Basic introduction Chinese name: product material mbth: product material application: finished products, devices and components essence: parts of artillery or rockets: introduction and classification of inorganic materials, 1, according to physical and chemical properties, 2, according to uses, 3, two common classification methods, 4, according to parts, ecological building materials, radiation of building materials, advantages of new building materials, decorative materials, Interior wall decoration materials, 3, exterior wall decoration materials, metal materials, common metal decoration materials and their characteristics, characteristics 1, aluminum, aluminum alloys and their decorative products, 2, stainless steel building decoration products, 3, light steel keel, 4, other metal materials, materials are substances, but not all substances can be called materials. Such as fuel and chemical raw materials, industrial chemicals, food and medicines, are generally not considered as materials. However, this definition is not so strict, such as explosives and solid rocket propellants, which are generally called "energetic materials" because they are part of artillery or rockets. introduce
Materials are the material basis for human survival and development. In 1970s, people regarded information, materials and energy as the three pillars of contemporary civilization. In 1980s, the new technological revolution represented by high-tech groups listed new materials, information technology and biotechnology as important symbols of the new technological revolution. This is mainly because materials are closely related to national economic construction, national defense construction and people's lives. Materials are not only important and versatile, but also diverse. Because of the variety, there is no unified standard for classification methods. Classification 1. According to physical and chemical properties, it can be divided into inorganic materials (metal materials, inorganic nonmetallic materials), organic materials and composite materials composed of different types of materials. 2. According to the use, it can be divided into electronic materials, aerospace materials, nuclear materials, building materials, energy materials and biological materials. 3. Two common classification methods Two common classification methods are structural materials and functional materials: traditional materials and new materials. Based on mechanical properties, structural materials are used to manufacture stressed members. Of course, structural materials also have certain requirements for physical or chemical properties, such as luster, heat conduction, radiation resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. Functional materials are mainly a kind of materials formed by using the unique physical, chemical properties or biological functions of substances. Materials are usually both structural and functional materials, such as iron, copper and aluminum. Traditional materials refer to those materials that are mature, mass-produced and widely used in industry, such as steel, cement and plastics. This kind of material is also called basic material because of its large quantity, high output value and wide coverage, and it is the foundation of many pillar industries. Advanced materials refer to those materials that are developing and have excellent properties and application prospects. There is no clear boundary between new materials and traditional materials. Traditional materials have become new materials by adopting new technologies to improve their technical content, performance and added value. After long-term production and application, new materials have become traditional materials. Traditional materials are the basis of developing new materials and high technology, and new materials can often promote the further development of traditional materials. 4. Classification by location is to classify materials according to the parts used in space, such as interior wall materials, exterior wall materials, ceiling materials, floor materials, etc. But after this method was established, we stumbled upon a material that can be used indoors and outdoors. Indoor, floors, walls and ceilings can use certain materials, such as stone and paint. If a stone sticks to the ceiling, wall and ground, people will doubt the classification and ownership of some materials. From this point of view, if we want to distinguish materials clearly, we can only distinguish them from their properties and chemical composition. Ecological building materials
The scientific authoritative definition of ecological building materials is still in the stage of research and determination. The concept of eco-building materials comes from eco-environmental materials. The definition of eco-friendly materials is still under study and determination. Its main features are: first, saving resources and energy; Secondly, reduce environmental pollution and avoid the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer; Third, it is easy to recover and recycle. As an important branch of eco-environmental materials, eco-building materials should refer to building materials designed and produced to meet the requirements of minimum resource and energy consumption, minimum or no environmental pollution, optimal performance and maximum recycling rate in the process of material production, use, abandonment and recycling. Obviously, such environmental coordination is a relative and developing concept. The main difference in concept between ecological building materials and other new building materials is that ecological building materials are a concept of systematic engineering, and we can't just look at a certain link in the process of production or use. The evaluation of environmental compatibility of materials depends on the interval of inspection or the set limit. At present, all kinds of new building materials called ecological building materials are emerging at home and abroad, such as "ecological cement" produced by waste or urban garbage. However, without the viewpoint of systems engineering, the design and production of building materials may be "green" on one hand and "black" on the other, and the evaluation will inevitably be biased or even misleading. For example, high-performance ceramic materials may be difficult to decompose after being discarded, building polymer materials are often difficult to degrade, and composite building materials are difficult to recycle due to complex components; Clay pottery concrete block has light weight, high strength and good thermal insulation and fire resistance, but its production needs high energy consumption; Plastic steel doors and windows are stronger, more durable and have better thermal insulation performance than steel windows and aluminum alloy windows, but they contain high energy costs and will cause serious burden to the environment after being abandoned. Vertical kiln cement may be considered to have better environmental coordination than rotary kiln cement, just because of its low energy consumption. Even for the cement industry, which is notorious for releasing greenhouse gas CO2, we should also see the natural carbonization process of its finished cement concrete absorbing CO2. In the process of producing 65,438+0 tons of cement clinker, about 65,438+0 tons of CO2 is released due to the decomposition of coal and limestone. In addition to CO2 released by coal combustion (about 40%), CO2 released by calcium carbonate decomposition during cement combustion can be completely absorbed by cement concrete during slow carbonization. In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental coordination performance of building materials, it is necessary to adopt life cycle assessment (LCA). Life cycle assessment method is a method to evaluate environmental pollution, energy and resource consumption and resource impact in the whole life cycle of materials. At present, although some monographs have come out and entered the ISO international standard, LCA is still a method under study and development for building materials. With regard to the development mode of eco-building materials and the improvement of environmental harmony, Japanese scholar Professor Yoshiichi Mimoto summarized four innovative methods and their respective evaluations on the contribution to environmental harmony, namely, product improvement, redesign, functional innovation and institutional innovation. It is not difficult to understand that institutional innovation has the greatest improvement on environmental coordination and takes the longest time, while product improvement is relatively simple and the improvement on environmental coordination is relatively small. What needs to be pointed out here is that for a certain material, the development of ecological or environmental harmony does not necessarily follow these four arrangements. South Africa still has some questions to answer about the development strategy of ecological building materials. For example, environmental compatibility and performance cannot always be coordinated, developed and promoted. The author believes that the development of ecological building materials should not be at the expense of excessive performance. However, the performance requirements of ecological building materials do not necessarily require high performance, but refer to excellent performance or the best performance to meet the use requirements. Low-performance building materials will inevitably affect durability and use function. If LCA method is used to evaluate, sacrificing performance for energy saving and waste utilization in production may not necessarily improve the environmental coordination of materials. Radiation of building materials
The radiation of building materials is the most harmful radiation factor to people at present, because these radiations come from abnormal radioactive elements. The existing home decoration stone, one is granite, which is composed of timely, feldspar and mica, and the other is marble. These two kinds of stones contain some radioactive elements, such as radium and uranium, which will produce radioactive substances, such as radon, during the decay process. Breathing high-concentration air containing radioactive substances for a long time will cause radiation damage to people's respiratory system, especially the lungs, and cause many diseases, such as chest pain and fever. Even lead to cancer of some cells in the human body, which is life-threatening. In addition, ceramic toilets used in building decoration may contain excessive radioactive substances, which may have adverse effects on human health. Advantages of new building materials
New building materials are new varieties of building materials, which are different from traditional building materials such as bricks and tiles, lime-sand stones, etc., including many varieties and categories. Functionally, there are wall materials, decorative materials, door and window materials, thermal insulation materials, waterproof materials, adhesive sealing materials, as well as various supporting hardware, plastic parts and various auxiliary materials. In terms of materials, there are not only natural materials, but also chemical materials, metallic materials, non-metallic materials and so on. New building materials have excellent characteristics such as light weight, high strength, thermal insulation, energy saving, soil saving and decoration. The use of new building materials not only greatly improves the function of the building, but also makes the interior and exterior of the building more modern and meets people's aesthetic requirements. Some new building materials can significantly reduce the weight of buildings, create conditions for the popularization of light building structures, promote the modernization of building construction technology and greatly accelerate the construction speed. The performance and function of new building materials are different, and the raw materials and technological methods for producing new building materials products are also different. As far as its development is concerned, some varieties are mainly color, and color varieties emerge one after another, such as decorative materials; Some varieties focus on functions, such as thermal insulation materials; Others derive many varieties through deep processing, such as new building plates. Take the new floor as an example. At present, there are dozens of new building boards, among which gypsum board, glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) board and asbestos-free calcium silicate board are the three new building boards with the largest output and the most common application in China. These three kinds of plates are not only different in raw materials and production technology, but also different in properties and functions. For example, the main raw materials of gypsum board are gypsum and protective paper, which are suitable for interior wallboard and ceiling board; The main raw materials of glass fiber reinforced cement board are low alkali cement and alkali-resistant glass fiber, which are suitable for internal and external wallboard; The main raw material of calcium silicate board is calcium silicate material, which can not only be used as internal and external wallboard, but also be used to decorate and make furniture combined with houses. The common feature of these three kinds of boards is that the original board is used as raw material, and then combined with functional materials such as seepage prevention, heat preservation and fire prevention, and various new wall materials with light weight and superior performance can be produced by using composite technology. In addition, the raw materials they use are all non-metallic materials, which are the three most easily available non-metallic materials. China's new building materials industry, with the great attention and support of the party and * * *, has developed for more than 20 years, with a considerable scale and relatively complete varieties. With the establishment of market economy system and the implementation of housing projects, China's new building materials industry will surely get greater development. Finishing material
Decorative materials: building materials and products that decorate various civil buildings to improve their use function and beauty and protect the stability and durability of the main structure under various environmental factors. Also known as decorative materials and decorative materials. Mainly grass, wood, stone, sand, brick, tile, cement, gypsum, asbestos, lime, glass, mosaic, ceramics, paint, paper, metal, plastic, fabric and various composite products. According to the main uses, it is divided into three categories: 1, and floor decoration materials.
Commonly used are: cement mortar floor, which has good wear resistance and the widest application, but has the disadvantages of poor sound insulation, inelastic and high thermal conductivity. Marble floor, with clear and beautiful texture, is often used in high-end hotels and other public places. Terrazzo floor has good wear resistance, bright and beautiful appearance, and can be made into various flower patterns according to design. The wooden floor has elasticity and low thermal conductivity, giving people a warm and soft feeling. Parquet hardwood floors are also covered with mats and herringbone patterns, which are durable and are mostly used in gymnasiums, rehearsal halls, stages and banquet halls. New floor decoration materials include wood fiber floor, plastic floor and ceramic mosaic. Ceramic mosaic tiles are hard, acid-resistant, alkali-resistant, wear-resistant, impervious and easy to clean. In addition to being used as floor tiles, they can also be used as decorative surfaces for interior and exterior walls. 2. Interior wall decoration materials
The traditional method is to brush lime water or wall powder, but it is easy to pollute and cannot be scrubbed by wet method, so it is often used in general buildings. Plane ready mixed paint is widely used in advanced buildings, which is rich in color and not easy to be polluted. However, the amount of mixed organic solvents is large, which pollutes the atmosphere and affects the health of construction workers. With the development of science, organic synthetic resin raw materials are widely used in coatings, which fundamentally changes the appearance of coating products, is called coatings, and becomes an important decorative material for interior and exterior walls. Paper-pasted indoor walls and ceilings have a long history, but they have been replaced by plastic wallpaper and glass fiber wall cloth. Gypsum board has the characteristics of fire prevention, sound insulation, heat insulation, light weight, high strength and convenient construction, and is mainly used for walls and ceilings; When making a flat roof, holes with various patterns can be made to improve the sound absorption and decorative effect. Calcium-plastic board is a multifunctional board with good decorative effect, thermal insulation and sound insulation. Marble slabs and granite slabs are increasingly used to decorate high-end hotels and apartments. 3. Exterior wall decoration materials
Commonly used are cement mortar, crushed fake stone, water brush stone, glazed tile, ceramic mosaic, paint and white water stainless steel.
Mud, etc Paint, polymer cement mortar, asbestos cement board, glass curtain wall, aluminum alloy products and other new exterior wall decoration materials are being adopted in some projects. metal material
Classification of metallic materials
Metal materials are divided into ferrous metals and nonferrous metals. Ferrous metals include casting; Cast iron and steel, of which steel is mainly used as structural materials for houses and bridges, and only stainless steel is used for decoration. Nonferrous metals, including aluminum and its alloys, copper and copper alloys, such as gold and silver, are widely used in architectural decoration. Common metal decorative materials and their characteristics
The use of various metals as architectural decoration materials has a long history, and still leaves many traces, such as the bronze pavilion in the Summer Palace, the bronze hall on the top of Mount Tai, the Golden Hall in Kunming and the splendid decoration of Potala Palace in Tibet, all of which are examples left by the ancients. The metal decorative materials used in modern buildings are more colorful. This is because metal materials have unique luster and color. As a building decoration material, metal is solemn, luxurious and durable, which is superior to other kinds of building decoration materials. Modern commonly used metal decorative materials include aluminum and aluminum alloys, stainless steel, copper and copper alloys. Types and characteristics of metal decorative materials, such as aluminum and aluminum alloys, stainless steel, copper and copper alloys. 1, characteristics of aluminum, aluminum alloys and their decorative products
Aluminum is a light metal among nonferrous metals, with a density of 2.7g/m*m and silvery white. Aluminum has good electrical and thermal conductivity, and its chemical properties are very active. When exposed to air, it is easy to form an aluminum oxide film on the surface to protect the underlying metal from corrosion, so aluminum has strong corrosion resistance in the atmosphere, but its corrosion resistance is limited because the film is extremely thin. Pure aluminum has good plasticity and can be made into tubes, rods and plates. However, the strength and hardness of aluminum are low. The polished surface of aluminum has a reflectivity of more than 80% for white light, and also has a strong reflectivity for ultraviolet and infrared rays. Aluminum can also be colored on the surface to obtain a good decorative effect. In order to improve the practical value of aluminum, aluminum alloy is made by adding magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, silicon and other elements into the pot. There are many kinds of aluminum alloys, and the aluminum alloy used for architectural decoration is the deformed aluminum alloy (abbreviated as cooked aluminum, code name LD). The wrought aluminum alloy is Al-Mg-Si alloy (AI-Mg-ST alloy), in which LD3 1 has medium strength, high impact toughness and excellent thermoplasticity, and can be extruded into various thin-walled hollow profiles with complex structures or forged into forgings with complex structures at high speed. LD3 1 is the most widely used alloy in al-Mg-ST system, which has excellent weldability and corrosion resistance, smooth surface after processing and easy coloring. Aluminum alloy decorative products include: aluminum alloy doors and windows, aluminum alloy shutters, aluminum alloy decorative plates, aluminum foil, magnesium-aluminum decorative plates, magnesium-aluminum curved plates, aluminum alloy ceiling materials, aluminum alloy railings, handrails, screens, grids, etc. Aluminum foil refers to a plate product of 6.3pm to 0.2 mm made of pure aluminum or alloy. Aluminum foil has good moisture-proof and heat-insulating properties, so aluminum foil is widely used in the construction industry with brand-new multifunctional heat-insulating materials and moisture-proof materials. For example, rolled aluminum foil can be used as thermal insulation curtain, and plate aluminum foil (such as aluminum foil corrugated board, aluminum foil foam plastic board, etc.). ) It is often used indoors. By choosing the appropriate tone pattern, it can also play a good decorative role. 2, stainless steel building decoration products
Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant stainless steel iron-based alloy, containing more than Cr 12%. Stainless steel is divided into stainless acid-resistant steel and stainless steel, and the steel that can resist atmospheric corrosion is called gold foil.
Rust is hard, but the steel that can resist corrosion in some chemical media (such as acid) is acid-resistant steel. These two steels are usually called stainless steel. Stainless steel used for decoration is mainly plate, and stainless steel plate achieves the purpose of decoration by means of the surface characteristics of stainless steel plate, such as surface smoothness and luster. Through surface coloring treatment, stainless steel with various colors such as brown, blue, yellow, red and green can be made, which not only maintains the original excellent corrosion resistance of stainless steel, but also further improves its decorative effect. 3. Light steel keel
Light steel keel is the skeleton for installing all kinds of cover panels, and it is the replacement product of wooden keel. Light steel keel with different materials and cover panels with different colors not only improve the thermal and acoustic characteristics of buildings, but also directly create different decorative arts and styles, which are important contents that must be considered in interior design. Light steel keel is divided into aluminum alloy keel, aluminum strip keel and galvanized steel plate keel. And a thin-walled cold-rolled annealing band keel. The cross section has V-shaped keel, C-shaped keel and L-shaped keel. There are ceiling keel (code D) and partition (wall) keel (code Q) in use. Ceiling keel has main keel (big keel) and secondary keel (middle keel and small keel). The main keel is also called the load-bearing keel, and the secondary keel is also called the facing keel. Partition keel can be divided into vertical keel, horizontal keel and through keel. Most aluminum alloy keels are T-shaped, and T-shaped keels are mainly used for suspended ceilings. All kinds of light steel plates are mostly made into V-shaped keels and C-shaped keels, which can be used for ceilings and partitions. 4. Other metal materials
Copper and copper alloy: Pure copper is a purple heavy metal, also known as red copper. The alloy of copper and zinc is called brass. With the increase of zinc content, its color changes from yellow-red to light yellow. Its mechanical properties are higher than pure copper, and its price is lower than pure copper, and it is not easy to rust. It is easy to be processed into various building hardware and building accessories. Copper and copper alloy decorative products include: copper plate, brass thin-walled tube, copper plate, copper tube, copper rod, copper tube and so on. They can be used for cylinder and wall decoration, and can also be made into decorative accessories such as railings and handrails. Gold foil: It is an extremely thin decorative material with gold as pigment, with a thickness of only about 0.LPM. At present, most national key cultural relics and high-grade buildings are decorated with gold foil. Gold signboard: it is an innovation in the use of gold foil, which is incomparable to signboards made of other materials. It is luxurious and precious, never fades and can be used for more than 20 years. Its price is about twice as expensive as the ordinary copper signboard, but its appearance color and service life are obviously better than that of the copper signboard. Application and development of materials
Materials are substances used by human beings to make articles, devices, parts, machines or other products. Materials are substances, but not all substances can be called materials. Such as fuel and chemical raw materials, industrial chemicals, food and medicines, are generally not considered as materials. However, this definition is not so strict, such as explosives and solid rocket propellants, which are generally called "energetic materials" because they are part of artillery or rockets. Materials are the material basis for human survival and development. In 1970s, people regarded information, materials and energy as the three pillars of contemporary civilization. In 1980s, the new technological revolution represented by high-tech groups listed new materials, information technology and biotechnology as important symbols of the new technological revolution. This is mainly because materials are closely related to national economic construction, national defense construction and people's lives. Materials are not only important and versatile, but also diverse. Because of the variety, there is no unified standard for classification methods. From the physical and chemical properties, it can be divided into metal materials, inorganic nonmetallic materials, organic polymer materials and composite materials composed of different types of materials. It can be divided into electronic materials, aerospace materials, nuclear materials, building materials, energy materials, biological materials and so on. Two common classification methods are structural materials and functional materials; Traditional materials and new materials. Based on mechanical properties, structural materials are used to manufacture stressed members. Of course, structural materials also have certain requirements for physical or chemical properties, such as luster, heat conduction, radiation resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. Functional materials are mainly a kind of materials formed by using the unique physical, chemical properties or biological functions of substances. Materials are usually both structural and functional materials, such as iron, copper and aluminum. Traditional materials refer to those materials that are mature, mass-produced and widely used in industry, such as steel, cement and plastics. This kind of material is also called basic material because of its large quantity, high output value and wide coverage, and it is the foundation of many pillar industries. Advanced materials refer to those materials that are developing and have excellent properties and application prospects. There is no clear boundary between new materials and traditional materials. Traditional materials have become new materials by adopting new technologies to improve their technical content, performance and added value. After long-term production and application, new materials have become traditional materials. Traditional materials are the basis of developing new materials and high technology, and new materials can often promote the further development of traditional materials. Matters needing attention in material selection
Problems needing attention in selecting materials in the process of plastic formula design-A statistical data shows that in the failure of statistical investigation of injection molding products, 23% are errors in selecting materials and 9% are errors in selecting additives. This shows the importance of material selection. Generally, it is required to reduce the material cost and improve the material performance, and at the same time, it is necessary to consider the beautiful appearance and durability of the times, so it is difficult to choose a suitable material to meet all the performance requirements. For example, when a transparent container is produced by injection molding, polystyrene or polymethylmethacrylate can usually be selected. But if cheap is the first condition, we should choose polystyrene; On the contrary, if weather resistance is emphasized, polymethyl methacrylate (i.e. plexiglass) should be selected. If the impact resistance is good, the above two materials should be excluded and polycarbonate should be selected, of course, the cost should be increased. Generally, the following contents should be considered when selecting: whether the selected material can withstand the highest and lowest temperature range in the use environment, and whether the material can be deformed, easy to crack and impact-resistant within this temperature range. If it does not meet the requirements of users, it is necessary to change the existing plastic varieties, choose new varieties, or carry out transformation. In addition, other factors in the use environment of the materials to be designed need to be considered. When the dimensional stability of the product is required, the thermal expansion coefficient of the resin, the change of shrinkage rate in the early and late stages of molding, hygroscopicity and other factors should also be considered. Generally speaking, it is impossible to meet all the conditions, as long as the main conditions are met. The mastery of quality standards generally depends on the following conditions. (1) Whether it can withstand the overflow change of the use environment, the influence of sunlight and the change of load during use. (2) Whether the product meets the hygiene standards and safety. (3) Whether the bending strength, tensile strength, impact strength, electrical insulation, arc resistance, fire resistance, water resistance, oil resistance and electrical properties meet the national standards, solvent resistance and other mechanical properties and enterprise standards. (4) What are the dimensional stability, optical properties, anti-virus, moisture-proof and antibacterial properties? (5) Whether the appearance, economic cost and special requirements can meet the requirements. For long-term use of plastic materials and products, maintenance and maintenance costs must be considered. If the maintenance cost can be greatly reduced, even if the initial investment is large, it will be beneficial to the whole material. In addition, the formability and the difficulty of secondary processing should also be considered, and the change of materials in the mold should also be considered. When designing and manufacturing bearings, gears and other important components, physical and mechanical properties should also be tested and analyzed; When making transparent materials, optical testing and correction should also be carried out.