(China Buddha) Zhongyuan Buddha in Lushan, Henan;
(Oriental Giant Buddha) Lingshan Giant Buddha in Wuxi, Jiangsu;
(South Buddha) The Tiantan Buddha on Lantau Island, Hong Kong;
(West Buddha) Leshan Giant Buddha in Leshan, Sichuan;
(North Buddha) The Giant Buddha in Yungang Grottoes, Datong, Shanxi. The bronze Lushena Buddha in Foquan Temple, Shangtang Zhaocun, Lushan County, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, has a total height of168m (the height of the Buddha is108m, the height of the lotus throne is 20m, the height of the King Kong throne is 25m, and the height of the Xumishan throne is15m). It is the largest Buddha statue in the world and is called "Foshan Golden Buddha". Among them, the King Kong Pagoda is divided into three floors, each floor has nine main halls and three Buddha worship platforms, each floor is 300 square meters, which is unprecedented in momentum. The upper part of the outer layer is cornice-shaped, the middle part is the hall of ten thousand buddhas, and the lower part is due south for the three giant doors. Under it is Sumitomo, covering an area of 6,680 square meters. The total investment of the whole statue is 280 million yuan. The Buddha's body is made of 2700 tons of brass, copper and 100 kg of gold. Supported by 3700 tons of steel, it is earthquake-resistant, wind-resistant and disaster-proof. Its solemn, elegant and unique shape really "shocked the world".
The idea of worshipping the golden Buddha comes from the idea that "Five Buddhas and Five Buddhas will unite with China" put forward by Zhao Puchu, the late president of the Chinese Buddhist Association. The five Buddha statues were originally Lingshan Buddha in Wuxi, Jiangsu (Oriental Buddha), Leshan Buddha in Leshan, Sichuan (Western Buddha), Yungang Grottoes Buddha in Datong, Shanxi (Northern Buddha), Tiantan Buddha in Lantau Island, Hong Kong (Southern Buddha) and Longmen Grottoes Buddha in Luoyang, Henan (China Buddha). However, the giant Buddha in Longmen Grottoes is very old, with incomplete arms, and its fingerprints are difficult to verify. With the help of Shi Yanfo, the abbot of the Great Fawang Temple in Songshan, and the support of Li Liufa, a private entrepreneur in Henan, a bronze "Foshan Golden Buddha" with a complete shape and clear handprints came into being and became the new Buddha in China. The four characters on the throne of "Foshan Golden Buddha" are Zhao Puchu's calligraphy.
The height of "Foshan Golden Buddha" in Fodu Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Henan Province is168m. The statue of Sakyamuni, made of copper, is the Buddha's body 108m, the lotus seat 20m, the diamond seat 25m and the sumeru seat 15m. Lingshan Giant Buddha is located in Xiaolingshan area on the south side of Lvqin Peak in Mashan, Wuxi. It used to be the former site of Xiangfu Temple, a famous temple in Tang and Song Dynasties. In order to preserve historical sites, promote culture and implement religious policies, the Preparatory Committee for the Restoration of Xiangfu Temple plans to build an 88-meter-high open-air bronze statue of Sakyamuni Buddha while restoring Xiangfu Temple. The Lingshan Giant Buddha was completed and opened on1997165438+10/0/5, and more than ten thousand people from home and abroad and all over the world visited the site. The location of the giant Buddha is Xiaoling Mountain named after Tang Xuanzang, hence the name Lingshan Giant Buddha.
Lingshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area covers an area of about 30 hectares. From the parking lot of Lingshan Grand Orchard to Zhaobi Square, you can see that the Lingshan Giant Buddha is surrounded by three mountains and stands tall and magnificent. South of Taihu Lake, backed by Lingshan, the giant Buddha has Qinglong (mountain) on its left and Baihu (mountain) on its right, which is a rare Buddhist treasure. The Dazhao Wall in Lingshan is the first wall in China, with a length of 39.8 meters and a height of 7 meters. The front is engraved with the stone carving of "Lingshan Victory Meeting". The gods are majestic and lifelike. On the back is "The Tang Priest gives Zen to Xiaoling Mountain". This grand and solemn giant Buddha is the biggest event of Buddhism in China in the past century. At the same time, it will become one of the symbols of Wuxi, the pearl of Taihu Lake.
This giant Buddha is made of tin bronze. Besides the permanence of bronzes, it is more important that bronze art is the essence of classical art since the Stone Age and an extremely splendid part of China traditional culture. Bronze art enjoys a high status in the world because of its simplicity, elegance and exquisiteness. The giant Buddha casting project is large in scale and difficult, and the organizing committee decided to undertake it by Nanjing Chenguang Group. Nanjing Chenguang Group has reliable technology and accumulated rich experience in the construction of the Temple of Heaven Buddha in Hong Kong. The architectural structure design of the Giant Buddha is undertaken by East China Architectural Design Institute, which is famous at home and abroad for designing Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower. The artistic modeling of the Giant Buddha was designed by Nanjing artist Wu Xianlin. The main data of Lingshan Buddha are as follows:
1, Lingshan Giant Buddha is 88 meters high, with a body of 79 meters and lotus petals of 9 meters.
2. The Buddha's body (excluding lotus petals) of Lingshan Giant Buddha consists of 1 560 pieces of copper siding with a thickness of 6-8 mm, and the weld is more than 30 kilometers long.
3. Lingshan Giant Buddha casts about 700 tons of copper, covering an area of more than 9,000 square meters, about the size of a football field.
4. Due to the application of high technology, Lingshan Giant Buddha can resist the invasion of typhoon 14 and earthquake of magnitude 8. The shaping of Lingshan Buddha was completed according to the records of 32 Tathagata in Buddhist scriptures. The Buddha has a kind eye and a wide audience. Putting the fearless seal in his right hand represents pain relief, while the left hand and the wishing seal represent happiness, all of which are blessings. The whole Buddha statue is solemn, complete, serene, dignified and meticulous, showing the Buddha's merciful method.
The "Lingshan Giant Buddha" in Lingshan, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province is 88 meters high. The statue of Sakyamuni, made of bronze, has a Buddha body of 79 meters and a lotus petal of 9 meters. Located in Ngong Ping, 520 meters above sea level on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, the Tiantan Giant Buddha is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Hong Kong. The Tiantan Giant Buddha is located next to Baolian Temple. Construction started on 1990, and opened on 1993. It was opened to the public in February.
The world's largest outdoor bronze sitting Buddha. Located at the top of Muyu Mountain, opposite to Baolian Temple archway, it is cast in bronze and opened in February. 1993. The head of the Buddha is covered with gold, and the body of the Buddha is made of more than 200 pieces of bronze. The lotus throne where the Buddha sits is modeled after the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, hence the name "Temple of Heaven Buddha". The total height of the statue is nearly 34 meters, which is the crystallization of the combination of religious art and cutting-edge technology. The base of the giant Buddha has three floors and an exhibition hall. The three-story hall of the Giant Buddha is connected by circular stairs, and a big clock hangs in the center of the hall. The big bronze bell is 2 meters in diameter and weighs 6 tons. The outer wall is engraved with Buddha statues, handprints and scriptures. The clock is controlled by computer, and it strikes once every seven minutes, *** 108 times, to "relieve 108 kinds of troubles".
In the memorial hall on the third floor, the Buddha relics are enshrined. According to legend, this Buddhist relic was left after the nirvana of Buddha Sakyamuni 2500 years ago. It is as big as a grain of rice. Only China and Sri Lanka still have Buddha statues. The Buddha relic was brought back to Hong Kong from Sri Lanka from June 5438+0992 to June 5438+00, and believers can pay homage. The Buddha statue sits on the lotus seat of the three-story altar, majestic and solemn. Climb the stairs to the altar overlooking Lantau Island and the South China Sea.
The Buddha statue is 26 meters high and weighs 220 tons. Sitting on a three-story altar, it is the largest bronze Buddha statue in the world. Sitting on the 268-step stone steps, the Buddha statue is solemn and solemn, which gives people a sense of tranquility and peace no matter from a distance or from a distance. Climbing the stairs leading to the altar and overlooking the infinite scenery of Lantau Island and the South China Sea is even more fascinating. There is a teahouse near the temple, which is also the only teahouse in Hong Kong. Visitors can enjoy tea here and watch the sunrise at Phoenix Mountain, the highest peak on Lantau Island in the morning. Phoenix Mountain is 934 meters high and is the second highest peak in Hong Kong. The government built a sightseeing crane connecting Tung Chung and Ngong Ping, which was completed in 2006. There is an information museum under the giant Buddha in the Temple of Heaven. You must buy a vegetarian express ticket (admission ticket) at the entrance to enter. Baolian Temple is a Buddhist resort in Hong Kong, which is rich in Tibetan scriptures. There is also a large fasting hall in the temple for good believers to enjoy vegetarian food. National Geographic Traveler, the authoritative geographic travel magazine in the United States, also strongly recommends the Tiantan Buddha as a scenic spot.
This Buddha statue was designed and manufactured by Nanjing Chenguang Machinery Factory under China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. The predecessor of Chen Guang Group is Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang 1865 during the Westernization Movement in Qing Dynasty, which is one of the birthplaces of modern industrialization in China.
The Tiantan Buddha on Lantau Island in Hong Kong is 26.4 meters high. A statue of Sakyamuni made of tin bronze. Leshan Giant Buddha is located in Leshan City, 365,438+0 km east of Emei. It is carved from the cliff beside Qixia Peak in Lingyun Mountain, also known as Lingyun Giant Buddha, and is a statue of Maitreya Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha was carved in the early years of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (765,438+03 AD). At that time, Minjiang River, Dadu River and Qingyi River met here, and the water flowed straight to the foot of Lingyun Mountain, which was unstoppable. During the flood season, the water is more fierce, and passing ships often hit the wall and break. Haitong, a famous monk in Lingyun Temple, was very upset when he saw this scene, so he came up with the idea of building a giant Buddha. One is to let the stone fall into the river to slow down the water potential, and the other is to save water with the power of Buddha. Haitong raised a sum of money in 20 years. At this time, a local official came to ask for a bribe. Haitong thundered: "You can gouge out your eyes. It's rare to have a rich Buddhist!" So, "look at your eyes and do it with a plate." After Haitong's death, the construction of Nanchuan West made Wei Gao recruit craftsmen to continue digging, and the court also gave salt and hemp tax as support. The 90-year-old Buddha statue is finally finished.
The Buddha statue is 7 1 m high and is one of the highest Buddha statues in the world. The head of the Buddha is14.7m, the head width is10m, the shoulder width is 24m, the ear length is 7m, two people can stand side by side in the ear, and the instep width is 8.5m, which can seat more than 100 people. Known as "Buddha is a mountain, and the mountain is a Buddha".
Leshan Giant Buddha has a set of cleverly designed and concealed drainage system, which plays an important role in protecting the giant Buddha. In the bun on the * * *18th floor above the head of the Giant Buddha, there is a horizontal drainage ditch on the 4th, 9th and18th floors respectively, which is decorated with hammer ash, so it can't be seen from afar. Collar and garment line are wrinkled and there is a drain, and there is also a drain on the left chest, which is connected with the drain on the back side of the right arm. Behind the ear, near the cliff, there are caves connected left and right; There is a hole at each end of the chest and back, but they don't drill through each other. The wall of the cave is wet, and there is water at the bottom, and water keeps trickling out of the cave. Therefore, the chest of the giant Buddha is about 2 meters wide. These ditches and caves form a scientific drainage, moisture-proof and ventilation system, which prevents the erosive weathering of the giant Buddha.
You can directly reach the bottom of the giant Buddha along the prismatic cloud plank road on the left side of the giant Buddha. Look up at the giant Buddha here and you will feel the height of the sky. There is a nine-curve ancient plank road on the right side of the statue. The plank road was dug along the right cliff of the Buddha statue, which was extremely steep and tortuous for nine times before reaching the top of the plank road. This is the right side of the giant Buddha's head, which is the top of Lingyun Mountain. Here you can see the carving art of the giant Buddha's head. There are 102 1 hairs on the top of the giant Buddha. From a distance, the bun is integrated with the head, but in fact it is embedded with stones one by one.
There is a hole about 25 cm deep inside the root of the lobe of the right ear of the giant Buddha, and the Buddha's ear is 7 meters long. It is not made of original rock, but made of wooden columns and decorated with hammer ash. A hole was also found at the lower end of the Buddha's nose, revealing three pieces of wood and a finished glyph. It shows that the protruding bridge of the nose is also lined with wood and decorated with hammer ash.
There is a closed hidden hole in the chest of the giant Buddha. Fengmen Stone is a chronicle of the reconstruction of Tianning Pavilion in Song Dynasty. The hole is filled with scrap iron, worn lead skin, bricks, etc. It is said that after the completion of the Buddha in the Tang Dynasty, a wooden pavilion was built to protect it from the sun and rain. From the many pillars and pile holes left on the edge, legs, arms, chest and instep of the giant Buddha, it can be clearly seen that there was once a giant Buddha pavilion. Rebuilt in the Song Dynasty, it was called "Tianning Pavilion" and was later destroyed. Defenders moved the monument to the Shihai Cave for preservation, but it was later destroyed.
On the right side of the giant Buddha's head is Lingyun Temple, which was built in the Tang Dynasty. There are three major buildings in the temple, namely, the Heavenly King Hall, the Ursa Major Hall and the Tibetan Scripture Building.
For hundreds of years since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the giant Buddha has been eroded by natural wind and rain, so that the Buddha's body is riddled with holes and unrecognizable. 1962, the government of China allocated special funds for the comprehensive maintenance of the Buddha statue, and its dignified and comely appearance was fully revealed. Later, the giant Buddha was approved as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Under the guidance of UNESCO World Heritage Committee and experts in cultural relics protection at home and abroad, the further maintenance and protection of this world giant Buddha, which has stood for more than 200 years, is being carried out step by step.
Leshan Giant Buddha in Emei Mountain, Leshan, Sichuan, is 7 1 m high. Maitreya statue, stone. Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain, which is 16 km west of Datong City, Shanxi Province. The highest peak of Wuzhou Mountain is called Yungang, so it was originally named Wuzhou Yungang Grottoes. Digging along the mountain, it stretches from east to west 1 km, and more than 2 large and small shrines are opened100. It is the earliest cave group excavated by the cave temple art introduced to the mainland by the western regions through the Hexi Corridor, and has the reputation of "Oriental Roman stone carving". The grottoes were built in the Wencheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 455). At that time, tens of thousands of stone carving craftsmen worked hard for 40 years, and by the time the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang in 494 AD, the main part was basically completed. Later, the stone statues were opened sporadically for 30 years, and it didn't end until 524 AD. The stone statues lasted for 70 years before and after opening.
There are 53 main caves in Yungang Grottoes, including 2 1 large caves and 32 medium-sized caves. There are hundreds of small grottoes. According to statistics, there are more than 2 100 Buddhist niches, and there are 50,000 large and small Buddha statues, with the largest reaching 17 meters and the smallest less than 2 cm. Grotto sculptures are mainly about Buddha statues and Buddhist stories, with rich contents and different statues.
The highest Buddha statue in Yungang Grottoes 17m is the sitting Buddha statue in the middle of the "Three Buddhas" in the fifth cave. Its facial image: wide forehead, big eyes, high nose and thick lips, with the characteristics of ancient Indians. The sitting height of Sakyamuni Buddha in Cave 20 13. 7 meters, plump face, broad shoulders, magnificent figure, vigorous spirit, face and figure with the characteristics of the Central Plains people. Due to the collapse of the front wall of the cave, most of the Buddha statues in the cave are exposed, and people can see this magnificent sitting Buddha in the distance. He is a masterpiece of sculpture art in Yungang Grottoes.
Yungang Grottoes have a history of 1500 years. It was built in 460 AD and was excavated by Yao Tan, a Buddhist monk at that time. The existing Yungang Grottoes Group is one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units announced by the State Council in 196 1. The whole grotto is divided into three parts: east, middle and west. The niches in the grottoes are as dense as honeycombs, and large, medium and small caves are densely embedded in Yungang. The grottoes in the east are mainly towers, so they are also called tower caves; The central grotto is divided into two rooms, with the main Buddha in the middle and the cave walls and ceiling covered with reliefs; Most of the grottoes in the west are small and medium-sized grottoes and niches, which were built a little later and were mostly works after the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang.
The Yungang Giant Buddha in Datong, Shanxi is17m high. The statue of Sakyamuni in Cave 20, stone carving.
Tantric Buddhism was introduced to China in the second year of Huanglong in the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD). The temple dedicated to the five Buddhas was called "Hanchuan Tantric Temple" or "Tommy" for short, and it prevailed in the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386) to the fifth year of Huichang in Tang Wuzong (845). Because tantric Buddhism advocated secular practice, Liang Wudi indulged in Buddhist practice during the Liang Wudi period (502-557) and built a large number of official Buddhist temples all over the country, and tantric Buddhism began to become a Buddhist sect practiced in royal temples and official temples. The official Buddhist temple first appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and lasted until the fifth year of Huichang in Tang Wuzong (845). Before Huichang in Tang Dynasty, every county had one or two official temples (monk temple and nun temple). During Huichang period, Buddhism in China reached its peak, with more than 5,000 temples and more than 700,000 monks. Temples occupied a lot of land and property, and monks were exempted from military service and hard labor, which seriously affected the economy of the Tang Dynasty. In the fifth year of Huichang, Wuzong listened to the rumor of Taoist Zhao Guizhen and ordered to demolish all the Buddha statues in the country and turn the temples into post stations and restaurants.
All the temples dedicated to the Five Buddhas belong to official temples, which almost disappeared in the land of China in this disaster, and only a handful of them have been preserved. In addition to the tantric Buddhism of Tibet, there are only more than ten official temples dedicated to the Five Buddhas in China, namely: Fayuan Temple in Beijing, Bailin Temple in Zhao County, Hebei Province, Crock Temple in Nanjing, Five Buddhas in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and Banlinwu in Longxi County, Zhangzhou. The five Buddha statues preserved in these temples are not recorded in the Tang Dynasty. For example, the three statues in the center of Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi Province are wood carvings in the Ming and Xuande years, and the other two statues are clay sculptures in Xuande and Jingtai years. In the center of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, Tathagata was made in the Tang Dynasty, and the other four statues were made in the Five Dynasties. The Lingu Temple in the lower part of Zhangzhou has five directions and five buddhas. It was destroyed by soldiers in the sixth year of Nanming, and was re-carved in the Sangha Temple during the Cultural Revolution. 1995 was rebuilt. Recently, many temples in Chinese mainland have been rebuilt because of the supremacy of the Five Buddhas: Songshan Shaolin Temple in June 2003 +065438+ 10, Xi 'an Daxing Temple in 20 1, Shanghai Xilin Temple in 20 14 and so on! During the period of Tang Gaozong, the official Buddhist temples were named and managed by the emperor. The official temples in the Tang Dynasty were named four times: jing xing Temple in the first year of Ganfeng in Tang Gaozong (666), Dayun Temple in the first year of Tianshou (690), longxing temple in the second year of Tianshou (69 1) and Kaiyuan Temple in the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan (738). Each official temple also has its own temple name. For example, the full name of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian Province is "Dakaiyuan manjuji", and the full name of Kaiyuan Temple in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province is "Dakaiyuan Town National Temple". People used to call it Kaiyuan Temple, which is why there are many Kaiyuan Temple, longxing temple Temple and Dayun Temple all over the country. The Five Buddhas in Guanmiao are the five highest-ranking gods in Buddhism. Wu Zong died the year after he destroyed the Buddha. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, he advocated the revival of Buddhism. However, due to political and economic reasons, the official temples in Five Dhyani Buddhas have not been restored by the court. Buddhist temples revived by the people are all private temples dedicated to "Three Western Monks" or "One Buddha and Two Bodhisattvas", also known as "One Buddha and Two Bodhisattvas".