How much does the kidney work every day?
Chen Min, chief physician of Department of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital and deputy director of Peking University Institute of Nephrology: The human body has two kidneys, which are located on both sides of the spine and are about the size of a fist. "hemofiltration project" needs 6.5438+0.7 million ~ 2.4 million nephrons. Nephron consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule, and renal corpuscle includes glomerulus and renal capsule. Human blood has to be screened by the kidney 40~50 times day and night to ensure that the waste produced by metabolism is excreted in time, and the workload is very heavy.
The kidney filters about 65438 0.2 liters of blood per minute, accounting for about 24% of the cardiac output. When blood enters the kidney, the glomerulus filters out water and other substances in the plasma; The filtered substances enter the renal capsule to form urine, but the useful components such as protein, amino acids and sugar remain. After the renal tubule "receives" the original urine, it reabsorbs useful components, and at the same time discharges hydrogen ions and ammonia ions that are not needed by the human body to form urine. In this process, nephron maintains the balance of water and electrolyte.
Besides these, the kidney is also involved in endocrine regulation, which can release a variety of hormones, such as renin, prostaglandin, erythropoietin, etc., which is helpful to regulate blood pressure, promote the metabolism of active vitamin D, maintain normal bone metabolism and regulate the production of red blood cells.
Do four things to prevent renal failure
Don't overeat. Eating too much food at a time will not only increase the burden on the digestive system in a short time, but also produce too much metabolic waste and increase the burden on the kidneys. Long-term overeating can also induce hypertension and diabetes. , can lead to secondary kidney disease. It is suggested to eat some fresh fruits and vegetables such as apples properly, which is beneficial to kidney health.
Avoid repeated dehydration. Repeated dehydration caused by high temperature environment is related to the increased risk of chronic renal damage During dehydration, the secretion of angiotensin and antidiuretic hormone increases, renal blood vessels contract and urine is concentrated. If you don't replenish water in time, dehydration will be serious and blood volume will be insufficient, which will lead to kidney hypoxia and blood flow reduction, and eventually lead to kidney damage.
Pay attention to regular physical examination. People over 45 have to have a physical examination every year. Those who have a family history of kidney disease, or have a history of diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria and gout, and often take antibiotics and nephrotoxic Chinese medicines, it is best to check once every six months to be alert to renal failure.
Soaking your feet at nine o'clock in the evening is the best way to protect your kidneys.
Jiang Haitao, Deputy Chief Physician, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine: It is most appropriate to soak your feet with warm water from 9: 00 pm to1pm, which can attract our spirit to the lower limbs. Spirit can guide qi and blood, concentrate, and qi and blood will also decline. For some mental workers, the decline of qi and blood spirit is very useful, because thinking about problems all day, the spirit is concentrated on it, the brain is more excited, and it is more difficult to fall asleep at night. After soaking feet in warm water, it is easier for spirit and qi and blood to return, that is, to return to one's own base camp, and the kidney governs the storage of essence, so the kidney is replenished after collection.
The kidney meridian of human body starts from the first step. After soaking feet with warm water, it plays a warming role and is a benign stimulus to the kidney meridian, which will naturally play a good role in the kidney. Therefore, although no measures have been taken for the kidney, the meridians can also play a role in tonifying the kidney.
It should be noted that the water temperature for soaking feet must be moderate, neither too hot nor too cold. Too hot water temperature will not only help the collection of kidneys, but will make people more excited, thus increasing the consumption of kidney essence; If the water is too cold and the meridians are blocked, the cold will enter the abdomen along the meridians, and its harm is self-evident.
These two conditions can lead to acute renal failure.
1, excessive exercise. Deputy Chief Physician, Department of Nephrology, beijing jishuitan hospital: Excessive exercise may lead to acute renal failure. This is because sudden and strenuous exercise is likely to cause muscle damage, which will lead to rhabdomyolysis, which in turn will lead to the increase of myoglobin. Myosin itself will also be decomposed into nephrotoxic components in the body, causing further damage to renal tubules and leading to acute renal failure.
The common causes of soy sauce discoloration are rhabdomyolysis and urinary system infection. It is normal to cause muscle injury during exercise, but excessive exercise causes rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin in cells enters the blood, and urine will be abnormally dark brown. Myoglobin is dissolved too much and cannot be excreted quickly, resulting in renal blockage and acute renal failure.
2. High voltage electric shock. Dr. Wang Bo, Emergency Department of Changping District Hospital, Beijing: High-voltage electric injuries often burn muscles in a large area, even involving bones, and a large amount of fluid is lost, which is more likely to cause shock than ordinary thermal burns. In addition, a large number of hemoglobin and myoglobin are released, resulting in severe hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria, which will lead to acute renal failure. Severe acute renal failure often requires hemodialysis according to the condition.
Eight signals indicate that the kidney is sick.
Lun Lide, Director of Nephrology Department of Air Force General Hospital: 1. Eyelid or lower limb edema: The kidney will damage the regulation function of water and electrolyte, causing the increase of water and sodium in the body. Water often accumulates in the most loose tissue or the lowest part of the body, such as eyelids or lower limbs.
2. Headache, fatigue, memory loss and poor sleep: Nephropathy is characterized by headache, fatigue, memory loss and poor sleep. Most of them are caused by high blood pressure, especially young people with unexplained high blood pressure should be alert to kidney disease.
3. Foamed urine: When protein and urine sugar in urine increase, foamed urine can appear, and a fine layer of foam floats on the surface of urine, which is not easy to disappear. You should be alert to proteinuria; If the bubbles are large and disappear quickly, we should be alert to whether the urine sugar rises.
4. Changes in urine volume: Normal people's metabolism is slow after falling asleep, and nocturnal urine is significantly less than daytime urine volume. They should not urinate or only excrete 65,438+0 times at night, and nocturia accounts for about 65,438+0/4 ~ 65,438+0/3 of the total amount in 24 hours. If it is more than twice frequently, nocturnal urine is more than daytime urine, which may indicate renal insufficiency.
5. Abnormal urine test: If urine routine protein or occult blood is positive, it may be asymptomatic proteinuria or asymptomatic hematuria, and urine protein quantification or urine phase microscopy should be done in time.
6. Complications with other diseases: Many diseases are easy to cause kidney damage, such as hypertension, diabetes, gout and polycystic kidney disease. Patients with these diseases should have regular urine tests.
7. Anemia: Patients with moderate or above chronic renal insufficiency often have symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, dizziness, pallor, etc., which are often caused by renal insufficiency leading to decreased secretion of erythropoietin by the kidney. Therefore, in the case of unexplained anemia, in addition to considering blood system diseases, we should also check whether there is kidney disease.
8. Loss of appetite: Early uremia patients often have symptoms such as loss of appetite, nausea and itchy skin. Therefore, patients with these symptoms, especially those with hypertension and anemia, must check their renal function.
What needs to be emphasized here is that low back pain is not necessarily nephropathy. People often say low back pain refers to the pain of the whole back and even the lumbosacral part. There is no sensory nerve distribution in the renal parenchyma, so it is painless. The pain in the renal area felt by patients is mostly caused by the involvement of renal capsule, ureter and renal pelvis. Some patients with nephritis and nephrotic syndrome only have slight discomfort in the waist, feel sore, and rarely have obvious low back pain.