Shenzhou VII made the 28th lap on September 27th.
Materials, calculation and analysis are as follows:
1. Shenzhou 7 Log
From September 25th to 28th, 2008, China successfully carried out Shenzhou VII manned space flight.
The first day, September 25th.
17: 30: astronaut's expedition ceremony. Hu Jintao came to the astronaut apartment to visit Tian Ge, and cordially visited three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, who were performing their tasks, and made heroic efforts for them.
18: Three astronauts arrive at the launch site. After confirming the technical status, the astronauts successively entered the Shenzhou VII return capsule.
18: 35 Xu: Zhai Zhigang started the trial operation with a baton.
2 1: 09, the launch of shenzhou VII enters 1 minute to prepare, and all the swing rods are opened.
2 1: 09: rocket ignition.
2 10: 10: Shenzhou VII launch.
120 seconds after ignition, the rocket dropped into the escape tower.
In the first159th second of ignition, the first and second stages of the rocket were successfully separated.
At the 200th second of ignition, the fairing is separated.
In the 500th second of ignition, the second stage rocket was turned off.
In the 583rd second of ignition, the spacecraft was successfully separated from the rocket.
At 2 1 22, the astronauts reported that the solar panels were unfolded and the body felt good.
At 2 1: 30, beijing aerospace control center announced that the spacecraft was in orbit normally.
2 1: 32 Xu: Chang Wanquan, commander-in-chief of manned spaceflight project, announced that the Shenzhou VII spacecraft was successfully launched.
22: 07: The space environment forecast for the first on-orbit and extravehicular activities after the take-off of Shenzhou VII: The space environment is calm and safe for the spacecraft's on-orbit operation.
23: 00 19: During the second flight of Shenzhou VII spacecraft, astronaut Zhai Zhigang entered the orbital module for the first time.
The next day, September 26th.
4: 04: Shenzhou VII spacecraft successfully changed its orbit from elliptical orbit to near-circular orbit.
10: 20, the astronauts began to assemble and test the extravehicular spacesuit.
12: 00: 36 to 8: 46: Wang Yuan-6 accurately measured and controlled Shenzhou VII spacecraft for the first time.
12: 47 to 12: 59: Shenzhou VII spacecraft successfully crossed the abnormal area of the South Atlantic.
At 26: 5438 +0: 47, two sets of extravehicular spacesuits, Tian Fei and Yinghai, were assembled.
At 2 1 59, astronaut Zhai Zhigang talked with the test world of the flight control center.
At 22: 25, the astronauts began to wear personal equipment.
At 23: 36, Zhai Zhigang made his debut in space wearing the "Tian Fei" extravehicular spacesuit independently developed by China.
The third day, September 27th.
13: 57, the door of the return cabin was closed, and the astronauts began to make preparations before leaving the cabin.
15: 30: the air tightness of the extravehicular service is normal and the air pressure valve is normal.
15: 48, the accusation center approved the orbital module to start pressure relief. Shenzhou VII orbital module began to decompress for the first time.
/kloc-around 0/4, the Shenzhou VII mission headquarters decided that Zhai Zhigang would leave the cabin, Liu Boming would support and cooperate with Zhai Zhigang in the orbital module, and Jing Haipeng would be on duty in the return module.
16: 17 Xu: Shenzhou VII spoke to Beijing Flight Control Center. The spacecraft was running normally, and the astronauts said they felt good. The astronauts ended their oxygen inhalation and nitrogen discharge.
X: Astronauts wear extravehicular spacesuits.
X: All the important steps of extravehicular activities have been completed. Astronauts prepare oxygen, nitrogen and decompression.
16: 26, the orbital module began to release pressure for the second time. When the air pressure in the module dropped to 2 kPa, the conditions for astronauts to leave the module could be met.
16: 39: With the assistance and cooperation of Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, Zhai Zhigang, an astronaut of China Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft, successfully disembarked, and carried out the first space extravehicular activity in China.
16: 48, Zhai Zhigang took the first step in space, and the first spacewalk of China people began.
16: 58: beijing aerospace control center issued an order: "Shenzhou VII, return to the orbital module".
16: 59: Zhai Zhigang enters the orbital module, completely closes the orbital module door and completes the spacewalk.
15: 0 1: The orbital module is closed normally.
18: 32, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, president and Hu Jintao, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, had a telephone conversation with the Shenzhou VII astronauts.
19: 24: When the Shenzhou VII spacecraft flew to 3 1 circle, it successfully released the accompanying small satellite. This is the first time that China has carried out a micro-satellite accompanying flight test on spacecraft.
20: 16: I took a photo of Shenzhou VII with the satellite for 20 minutes, and the image was very clear.
2 1: 45: Three astronauts on Shenzhou VII had a conversation with their families.
The fourth day, September 28th.
1 1: 06, the astronauts changed their spacesuits in the cabin.
1 1: 00, about 16: 00, three astronauts put on cabin pressure suits and prepared to return. The return control data will be injected into that spacecraft.
1 1: 46, the return control data has been injected into the spacecraft.
12: 5 1: 00, the door of the Shenzhou VII return cabin is closed, and the return phase of Shenzhou VII begins.
At about 15: 26, the motorcade undertaking the task of searching for and recovering Shenzhou VII spacecraft has set off from Wulanhua Town, Siziwangqi and headed for the main landing site.
/kloc-around 0/5: 59, the main landing area of Siziwangqi entered a state of high alert, and all intersections were guarded by duty personnel. Irrelevant personnel and vehicles are strictly prohibited from entering.
At around 16: 22, the ground search and rescue team at the main landing site is moving towards the theoretical landing site of the spacecraft.
16: 4 1: 00, each monitoring station enters the return orbit of Shenzhou VII spacecraft 10 minute to prepare.
16: 44, Beijing Flight Control Center issued the spacecraft attitude adjustment instruction. The spaceship was once in place.
16: 5 1, Beijing Flight Control Center announced that the spacecraft entered the normal return orbit.
17: 02, all six search and rescue helicopters at the main landing site took off.
17: 06, Beijing Aerospace Control Center issued a landing notice to all monitoring points.
17:00 12:00 The propulsion module and the return module flew off successfully.
/kloc-around 0/7: 00, the search and rescue helicopter arrived at the designated airspace and stood by.
17: 20, Shenzhou VII spacecraft flew over China.
17: 20, the parachute of the return module opens.
17: 2 1: 00, the spacecraft entered the black barrier area, and the communication with the ground command center was temporarily interrupted.
17: 22, the spacecraft entered the main landing site.
17: 24, the spacecraft flew out of the black barrier.
17: 25, the search and rescue personnel put up a sign in the helicopter: Search and rescue begins.
17: 25, three astronauts reported to the ground and felt good.
17: 36, Shenzhou VII completed the manned space mission and the return capsule landed smoothly.
18: 22, astronaut Zhai Zhigang successfully left the cabin.
18: 23, astronauts Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng successfully left the cabin.
2.7 large-scale systems
1 astronaut system
How are astronauts tempered?
Beijing Badaling Expressway Bei 'an River Exit turns west and enters Beiqing Road. After driving for about 10 minutes, you can see a silver metal sign on the left side of the road-"China Beijing Aerospace City". In this small village called Tangjialing, the space city covering an area of about 3,500 mu is heavily guarded. China Astronaut Research and Training Center is located here.
The research and training center for Shenzhou VII astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Jing Haipeng and China astronauts in Liu Boming was formerly the Institute of Cosmic Medicine and Engineering, which was established in April 1. 0968. On September 30th, 2005, it was renamed China Astronaut Research and Training Center, becoming the third astronaut research and training center in the world after Gagarin Training Center and Houston Space Center. It is known as "the cradle of the growth of China astronauts".
It is said that "Shenzhou VII" is a scientific selection based on the selection experience of Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI astronauts, according to the different division of labor and personal characteristics of each astronaut in the crew, and completely following the principle of "science, justice, objectivity and rationality". Aerospace experts said that the "Shenzhou VII" astronauts stood out after five passes, which can be described as "one in two hundred".
The three astronauts selected for Shenzhou VII spacecraft include Zhai Zhigang who was selected for Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI, and two teammates Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng who were also selected for Shenzhou VI. Among them, Zhai Zhigang is most likely to perform the extravehicular task, and Liu Boming is the first choice. Zhai Zhigang, 42, is from Longjiang County, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province. 1985 joined the air force, and the safety flight record exceeded 1000 hours.
The flying spacesuit made in China.
Shenzhou VII has prepared two sets of spacesuits, one is the Russian Seahawk "Tian Fei" extravehicular spacesuit, and the other is the Tian Fei spacesuit independently developed by China. All aspects of Tian Fei's spacesuit interface are made according to China's model. Tian Fei is our independent intellectual property right. In the future, astronauts may rely on our own spacesuits instead of Russian spacesuits. The spacesuit for this outing will be our spacesuit.
Application system of "No.2" spacecraft
Spacecraft application system
Spacecraft application system is a practical system, which is closely related to people's life and environment. The main task of spacecraft application system is to carry out experiments such as earth observation, environmental monitoring, material science, life science, space astronomy and fluid science by using the space experiment support ability of manned spacecraft. Hundreds of payloads and application devices with multiple tasks have been installed. The application of spacecraft in the experimental stage is experimental, and the experimental content is very extensive. The research results will be widely used in medicine development, food health care, difficult disease prevention, industry, agriculture and other industries. The manned spacecraft system adopts three cabins, two pairs of solar panels, lift control return and dome parachute recovery scheme, which consists of orbital cabin, return cabin and propulsion cabin. Among them, the orbital module is located in the front of the spacecraft, which is equipped with the equipment and payload needed by the subsystems on board for autonomous flight and on-orbit flight of the spacecraft.
The spacecraft application system successfully serves the weather forecast.
Since 1992, the application system has completed the development of nearly 200 new payloads, and more than 200 payload devices have participated in the launch and on-orbit test of Shenzhou-1 to Shenzhou 5 respectively, which has achieved complete success; The receiving, preprocessing, monitoring and management system of the ground application center is running normally. A system integration test platform, a payload application center and a space environment forecasting center have been built, scientific research on 67 topics has been carried out, more than 65,438,000 new technologies and methods with independent intellectual property rights have been created, and fruitful scientific and technological achievements have been achieved.
In the aspect of earth observation, the application system has successfully developed a number of advanced space remote sensors for China, such as medium resolution imaging spectrometer, multi-mode microwave remote sensor, earth radiation budget meter, solar ultraviolet spectrum monitor and solar constant monitor. Among them, "Shenzhou III" medium resolution imaging spectrometer is the second medium resolution imaging spectrometer to enter space after 1999 when MODIS was launched by the United States. The image quality is clear and the spectral resolution is good. The application department has used these achievements to carry out experimental application research, and commented: "This indicates that China's visible and near-infrared remote sensing technology has reached a new level, and China's visible and near-infrared remote sensing technology has entered the United States and Europe." Shenzhou-4 multimode microwave remote sensor has obtained a large number of scientific data with application value in orbit, and successfully tested microwave radiometer, microwave altimeter and microwave scatterometer in one fell swoop, which is an important breakthrough in space remote sensing technology in China. Using microwave altimeter to accurately determine the orbit of spacecraft can achieve the highest accuracy of global orbit determination of low orbit spacecraft in China. The cirrus detector has the ability to detect large-area cirrus clouds and thin cirrus clouds, and the results exceed expectations and are well received by users. The absolute quantities of important global environmental parameters were detected for the first time in China, and the solar and earth-atmosphere ultraviolet, solar constant and earth radiation budget were systematically monitored, and the observation results reached the international level.
In the field of space life and microgravity science, some advanced experimental devices have been developed and dozens of space experiments have been carried out. Among them, the space experiment and theoretical research on thermocapillary migration of microgravity droplets have reached the international leading level; Space cell culture, cell electrofusion, protein crystallization, space biological effect and space continuous free flow electrophoresis, as well as the growth experiments of metal alloys, oxide crystals and semiconductor photoelectric materials under space microgravity conditions, have also achieved fruitful scientific results, and some of them have reached the international advanced level.
In space astronomy, China took the lead in observing the high-energy bursts of the universe and the sun in space, and made important achievements in the detection and research of gamma-ray bursts. The success of the first-phase space science plan of manned spaceflight project has enabled China to master the important key technologies of space science experiments, and the level of space science experiments and exploration has reached a new level. The research on space environment monitoring and forecasting, which is arranged as the safety guarantee of manned space flight, has obtained a large number of valuable space environment parameters of spacecraft orbit, accurately predicted the disastrous space environment conditions that endanger the launch of spacecraft, ensured the safety of spacecraft and astronauts, and established a space environment forecasting center, which effectively promoted the construction and development of China's space environment forecasting guarantee system and improved the research level of related disciplines.
"3" manned spacecraft system
Manned spaceship structure;
1, the orbital module is barrel-shaped and is the place where astronauts work, live and rest. The layout design of the orbital module was adjusted to install application system equipment and astronauts' food and drinking devices. There is a hatch at the bottom of the back end of the orbital module, through which astronauts can enter the return module. The outer side of the orbital module is equipped with two solar cell wings similar to bird wings, and the electric energy required by the orbital module is provided by these two solar cell wings.
2. The return cabin is the only cabin for manned spacecraft to return to Earth. The spacecraft took off, rose into orbit, returned to land, and the astronauts were all in the return capsule. The return capsule of Shenzhou VI is shaped like a clock, and its hatch is connected with the orbital module. Astronauts can enter the orbital module through this hatch. The return capsule is the command and control center of the spacecraft, and the astronaut seat is installed in the capsule. The astronauts were lying in their seats when the spacecraft took off, rose and returned to the ground. Instruments and equipment that astronauts need to monitor and operate during flight are also installed in the return capsule. Astronauts can judge and understand the work of the spacecraft at any time through these instruments, and can also manually interfere with the work of the spacecraft's systems and equipment when necessary.
3. The propulsion cabin is also cylindrical. The propulsion system engine and propellant are installed in the cabin. Its task is to provide the spacecraft with the power needed for high-speed attitude and orbit maintenance. Some equipment of the spacecraft's power supply, environmental control and communication system are also installed here. Two solar cell wings are also installed on both sides of the propulsion module to provide the needed electric energy for the spacecraft.
The orbital module and return module of manned spacecraft are sealed sections, which are completely isolated from the outside world. The environment and life support system installed inside will provide astronauts with a comfortable living environment like the earth's environment. In addition, two parachutes, the main parachute and the backup parachute, were installed for landing. There are two circular windows on the side wall of the return capsule, one for the astronauts to observe the scene outside the window, and the other for the astronauts to operate the optical sight to observe the spacecraft driving on the ground.
"4" launch vehicle system
Shenzhou VII will use the Long March 2F rocket to go into space. At present, the rocket has arrived at the launch base. Experts agree that the function and performance of the rocket meet the overall engineering and mission requirements; The technical state of the product is controlled, the development quality is good, and the quality problems have all been zeroed out or a clear conclusion will not affect the task; Completed the required reliability and safety project tests, and all the preparations meet the requirements of the factory release criteria for manned space products.
Long March 2F rocket ready to go.
Main technical indexes of the Long March 2F launch vehicle;
The reliability of the rocket is 0.97, and the safety is 0.997: 0.97. In other words, only three rockets may have problems in 100 launches. The safety of 0.997 means that three of the 1 0,000 rocket problems may endanger the life safety of astronauts. This is the characteristic of manned rockets. The reliability of general commercial rockets is 0.9 1 to 0.93, and there is no safety requirement.
The takeoff weight of the rocket is 479 tons: the rocket and spacecraft weigh about 44 tons, and the rest are liquid propellant. So rockets are 90% liquid, which is greater than the water content of human body. Water usually accounts for 60% to 70% of the human body.
The spacecraft weighs more than 8 tons, accounting for 62% of the take-off weight of the ship-rocket combination: to put one kilogram of things into orbit, 62 kilograms of rockets are needed. Shenzhou VI spacecraft is heavier than Shenzhou V, so the rocket that launched Shenzhou VI is much heavier.
The core diameter of the rocket is 3.35 meters: the ancient Romans used two horse-drawn carts, and the wheels ground two grooves on the slate road. Because the wheels have different widths, there are grooves with different widths on the road. Later, they wanted to unify the track, so they took the butt of two horses side by side as the standard, that is, 1.435 meters. Later, when the British built the railway, they also set the track gauge as 1.435 meters, which was used by all countries. The railway built according to this gauge can transport goods with a maximum width of 3.72 meters, leaving only 3.35 meters after removing the car shell. Therefore, the maximum diameter of rockets transported by standard railway can only reach 3.35 meters.
The speed of the rocket entering the orbit point is 7.5 kilometers per second: this speed is 22 times that of the speed of sound. What we usually call "Shili Long Street" refers to the distance from Jianguomen to Fuxingmen in Beijing, with a total length of 6.7 kilometers. The speed of 7.5 kilometers per second is equivalent to 1 second running from the east end of Chang' an Street to the west end.
The orbit of the rocket is 200 kilometers near the Earth and 350 kilometers far from the Earth: 6,400 kilometers in radius of the earth, and the distance between the rocket orbit and the Earth is only a few tenths of that of radius of the earth. If you stand outside the earth, the spaceship seems to be flying close to the ground.
"5" launch site system
The basic task of manned space launch site is to provide transshipment, assembly, testing and transportation facilities that meet the technical requirements for launch vehicles, spacecraft and payloads; Provide life, medical supervision, medical insurance and training facilities for astronauts before launch; Provide a full set of ground facilities for the launch of manned spacecraft; Organize, direct and implement the command, dispatch, monitoring, display and communication of the test launch and ascending flight segment of manned spacecraft; Organize, direct and implement emergency lifesaving in the waiting section and ascending section; Complete the tracking measurement and safety control of the ascending phase of the launch vehicle; Provide relevant parameters and images for the space command and control center; Provide logistics service guarantee for manned space launch area.
Jiuquan launch site is built on an oasis in Gobi desert, with mountains in the west and rivers in the east. This is a treasure trove of geomantic omen personally selected by Marshal Nie Rongzhen. Today, when it comes to Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, many people think it is in Jiuquan. In fact, Jiuquan Launch Center is located in Ejina Banner, Alxa League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2 10 km away from Jiuquan. At that time, it was named "Jiuquan" because missile satellite launch sites in various countries avoided using real addresses at that time, and because the launch site was located in the desert Gobi, it was difficult to choose a well-known place name, and Jiuquan was the closest to the launch center and was a famous city in history.
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, also known as "Dongfeng Space City", is one of the launch test bases of China's scientific satellites, technical test satellites and launch vehicles, the earliest and largest comprehensive missile and satellite launch center established in China, and the only manned space launch site in China at present. With the change of mission, the launch site should not only provide the test environment and technical support for the extravehicular spacesuit in Shenzhou VII mission, but also re-formulate the test and launch process, including the joint test of extravehicular spacesuit and spacecraft and the joint test of extravehicular spacesuit and rocket.
"6" TT&C Communication System
Among the seven systems in shenzhou spaceship, measurement and control and communication are very important. For example, a spaceship is like a kite. The monitoring stations and ocean-going survey ships distributed in the three oceans are the lines that hold the kite. The ground control system is like a kite-flying man. The overall design level of TT&C and communication is directly related to the success or failure of manned spaceflight project.
When the launch vehicle is launched and the manned spacecraft flies into the sky and returns, it is necessary to keep regular contact between heaven and earth with TT&C communication system, complete the reception and processing of the telemetry parameters and TV images of the spacecraft, and carry out TT&C management of the spacecraft operation and orbital module. This TT&C communication system consists of Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center, land-based TT&C station and maritime TT&C fleet in Roy, and performs the tasks of spacecraft orbit measurement, remote control, telemetry, rocket safety control and astronaut escape control.
China's spacecraft TT&C system has formed a modern integrated TT&C network with the TT&C center of Xi satellite as the center and more than ten fixed stations, mobile TT&C stations and Roy survey ship as the backbone. In manned spaceflight project, China's spacecraft measurement and control system adopts a unified S-band system, which sends or receives telemetry and remote control signals, voice and television signals through the same transmitter, antenna system and receiving equipment. After the sounding of the horn for lunar exploration, China Aerospace TT&C Network began to build a lunar TT&C system, and the second phase of lunar exploration project will build a 35-meter antenna deep space TT&C network to improve China's deep space TT&C capability. In the future, China will further strengthen international cooperation in the field of deep space measurement and control.
Task:
The main purpose of this mission is to carry out the first extravehicular activity of China astronauts, to break through and master the related technologies of extravehicular activity, and to carry out space science and technology experiments such as satellite accompanying flight and satellite data relay. During the operation of the spacecraft, 1 astronaut took the "Tian Fei" extravehicular spacesuit developed by China to carry out extravehicular activities and recover the test sample device loaded outside the cabin.
According to the plan, shenzhou spaceship will be launched from the manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China, and it will run in a near-circular orbit with a height of about 343 kilometers.
After the astronauts leave the cabin, the spacecraft will release an accompanying satellite. The data relay test of "Tianlian-1" satellite will also be carried out.
After completing the scheduled mission, Shenzhou VII spacecraft will return to the main landing site in central Inner Mongolia.
"7" landing site system
Spacecraft landing site system refers to the general name of related subsystems responsible for capturing, tracking and measuring the reentry trajectory of spacecraft, searching and recovering the return capsule, and medical supervision, medical rescue and emergency evacuation after astronauts leave the capsule.
Landing field is a newly added system in China's manned spaceflight project. The main task of the landing field system is to capture, analyze and predict the landing point of the target by using the advanced radio measurement system after the spacecraft flies in space, and then organize the rapid approach to the return capsule, dispose of the return capsule and transport it back to the base safely. The landing site system also includes: the emergency return search and rescue subsystem on land and at sea in the ascending section of the spacecraft; special rescue boats and helicopters are deployed in the rescue area at sea, and equipment capable of salvaging the return capsule floating on the sea surface under complex sea conditions is provided.
It is definitely not a simple matter to let the spacecraft flying at an altitude of more than 300 kilometers accurately land at the predetermined location on the rotating earth. It needs all kinds of technical support, very reliable control system, tracking system and safe landing point system. Once in the former Soviet Union, when the spacecraft returned, due to the deviation of the control system, the spacecraft deviated from the scheduled landing site 1000 kilometers. Results When the spacecraft landed at a certain height from the ground, three astronauts ejected from the spacecraft (at that time, it was a parachute landing, not a direct landing), two astronauts landed, and 1 astronaut fell into the forest. Because the helicopter could not land in the forest, we had to send loggers to the scene urgently to open the apron for the helicopter to land before saving people. It was very cold at that time, and the astronauts were frozen in the forest for a day and a night, almost freezing to death. Therefore, in addition to the importance of spacecraft control and tracking technology, the selection and construction of spacecraft landing sites are also very particular.
Of course, the landing point of the spacecraft is not like the landing point of paratroopers. Draw a circle on the flat ground and make a clear sign. The parachutist took control of his parachute and fell into it. The choice of landing site of spacecraft is far from simple, and its construction is a very complicated system.
Shenzhou VII was successfully launched at 9: 10 on the evening of September 25th.
Shenzhou VII returned safely and landed successfully in the return capsule on September 28th 17: 37.
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According to the materials:
1.At 23: 00 on September 25th, 2008, about 19: During the second flight of Shenzhou VII, astronaut Zhai Zhigang entered the orbital module for the first time.
2. On September 27th, 2008 19: 24, Shenzhou VII spacecraft successfully released its companion star when it flew to 3 1 circle. This is the first time that China has carried out a micro-satellite accompanying flight test on spacecraft.
The time from lap 2 to lap 365438 +0 is (24 hours +20 hours =44 hours).
44 hours divided by 3 1-2=29 laps = 1.5 17 hours/lap.
1.5 17*(28-2)=39 hours.
23:00+09 minutes +38 hours on September 25th, 2008 = about 65: 438+03 hours on September 27th, 2008.
So according to the materials and calculations: when the astronauts were on the 28th lap, it was September 27th, 2008.
13: 57, the door of the return cabin was closed, and the astronauts began to make preparations before leaving the cabin.