Panorama of yongling
The original name of Yongling is Xing Jingling, because Xinbin County was originally the Acropolis of Jianzhou, where the Ming emperor Nurhachi was appointed as the governor of Jianzhou, and it was also the base of his later Jin Dynasty, and was called the "Old Town" locally.
In the eighth year of Jin Tiancong (1634), it was renamed Xingjing, so Yongling was originally named Xingjing Mausoleum. It was founded in the 26th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1598). At that time, Nurhachi sent people to survey the site of the mausoleum and built a mausoleum for his ancestors in order to show his reverence and nostalgia for his ancestors. After several scouting, I finally considered that at the southern foot of Qiaoshan Mountain, five kilometers northwest of Hetuala, across the river from Chimney Mountain, a place of Pingyang, which is surrounded by mountains and waters, can be used to build tombs, so I built my ancestral graves here. After the completion of the mausoleum, only the body of his great-grandfather Fuman and the clothes of his sixth ancestor Timur were buried at first.
Qiao Shan was named Yun Qi Mountain in the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1) after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. In April of the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658), the remains of Nuerhachi's grandfather, father, uncle Taksi, uncle Ritun and uncle Tachapian, who were buried in Tokyo Mausoleum in Liaoyang, were moved from Liaoyang to Xingjing Mausoleum for burial. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), Jingling was changed to Yongling, which means that the mountains and rivers will be forever solid, the imperial industry will last forever, and future generations will flourish. In the 12th year of Shunzhi (1655) and 18th year of Shunzhi (166 1), Yongling was rebuilt and expanded twice. Today, the mausoleum covers an area of about 1 1000 square meters.
Generally speaking, although the scale of Yongling is small and a little humble, the natural scenery around the mausoleum area is beautiful and the depth of field is wide. The glazed roof and red palace wall hidden in the green trees are just like a little purples among the green trees, which is refreshing and pleasing to the eye.
Yongling dismounted from the horse
According to legend, Nurhachi's father and grandfather were unjustly killed by soldiers of Li, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty. In order to appease Nurhachi, the Ming government gave him 30 letters and 30 fine horses, gave him letters, and returned the remains of his father and grandfather. After receiving the reward, Nurhachi went home with his father's bones on his back. When he reached the foot of Yun Qi Mountain, he was tired and hungry and couldn't walk any further. At this time, it was getting dark. Helpless, he had to temporarily put his father's bone graft on a nearby branch and walk home empty-handed, intending to wait until the next day to take it away. But when I came back the next day, I saw that bones had grown on the tree. No matter how he takes it, he can't take it off. He thought it was God's will and the burial place could only be set in this place, so he built a mausoleum for his father and mother here.
From the perspective of folklore, it is reasonable to regard this legend as a reflection of the burial customs of Manchu ancestors. Manchu ancestors did have the custom of tree burial. According to the records of ancient documents, the northern minorities in ancient China, such as Qidan, Xi and Shiwei, all had the burial custom of "hanging corpse trees". Therefore, the tree once colonized by Nurhachi's father and grandfather is called "holy tree". It is said that this "holy tree" is the old elm tree that used to be above the tomb treasure city. The name of "Shenshu" was sealed by Qianlong. In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), Li Hong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a poem "Ode to the Divine Tree" for him when he was visiting Dongling.
In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), when Li Hongdong visited Yongling as the main sacrifice, he was also given imperial calligraphy, and a jade stone tablet was set up beside the sacred tree and engraved on it. The stone tablet is now placed in the west annex of the mausoleum. It is said that this tree was blown off by a strong wind in February in the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), and the beams of Yun Qi Hall were crushed and all the branches were broken, which caused panic among the royal family at that time.
After that, although the minister of protecting the country asked someone to cut off the branches and dry them in the sun, and cultivate the soil for renovation, it was still difficult to stand up in the end, so that they gradually died. At that time, people said it was a sign that the Qing Dynasty would not last long.
Although the scale of Yongling is not as grand as that of Fuling and Zhaoling, its shape and layout are roughly the same. The mausoleum faces south, and the mausoleum area consists of three parts: the front yard, Fangcheng and Baocheng. The whole building complex not only embodies the distinct Manchu national style, but also is influenced by the traditional architectural art in China.
About two miles in front of Yongling Palace, a pair of tall stone tablets stand on the east and west sides of Lingling Avenue. The inscription "Officials below kings have dismounted here" is engraved in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese languages on the monument, which is called "dismounting the horse monument" in history. It is a sign to enter the mausoleum area. When officials below the king come here, they all have to dismount and get off the sedan chair to show their respect.
After getting off the horse monument, it is the "Shinto" of the mausoleum. This is a four-foot wide Huangsha Avenue, which extends to the main entrance of the cemetery. Walk along Shinto, cross the Jade Belt Bridge in front of the mausoleum, and come to the main entrance of the cemetery-Zhenghongmen. Zhenghongmen is a glazed tile-roofed building in hard mountain, with three rooms wide and six red lacquered wooden fences inside, which has the unique style of Manchu architecture. On both sides of Zheng Hongmen are dazzling walls with red walls and green tiles. The dazzling wall is six feet five inches high to the south, five feet high from east to west and 33 feet in circumference. On the east and west sides of the dazzling wall, there are two red doors. The purple wall tightly surrounds the whole cemetery, which looks solemn.
Entering Zhenghong Gate, you come to the first courtyard of the mausoleum. Although the yard is not very big, it is still spacious. In the middle of the front yard, four towering monuments stand side by side from east to west. The stele building is a single-eave, mountain-leaning building, with a glazed tile roof and a triple-oblique seven-step arch between eaves and rafters. It is painted with neat patterns and strong colors. The stone monument buildings are all square, and there is a coupon door in the north and south, and the coupon door is embedded with the stone carving of Erlong playing beads. There are stone tablets of the former emperor Zhao Zu, the emperor Xing Zuzhi, the emperor Jing Zuyi, the emperor Xian Zuxuan and the four queens, engraved with eulogies such as "carrying on the family line and founding the country". Inscriptions written by imperial relatives of the Qing emperor are also engraved in Chinese, Manchu and Mongolian. The stele and stele building were erected during the Shunzhi period, and the stele was completed between the 12th and 18th years of Shunzhi. This stone tablet is more than 20 feet high and weighs tens of thousands of pounds. It is supported by a stone base.
Yong ling Yun Qi men
Between the stele building and Zhenghongmen, there are five hard mountain tile houses on the east and west sides. On the east side, there is a class room and a bamboo board room, which is five years old and is the place where guards stay and store bamboo boards. There are tea restaurants and washing rooms on the west side, which are also five rows. They are places for making sacrifices and cleaning sacrificial vessels. In addition, there is an official hall on the east side of Zhenghongmen, which is the residence of the official on duty.
There are fruit houses on the east and west sides behind the monument building, all of which are veranda-style two-story attic buildings, which are houses for sacrifice. In the middle of the east and west walls of the front yard is the East and West Red Gate. Cross Xihongmen to the West Courtyard, which is the Provincial Sacrifice Center. This is an independent courtyard with five main rooms and five wing rooms, where cattle and sheep are slaughtered during the sacrifice. On the west side of the provincial sacrifice center are the ice room and the building.
Fangcheng is located in the north of the monument pavilion, which is the second courtyard of Yongling. Fangcheng is 70 meters wide from east to west and 76.8 meters long from north to south. Surrounded by 3.6-meter-high brick walls, it looks heavily guarded. The main entrance of Fangcheng is Yun Qi Gate, which is a glazed tile building with a single eaves and a mountain-resting style. It is three rooms wide and four rooms deep, surrounded by corridors and equipped with six huge red painted wooden doors. The middle gate is a sacred road, only for emperors to enter and exit, the east gate for other officials to enter and exit, and the west gate for clerks to enter and exit. In the middle of the left and right wing walls of Yun Qi Gate, there is a hanging mountain-style blue brick ridge wall, on which colorful colored glazed dragons are carved with bricks, which is vigorous and lifelike.
Yongling Monument Pavilion and Shinto
Yun Qi Hall in the north of Fangcheng is the main hall of the mausoleum. It is the place where four ancestors and emperors pay homage to their ancestors, and it is also the main building of the whole cemetery. Yun Qi Hall is a single-eaved building built on the mountain, with a yellow glazed tile roof and decorated with gold paintings. On the ridge of the temple, there are eight dragons. The words "sun" and "moon" are engraved on the hilt kissed at both ends of the temple ridge, which probably means that the emperor can shoulder the sun and the moon, or take the meaning of breaking the Ming Dynasty. There are immortals, dragons, phoenixes, lions, Tianma and hippocampus on the four ridges. The whole hall stands on a high platform with great momentum. This platform is two feet nine inches high. There are three steps in front of the stage, and the middle road is decorated with dragon relief. Qiyun Temple has three towers, four doors and eight windows. There are four big warm pavilions in the temple, covered with yellow satin, with treasure beds and curtains inside. There are also four small NuanGe, covered with brocade, dedicated to the four emperors and queens of Zhao, Xing, Jing and Xi 'an. There are eight dragon and phoenix thrones, four cases and five confessions, eight stirrups and three dragon carpets in front of the pavilion.
Yongling fenbo pavilion
There are three east-west halls in front of the departure hall. The East Annex Hall is a place where sacrificial vessels are hidden. After the main hall is repaired, the inscription will be moved into the annex hall. In the West Annex Hall, there is a stone tablet between the south walls, which was written by Emperor Qianlong. In addition, there is a green brick burning silk pavilion in front of the West Annex Hall for burning paper and silk after the sacrifice.
Behind Qiyun Temple is Baocheng, the cemetery in the cemetery, which is the third courtyard of the cemetery. Baocheng is an octagonal horseshoe with a width of 22.4 meters and a depth of 18.7 meters, surrounded by brick walls with a height of 3.6 meters. The topography of Yun Qi Mountain divides the city into upper and lower platforms, and the tombs on the two platforms are arranged in the east and west rings respectively. On the upper platform, Furman was buried. According to Zhao Mu's system, the left side of the platform was buried in Chang 'an, the right side was buried in Takshi, and the bodies of the three queens were also buried in the upper floor. On the lower platform, Wang Lidun, a martial arts county, is buried on the left, and the ancient bones of Gong Ke Beletacha are buried on the right. These two places are buried with the dead. Mengge Timur Cemetery is located in the northeast corner of Fuman Tomb. This is a monument, which is called "evocation burial". The tomb owner never ascended the throne before his death, nor did he call it "Khan". The title of emperor is respected by later generations because the ancestors showed it to their sons. Therefore, there is no underground palace in Yongling, all of which are bone removal, grave removal and burial.
Yong ling Yun Qi men xiu Qiang
There was a A Qing dynasty, which attached great importance to the birthplace of Manchu. In the 16th year of Kangxi (1677), Michelle Ye sent Wu Munie, the interior minister, to explore the water source of Yalu River and visit the birthplace of Changbai Mountain. After detailed discussion by the Ministry of Rites, a festival is held every spring and autumn, and officials of Ningguta worship the Five Mountains in Wula.
According to historical documents, the ancestor of Nurhachi was Timur, the sixth ancestor of Mongo, that is, "Emperor Zhaozu". Zhao's ancestor was named Meng in Qing Dynasty and Meng Ge Timur in Ming Dynasty. He used to be a resident of Wan Hu House in Wodori, Yuan Dynasty, and his position was sealed by Yuan Dynasty. After the rise of the Ming dynasty, he switched to the Ming court and was conferred by the Ming court. Ten times he paid tribute to the capital of Ming Dynasty, and served as the left-back commander of Ming Jianzhou. Because of his loyal service, he was commended many times until he was promoted to the left-back right commander of Jianzhou. In the eighth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1433), he was killed by the rebels in the "Worm River Rebellion". Later, Nurhachi believed that his king was founded by six ancestors, so after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he regarded six ancestors as the ancestors of Wang Jizhaozu.
Fu Man, the reigning emperor of Xingzu, was the second ancestor (great grandfather) of Nurhachi, and the fourth son felt Chang 'an, and was later honored as "Emperor Jingzuyi". The fourth son of Jue Chang 'an was Nurhachi's father, and Nurhachi was later honored as the "Emperor Xuanzong". Jue Chang 'an and Deshi both served as commanders of left-back in Jianzhou in Ming Dynasty. Like their ancestor Meng Ge Timur, they were outstanding border guards in the Ming Dynasty, and made contributions to national unity and the development of the frontier. Their father and son were killed by the Ming army in the counter-insurgency war directed by the Ming army in the 11th year of Wanli (1583).
In the first year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1636), Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty made Timur, his fierce brother, the king of Ze, his great-grandfather Fuman, the king of Qing, his great-grandfather Chang 'an and his grandfather Tucker. After the Qing royal family entered the Central Plains of Dingding, they thought that these four kings were the four ancestors who started the imperial industry. Therefore, in the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Timur and Mengge were officially honored as the first emperors of Zhaozu, Fuman as the emperor of Xingzu Zhi Zhi, Jue Chang 'an as the emperor of Jingzuyi, and colonization as the emperor of Xianzu Xuan. Together, they are called "four ancestors of Zhaoxing".
At the same time, the wives who worship the four heavenly kings are Zhao Zuyuan, Xing Zuzhi, Jing Zuyi and Xian Zuxuan.
Ancestor sacrifice is a common religious form in early human society. In China, since the pre-Qin era, a relatively complete ancestor worship system has been formed. In the Qing Dynasty, sacrificial activities were further institutionalized within the clan and became the spiritual pillar to maintain the existence and development of the clan. Emperors in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to ancestor worship activities, and went to the mausoleum to worship ancestors many times. On the one hand, it shows respect and gratitude to our ancestors, and more importantly, it wants to use the ancestors' gods to bless the long-term stability of the empire and the country.
The ancestor worship of Yongling became an important part of the activities of emperors in Qing Dynasty, and its scale system was the same as that of Fuling and Zhaoling. According to historical records, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing, Daoguang, and officials such as the Empress Dowager, Empress and Prince visited Yongling ten times to worship their ancestors, and only Qianlong was four times. In addition to the emperor's visit to the main sacrifice, there are six big sacrifices and twelve small sacrifices every year. In addition, during the national taboos and the birthday of the empress dowager, sacrifices should be made at any time.
Yong ling Bao cheng and Bao ding
After the completion of Yongling, in order to better hold ancestor worship activities, in the 11th year of Kangxi (1672), a yamen in the palm of Yongling was added to preside over ancestor worship activities in Yongling, with 8 officials under the palm of your hand and 14 people serving as incense tables to worship Tang A. There are twelve chefs, eight tableware, five flour manufacturers and five sauce manufacturers. Xibao, outside Yongling Palace, also has 29 black cow houses and cow houses for raising black cows and white sheep. There are also three henhouses for pheasants to sacrifice.
The scale of worship in Yongling is huge. Not only are there many items used, but different sacrifices need different sacrifices. The big sacrifice is the most important of all sacrificial activities. Generally, it is held several times a year, and the time is mostly in festivals, among which the Spring and Autumn Festival is the most grand. Small sacrifices are held on the first and fifteenth day of each month. In the sacrifice, not only a lot of articles are used, but also the dress combination of the sacrifice is clearly defined.
As the ancestral grave of the feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty, Yongling has always been valued by the royal family of the Qing Dynasty and is regarded as the "land of Longxing". In order to protect and manage this imperial tomb, which symbolizes the great power of imperial power, a large number of tomb guards and soldiers have been dispatched, and dozens of kilometers of restricted areas have been designated in Fiona Fang. As early as the completion of the Yongling Mausoleum, Nurhachi sent minister Banbury to guard the mausoleum. In the early years of Shunzhi, officials such as riding captains were set up to guard the town. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), Yongling was established as the general manager of Yamen, with the rank of second grade. During the Guangxu period, the minister of guarding the mausoleum was added, and the high school ranked second. In addition, there are dozens of officials with more than eight products. There are more than 200 soldiers guarding the mausoleum. At that time, the flag soldiers stationed in Yongling belonged to the Inner Eight Banners, and the flag soldiers were on duty in the pile house to guard the mausoleum. In addition to marking the vast forbidden area of the imperial tomb, there are three layers of red, white and blue boundary markers buried in the mountains dozens of miles behind the tomb. It turns out that there are thirty-six green piles in Yongling, covering more than ninety miles. Later, I thought that a pile was two or three kilometers away and it was really a mighty pile, so I added 64 piles. The total number of new and old boundary pillars is * * * 100, and there is one in less than one mile, which is considered encryption. There is also a red lacquer wood fence in front of the mausoleum, totaling 1,792. The four corners of the cemetery also built eight stacked houses for the soldiers of the Eight Banners. The boundary of the mausoleum is 2288 feet. There is also a fence outside the mausoleum. According to the regulations at that time, chopping wood, ploughing and grazing, walking and burying are prohibited in the green pile, and offenders are severely punished.
Moreover, in order to prevent disturbing the "dream" of ancestors, the Qing government also explicitly banned the exploitation of Fushun coalfield near Zuling.
Yong ling Yun Qi Tang