Inventor of papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This word is respectful. Guiyang (now Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) people. In the 18th year of Ming Di Yongping (75), he entered the palace as an official. In the first year of Zhanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (87), he was appointed. In the first year of Yuanxing (105), papermaking was invented. Summing up the experience of predecessors, he began to make paper from bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials through beating, mashing, papermaking, baking and other processes. It was called "Cai Hou Paper", which made great contributions to the reform and popularization of papermaking and was later passed down as the inventor of papermaking.
Bi Sheng (? -about 105 1) inventor of the northern song dynasty. Huizhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province) people. Inventor of movable type printing.
China was the first country to invent printing. The early printing method was to engrave pictures and texts on wooden boards and print them with ink.
Yes, this method is still used in the current wood watermark painting, which is collectively referred to as "block printing".
The popular seal stamping method and rubbings method in BC appeared in the fifth century. Production technologies such as papermaking and ink making.
After its appearance, movable type printing was gradually invented. In the Tang Dynasty, rigid printing was very popular in China.
First spread to North Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iran and other countries, spread to Africa and Europe. Gong Shiyi
After the 20th century, with the development of social production, there have been many major reforms and inventions in printing. Song daiqing
During the calendar period (A.D. 104 1), Bi Sheng initiated the clay movable type edition, which made the printing of books more convenient. According to Shen Kuo's dream.
According to Xi Bitan, Bi Sheng invented lettering on a piece of cement, one word at a time, which became movable type after high-temperature firing.
Before typesetting, a layer of rosin wax mixed with paper ash is coated on the iron plate with iron frame, and the movable type is arranged in turn.
Above, the wax is slightly melted by heating, and the characters are flattened with a flat plate, so that the clay characters can be like engraving, because they are on the iron plate.
Print the same. In addition, he also studied the typesetting of wooden movable type. Movable type can be used many times, which is more economical than full-page lettering.
Convenient.
As early as the Warring States period, it was recorded that natural magnets were used to make "Sina" to indicate the direction. By the Song Dynasty, China people had made great progress in this respect. Meng Xi Bitan said that at that time, alchemists engaged in geomantic omen and medical treatment were the first to grind the guide spoon and fish into magnetic needles with higher sensitivity and put them on a compass with eight diagrams and scales, which was very convenient to use.
Sailors in the Song Dynasty first installed compasses on ships, and in the second half of the Song Dynasty, the original compass navigation "dial" was generally installed on ships. This is an unprecedented progress in the history of world shipping, which indicates that human beings have acquired the ability of all-weather and long-distance navigation in the ocean, and has played a great role in developing maritime traffic and promoting exchanges between people all over the world.
Arabs who frequently trade with China by sea installed compasses on their ships in 1980s. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Europeans learned from Arabs and installed compasses on ships. As a result, a series of voyages and geographical discoveries by modern European navigators became possible.
Gunpowder was invented by ancient alchemists in China in the process of alchemy. Ge Hong, a famous alchemist in ancient China, once lived in Luoyang for a long time. Sun Simiao, a great medical scientist, lived in the early Tang Dynasty of Sui Dynasty and was born in Jingzhao Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). He has participated in hundreds of academic studies on the history of Confucian classics, and is familiar with Taoist scriptures and Buddhist scriptures. He summarized the theory of clinical attack before the Tang Dynasty, collected prescriptions, acupuncture and other contents, and compiled books such as Qian Jin Fang Yao and Qian Jin Fang Yi, which made great contributions to medicine and was honored as the "King of Medicine" by later generations. He is not only a great physician, but also a famous alchemist, calling himself "Sun Zhenren". On the basis of summarizing the experience of previous alchemists, he collected the formulas of alchemists in Heluo area and Guanzhong area, and finally put forward a more effective formula of sulfur burning method. In a word, the invention and spread of gunpowder are inextricably linked with Sun Simiao.