which reduces the ability of trees to adjust water and easily leads to fruit cracking when it rains; The application of ethephon to ripen and crack fruit, among which a large number of early applications have serious fruit cracking.
Control measures of fruit cracking
1, pay attention to spraying more water or water in the early and middle stages of fruit growth. In this way, the cell wall of the secondary epidermis and the lenticels of the fruit stalk will be obviously developed, which can increase the critical expansion pressure that causes fruit cracking; Spraying 15 mg/kg of caiacetic acid and 100 mg/kg of abscisic acid on the ear and nearby leaves can increase the pressure of fruit expansion, make the fruit bigger and prolong the life of leaves. Try not to use or delay the use of ethephon in the late growth stage.
2. Covering vineyards with plastic film can prevent excessive rainwater accumulation at roots, resist evaporation of surface water and reduce the change of soil moisture. In drought, the combination of plastic film mulching and irrigation can effectively prevent grape from cracking.
3. If the fruit carrying capacity of Kyoho grape is too large, it will cause poor fruit coloring and increase fruit cracking. Therefore, we should pay attention to adjusting the fruit carrying capacity to reduce the fruit cracking due to the fixed yield of trees.
4. Appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and more organic fertilizer should be applied, and the amount of calcium fertilizer should be increased in cohesive soil.
5. Change the traditional coring method and leave more leaves. All the secondary branches above the ear were cored with 2 leaves, and all the winter buds and summer buds between the secondary branches and leaves were removed. It reaches more than 25-26 normal leaves per fruit branch, which enhances the water regulation function of the tree.
6. Spraying NAA 20 mg/kg and ABA 100 mg/kg twice at the initial stage of fruit cracking can resist the activity of ethylene in plants and prevent fruit cracking caused by ethephon application.
?