Bridges can be divided into highway bridges, railway bridges, highway-railway bridges, agricultural bridges, pedestrian bridges, waterway bridges (Caodu) and other special bridges (pipelines, cables, etc.). ) according to their use.
Bridges can be divided into super large bridges, large bridges, medium bridges and small bridges according to their length and span.
Bridges are divided into masonry bridges, reinforced concrete bridges (including brick, stone and concrete bridges), prestressed bridges, steel bridges and wooden bridges according to the main load-bearing structural materials.
Bridges are divided into river-crossing bridges, overpass bridges (overpasses), viaducts and trestles according to the nature of crossing obstacles.
According to the position of the upper structure carriageway, the bridge is divided into through bridge, through bridge and through bridge.
Question 2: What are the types of bridges? Classification of bridges:
According to the main materials
Wood, stone, brick, bamboo, rattan, iron, salt and ice.
single-log bridge
The wooden bridge is the earliest bridge form, and almost all bridges before Qin and Han Dynasties in China were wooden bridges. Such as the earliest wooden bridge and wooden column beam bridge.
Stone and brick bridges. Generally speaking, the bridge deck structure is a bridge made of stone or brick, and there are few bridges made of pure brick, usually brick.
Wood or masonry are mixed, and stone bridges are more common.
Bamboo bridge and rattan bridge. Mainly distributed in the south, especially in the southwest. Generally, it is only used on rivers with narrow river surface, or as a temporary crossing.
Salt bridge and ice bridge. Mainly exists in special natural environment. The former is mainly found in salt lake area of Qinghai, while the latter is mainly found in cold areas in the north.
From the outside,
Beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge are four basic types.
Beam bridge:
Also known as flat bridge and span beam bridge, it is a kind of bridge supported by piers at a horizontal distance, and then erected beams and paved the deck. This is the most widely used bridge, which appeared earlier than other bridges in history. It takes the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone.
Pontoon bridge:
Also known as pontoon bridge, pontoon boat and pontoon truss, it is often used in the military because it is easy to erect, so it is also known as "war bridge"-a bridge that places hundreds of wooden boats (including rafts or bamboo rafts on the water, Lian Heng) side by side on the water with chains, and boards are laid on the boats for people to pass. If the bridge in the strict sense is marked by crossing the air and having column piers, it is not a bridge in the full sense.
Cable tray:
Also known as suspension bridge, cable bridge and suspension bridge. , is a bridge suspended with bamboo cables or rattan cables and iron cables as the backbone. Most of them are built on steep river banks and dangerous valleys, and the current is too fast to be used as docks, mainly in the southwest of China.
Arch bridge:
It appeared late in the history of Chinese bridges, but once the arch bridge structure was adopted, it developed rapidly and became the most vital bridge type in ancient bridges. Even today, it still has broad prospects for further development. Arch bridges are divided into stone arch bridges, brick arch bridges and wooden arch bridges, among which brick arch bridges are rare and only occasionally used in temples or gardens.
Other shapes:
Feiting and plank road, access bridge and fiber bridge, as well as curved bridge, fish pond flying beam and Feng Shui bridge.
"Feiting", also known as Pavilion Road and Courtyard Road, is the overpass. The crossing passage between ancient palaces and pavilions. "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu": "It is to build a flying pavilion and a chapter palace in the west of the palace (referring to Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty), and to build roads up and down." During the Qin and Han dynasties, the main halls of the palace were connected by pavilions and roads. Because there was a way up and down, it was called the complex road. Qin Shihuang built a pavilion road from Epang Palace to Lishan, on the footbridge and under the vehicle bridge, which was the earliest overpass in China. "plank road", also known as stack pavilion, bridge pavilion and single-arm wooden beam bridge. A road paved with wooden frames in steep places in mountainous areas.
"Canal Bridge" is not only a water diversion channel, but also a bridge for pedestrians. That is to build a canal on the bridge to divert water. For example, Huiyuan Bridge in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province was built in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, there is still slang for "water bridge, there is water on the bridge" in Shanxi today. "Fibre Channel Bridge" is a long ribbon bridge parallel to the river, which is built for the convenience of fiber drawing. More common in Zhejiang Canal area. Some are as long as one or two kilometers, or even five or six kilometers. For example, there is a "100-hole Guantang" optical fiber bridge in Ruanshe, Shaoxing, which was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge is more than 380 meters long with a span of165,438+05. The bridge deck consists of three stones, with the bottom level with the water surface.
"Curved bridge" is a unique bridge type in gardens, so it is also called garden bridge. Bridges, trails and corridors are all channels for tourists to enjoy the scenery in the garden. "Scenery is more beautiful than curves", so bridges in gardens are often made into curved corners, such as zigzag bridges, forming a broken line that swings back and forth and looks around, so as to extend the landscape and expand the landscape picture. Curved bridges are generally composed of stone slabs and railings. Slates are slightly higher than the water surface, and railings are lower, which makes them seem inseparable from the water surface, and the space seems to be separated from each other, which is especially meaningful.
The bridge is an overhead man-made passage. It consists of superstructure, substructure and foundation. The superstructure includes bridge body and bridge deck; The substructure includes piers and abutments; The foundation consists of open cut foundation, pile foundation, caisson foundation, caisson foundation, pipe pile foundation and pile cap.
Question 3: What are the types of bridges? Beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge are four basic types. Beam bridge, also known as flat bridge and span bridge, is a bridge supported by piers at a horizontal distance, and then beams are erected to tile the deck. This is the most widely used bridge, which appeared earlier than other bridges in history. It takes the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone. In the pre-Qin period, all beam bridges used wooden columns as piers, but this kind of wooden column beam structure showed its weakness very early and could not adapt to the development of the situation. Therefore, it was replaced by the Shizhu wooden beam bridge, such as the multi-span long bridge built in Qin and Han Dynasties: Wei Qiao, Baqiao, etc. About the Han Dynasty, the pile foundation technology was invented, and stone piers appeared, which showed that bridges made of wood and stones could cross wider rivers and bear the impact of rough waves. However, because the wooden beam on the stone pier is not resistant to wind and rain erosion, a bridge house was built on the bridge to protect the bridge body. This type of bridge (covered bridge) is more common in the south, but it was first seen in the Yellow River basin. Small and medium-sized Liang Shi or stone slab bridge is the most popular bridge type for its convenient structure, durable materials and labor-saving maintenance. Especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, it was very popular in Quanzhou, Fujian, and many Liang Shi bridges were created. If there is no pier in the middle of a beam bridge, it is called a single-span beam bridge; If there are piers in the water, so that the bridge body forms two holes, it is called a double-span beam bridge; If there are more than two piers, it is called a multi-span beam bridge. The pontoon bridge is also called pontoon bridge, pontoon boat and pontoon truss. Because it is easy to erect, it is often used in military affairs, so it is also called "Zhanqiao"-a bridge where hundreds of wooden boats (including rafts or bamboo rafts on the water) are placed side by side on the water with chains, and the boats are paved with boards for people to pass. If the bridge in the strict sense is marked by crossing the air and having column piers, it is not a bridge in the full sense. The pontoon bridge is mainly built where the river is too wide, too deep or fluctuating, which is beyond the reach of ordinary wooden columns and bridges. Pile or iron cow, iron mountain, stone lion, etc. It is arranged on both sides of the pontoon bridge to tie the cable. Tianjin Bridge, built on the Luoshui River in the first year of the Sui Dynasty, was the first pontoon bridge to connect ships with chains. At present, pontoon bridges are still widely used in southern China, such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi. Advantages of the pontoon bridge: First, the construction is fast. In the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1852), the Taiping Army besieged Wuchang and built two pontoons across the Yangtze River overnight. Second, the cost is low. In the Ming Dynasty, Zou Shouyi made a comparison between the stone bridge and the pontoon bridge in Xiufenglin: "If you use the Liang Shi Bridge, it costs 1,000 yuan, and if you use the pontoon bridge, it costs 500 gold, depending on your needs." Third, it can be opened and closed at will, and it is very convenient to disassemble and assemble. Disadvantages are small deadweight, fluctuating with the waves, weak flood resistance, complicated management, frequent maintenance and replacement of ships, bridge decks and mooring cables, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, the ultimate destination of many pontoons is to develop into wooden bridges, Liang Shi bridges or stone arch bridges. Cable bridge is also called suspension bridge, cable bridge and suspension bridge. , is a bridge suspended with bamboo cables or rattan cables and iron cables as the backbone. Most of them are built on steep river banks and dangerous valleys, and the current is too fast to be used as docks, mainly in the southwest of China. Its practice is to build houses on both sides of the river, set up posts for tying ropes and rotating posts for twisting ropes respectively, then tie several thick ropes flat, and then put boards horizontally on the ropes, and some even add one or two ropes on both sides as handrails. It was first seen in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as a bamboo cable bridge built by Qin in the southwest of Yizhou (now Chengdu) in Sichuan, also known as Yili Bridge. The existing famous ones are Luding Iron Cable Bridge and guanxian Bamboo Cable Bridge built in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Crossing the cable bridge feels very thrilling, just as the ancients described the cable bridge: "People are hanging in the air, and if they don't quit in an instant, they will fall into a bottomless valley." Monk Zhimeng in the Tang Dynasty said, "If you can't see the end, the shadows are fighting." In fact, it is still safe to really cross the past, just like Xu Xiake's Travels commented on the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou: "Look at it and you will stop." Arch bridge appeared late in the history of Chinese bridges, but once the arch bridge structure was adopted, it developed rapidly and became the most vital bridge type in ancient bridges. Even today, it still has broad prospects for further development. Arch bridges are divided into stone arch bridges, brick arch bridges and wooden arch bridges, among which brick arch bridges are rare and only occasionally used in temples or gardens. Stone arch bridges are commonly used and can be divided into single arch, double arch and multi-arch. The number of arches depends on the width of the river. Generally, the arch in the middle is particularly high, and the arches on both sides are slightly smaller. According to the shape of the arch, there are pentagons, semicircles, pointed arches and flat arches. The bridge deck is generally paved with stone slabs, and the side of the bridge is paved with stone railings. The image of the arch bridge was first seen in the portrait bricks in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced by the shape of the wooden and Liang Shi bridge with outriggers, and was influenced by the shape of the tomb arch and water pipes. Documentary records can be found in water mirrors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties >>
Question 4: What are all the bridges in the world? Donghai Bridge in Zhao Zhouqiao, China 1. Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, Shanghai Yangpu Bridge, Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge, Humen Bridge and Hong Kong Tsing Ma Bridge.
2. American Qili Bridge, Brooklyn Suspension Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, Seattle Pingxuan Bridge, Chesapeake-Delaware Canal Bridge.
3. French Mi Yue Bridge
4. Magdeburg Water Bridge in Germany
5. China Chengyang Yufeng Bridge
6. Corona Bridge in San Diego
7. China Hangzhou Bay Bridge
8. Lupu Bridge in China
9. KHAJU Bridge in Iran
10, Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Tower Bridge, Severn Bridge and Humber Bridge.
1 1, Tower Bridge in London (Tower Bridge is one of the most famous scenic spots in London and is recognized as one of the best bridges in the world. )
12, Golden Gate Bridge (1937, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world, with a total length of about 27 19 meters. The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous bridges in the world. Located in San Francisco, USA, it was a miracle in the history of architecture at that time. )
13, Sydney Harbour Bridge (Sydney Harbour Bridge is the longest span bridge in the world, with a total length of 1 149 meters. )
14, Vicio Bridge (Vicio Bridge is the oldest stone half arch bridge in Europe. )
15, Gateshead Qian Qiu Bridge (Gateshead Qian Qiu Bridge spans the Tyne River and was built in 2000. It is the first and only inclined bridge in the world. The bridge is 126 meters long and 8 meters wide. It is not large in scale, but it is expensive, mainly because of its unique shape and difficult construction. ..
16, Erasmus Bridge (this striking Erasmus (Era *** us) bridge has been praised by the world since 1997. This cable-stayed bridge connects Kop van Zuid, north and south of Rotterdam, and spans a distance of 2,600 feet in a graceful manner. The steel cable is hung on the tower door and bent to resist the tension. It supports the bridge. This building has many aliases, one of which is Swan Bridge, because its posture across the water is very elegant. Swan Bridge is not only the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, but also the tallest bridge in the Netherlands. Its cost is only 654.38+65 billion euros. Erasmus Bridge transcends the concept of traditional bridge architecture and even becomes the official symbol of Rotterdam. )
17, Japan; Kobe Bridge, Xiajinjing Seto Bridge of Hong Kong Bridge, Akashi Strait Bridge.
18, Canada; Quebec Bridge, Deanckes Bridge, Northumberland Strait Bridge.
19; Germany; Main River Bridge in Nantenbach and Wude River Expressway Bridge in Frankfurt.
20; Famous bridges in other countries; Normandy Bridge in France, Eagle Bridge in Sweden, Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey, Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia and long-span single-tower cable-stayed bridge in Nepal.
Or help you,
Hope to adopt.
Question 5: What can the beam bridge be divided into according to its structure? According to the static system, it can be divided into simply supported beam bridge, continuous beam bridge and cantilever beam bridge.
1) simply supported beam bridge
A) Integral simply supported slab bridge: L≤8m, the bridge deck width is generally greater than the span, and the bridge deck is under bidirectional stress. When the width of the bridge deck is large, in addition to the longitudinal reinforcement, the transverse reinforcement of the configuration plate needs to be calculated, and the free edge needs to be encrypted.
B) Assembled simply supported slab bridge: L≤20m, and its cross-sectional forms mainly include solid slab and hollow slab. (Read the layout of steel bars on page 62)
C) Superstructure of simply supported ribbed beam bridge: It consists of main beam, diaphragm beam, deck slab and deck structure.
D) Features of T-shaped section: simple fabrication, and ribs can be made into steel skeleton. After the diaphragm is connected, the integrity is good and the connection is convenient, but the cross-sectional form is unstable.
E) Box section features: strong torsion resistance, uniform stress under eccentric load, saving steel bars, thin-walled structure, high lateral bending stiffness, convenient prestress application and good transportation and installation stability, but it is troublesome to prefabricate and heavy, so it is not suitable for reinforced concrete.
F) Setting of diaphragm: Generally, diaphragm is set at the mid-span fulcrum, which plays a major role in the distribution of main girder. The diaphragm at the end is conducive to the stability of manufacturing, transportation and installation, and is generally odd.
2) Continuous beam bridge:
A) Continuous beam bridge with equal section: generally 40~60m is appropriate.
B) Continuous beam bridge with variable cross-section: Generally, the side span is 0.6~0.8 times of the main span, and the bottom curve adopts a parabola of 1.5~ 1.8 degrees between the quadratic parabola, the broken line and the quadratic parabola. Suitable for spans of 70 ~ 170 meters.
Question 6: According to the different situations of bridge structures, what kinds of bridges can be classified according to bridge structures?
1. As a load-bearing structure, the beam system bears loads with its bending capacity.
2. Arch system, the main load-bearing structure is arch rib (or arch box), which mainly bears pressure, and the arch is divided into single hinged arch, double hinged arch, three hinged arch and non-hinged arch. Arch is a kind of thrust structure, which requires high foundation.
3. Rigid-frame bridge system is a kind of system between beam and arch, the upper part is bent and the lower part is compressed. Generally used for urban bridges or overpasses with small spans.
4. Suspension bridge system takes suspended cables as the main load-bearing structure, with long span, simple and clear force, light self-weight and weak wind resistance.
5. Composite structural system, including continuous rigid frame, beam-arch composite system (such as tied bridge and truss bridge) and cable-stayed bridge system.
I hope my answer can help you!
Question 7: What are the types of ancient bridges in China? There are various structural forms of ancient bridges in China. According to the bearing capacity of the structure and the mechanical properties of the members, all bridges are divided into three types ―― cable bridge, beam bridge and arch bridge.
No matter what material the superstructure is and what form the substructure is, the cable bridge belongs to the cable bridge.
Cable bridge for short. The ancient cable bridges in China are divided into iron cable bridges, bamboo cable bridges and rattan cable bridges due to the different materials used for cables.
Beam bridge, as its name implies, the main stress component of its superstructure is "beam" There are two kinds of ancient beam bridges: wooden beam bridge and Liang Shi bridge, whose longitudinal beams are simply supported.
Arch bridge, the superstructure of this kind of bridge, the main component bearing load is "arch". Because this structure is a type, it is called an arch bridge.
See the Scientific Classification of Ancient Bridges in China by Mr. Kong Qingpu for details.