Tell Emperor Taizong to be frugal and thin, "Please be buried because of the mountain, and there is no need to raise a grave." (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume V) Empress Wende was buried in Zhaoling after her death. Regarding the reason why the mountain is the mausoleum system, after the burial of Empress Wende in November of the same year, the stone tablet inscribed by Emperor Taizong said: "If you make the world your home, why are things in the mausoleum?" They are his own. Today, because Jiuzhang Mountain is a mausoleum, there are no treasures, horses and utensils, only civilian tools, which are easy to steal and keep. " More appropriately, because mountains are graves, you don't hide gold and jade, not so much for thrift, but for "stealing your heart"; When Yu Shinan wrote to Emperor Taizong, he said: "From ancient times to the present, ... there is no grave that will not be dug." Therefore, the purpose of taking mountains as tombs in the early Tang Dynasty was nothing more than using the majestic situation of mountains to prevent theft.
Zhaoling Project was carefully designed by famous artists Yan Lide and Yan in Tang Dynasty. Its plane layout is different from sitting west to east since Qin and Han dynasties, and it is not the "hidden burial" system in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but is designed according to the organizational system of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. Chang 'an is composed of Miyagi, Imperial City and Waikuo City. Miyagi is located in the northern center of the city, where the Emperor lived. The imperial city is located in the south of Miyagi, which is a yamen (that is, a political institution) in Guanbai. The outer contour city guards the imperial city and Miyagi from the east, south and north, and is a residential area.
Zhaoling is located in the northernmost part of the cemetery, equivalent to Miyagi in Chang 'an and comparable to the Palace. Underground is the Xuan Palace,
On the ground, it was built into a square town around the top of the mountain. There are four walls around the city, with a door on each side. According to historical records, Gong Xuan Palace in Zhaoling was built at the southern foot of the mountainside. When it was first built, a plank road was set up. The plank road is 400 meters long, which is 230 steps. Empress Wende was buried in the Xuan Palace first, and the plank road was not demolished. A house was built on the edge of the plank road for the palace to live in, and the queen was treated as a living person. After Emperor Taizong was buried, the plank road was demolished, which isolated the mausoleum from the outside world. The Xuan Palace is 75 feet deep, with five stone doors, a main bed in the middle, coffins parked here, and stone beds arranged in the east and west wings. There are many stone letters on the bed, and there are sacrifices in them. The passage from the tomb to the tomb gate consists of three dry stones, each weighing two tons, and the stones are riveted with each other. According to the "History of the Old Five Dynasties". "Biography of Tao Wen", "The palace is beautiful but not different from the world", and there are gorgeous palaces outside the mausoleum, such as pine and cypress, Juhuai and Longyang. Du Fu said in the poem "Re-narration of Zhaoling": "The spiritual bed is empty, Xiong Shouyu. Look at Baisong Road again and see Wu Yunfei. " On the Shan Zhinan side of the main peak underground palace, there is Zhuquemen, the main entrance of the main city. There is a memorial hall in Zhuquemen, which is a place for worship and sacrifice. It's close to quemen. The whole site is about 65,438+00 square meters, and the site is located about 20 square meters south of Damenque. It is still a narrow website. A shrew's tail was unearthed here. After repair, it is 1.5m high, 0.6m wide and 1 1m long. According to the height of this piece, it can be inferred that the height of the temple top should be above 10m, and it should be a nine-eave. It is about 5 meters between the gates, right in the middle of the altar. The site 20 meters south of Xiandian is a horizontal deep ditch, which proves that there can be no other stone carvings and no other buildings here.
There are many wooden buildings outside the underground palace, including houses and temples. Because the mountain in front of the underground palace is steep and bumpy, it is inconvenient to travel.
Also, "the stone frame on the side of the mountain is a plank road, hanging for a hundred times and circling the mountain for 230 steps before reaching the Yuan Palace Gate". Use the plank road to connect up, down, left and right, and you can reach the underground palace. However, the plank road building on the mountain can't go up and down vertically, but must revolve around it, which is proved by Du Fu's poems "Re-view Zhaoling" and "Tomb Empty". Although these records of predecessors may not be absolutely reliable, we can see that their scale is grand and the project is difficult. According to the Chronicle of Chang 'an in the Song Dynasty, the buildings around Zhaoling at that time were like this: "With the bedroom under the top of Jiuzhang Mountain as the center, walls were built on all sides, pavilions were built at four corners, Xuanwu Gate was in the north, and Suzaku Gate was in the south, with a circumference of 12 Li".
To the north of the main peak, the underground palace mountain is the Xuanwu gate at the north gate of the inner city, with an altar, near the northern foot of Jiuzhang Mountain, which is high in the south and low in the north. It consists of five steps, which are wider and flatter to the north and slightly trapezoidal. The south third floor has a bedroom, an east bedroom, a west bedroom, a pavilion and a doorway, and the middle road leads to the bedroom, which is a unique building complex in Zhaoling. In Sima Gate, there are stone statues of princes of fourteen countries: Li Jie of Turkic, Tullier Khan, Ashinasher, Morris, Tubo Songzangambu, Gaochang, Yanqi, Yutian, leaders of Xue Yantuo and Tuguhun, Jingdezhen of Silla, Fantouli of Lin Yi and Yunadi of Brahman. These stone statues were carved in the early years of Emperor Gaozong, reflecting the great unity of all ethnic groups in the country, the development of the western regions in the Tang Dynasty and the grand occasion of relations with neighboring countries. These stone statues were destroyed years ago. Today, there are seven statues, several human remains and several broken heads here. The predecessors once said that these stone statues were "taller than normal people, with deep eyes and big nose, and mixed bows and knives." They are strong and different! " Judging from the relics found, the stone statue is only six feet high, and the seat is about nine feet high, which does not exceed the normal shape. It can be seen from the remains of the head that there are indeed those with deep eyes and high noses, those with curly hair, those with braided hair, those with split hair and pockets, but those without bows and knives. Clothes are divided into lapels and lapels, and the rest are uncertain. It can be seen from these situations that these stone carvings should also belong to realism.