Beiling 1
Shenyang Beiling (Zhaoling) not only buried the queen, but also buried many concubines and beautiful women related to Chen Fei (Hailanzhu) of Sui Palace, imperial concubine of Linzhi Palace and Shu Fei of Zhenqing Palace. It is the most representative imperial mausoleum in the early Qing Dynasty and one of the most complete ancient imperial tombs in China.
Zhaoling was built in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643) and basically completed in the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1). After many renovations and expansions, it has reached its present scale. The layout of the mausoleum follows the principle of "front facing and rear sleeping" and is divided into three parts from south to north. The main buildings are all built on the central axis and symmetrically arranged on both sides, which are similar to the tombs of Ming emperors and have the characteristics of Manchu tombs.
2. Dongling
The Dongling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty 15 Mausoleum began with the first construction of the emperor shunzhi Xiaoling Mausoleum 166 1 (18th year of Shunzhi) and ended with the completion of the Dingdong Mausoleum of Putuo Valley of Empress Dowager Cixi 1908 (34th year of Guangxu). Construction activities lasted for 247 years.
16 1 year (18th year of Shunzhi), the first emperor the emperor shunzhi's Xiaoling Mausoleum began to be built, and 1664 (3rd year of Kangxi) completed the main project. 1668 (the seventh year of Kangxi), Shengde Shengong Pavilion was built.
1674 (13th year of Kangxi), Emperor Kangxi's first empress, Empress Xiao Chengren, died and began to build Jingling. 1676 (15th year of Kangxi) broke ground. 168 1 year (20th year of Kangxi), when Empress Cheng Xiao and Xiao Zhao were buried, the Long 'en Temple in Jingling was still under construction. At the same time, with the completion of Jingling Princess Garden, which buried Emperor Kangxi's concubines, it became the first princess garden built in the pass of Qing Dynasty.
1688 (twenty-seventh year of Kangxi), Emperor Kangxi built a temporary security hall outside the Feng Shui wall and east of Dahongmen in accordance with his grandmother's wishes. Thirty-seven years later, that is, 1725 (the third year of Yongzheng), Yong Zhengdi decided to rebuild the temporary Anfeng Hall into the Zhaoxiling Mausoleum, which was started on the third day of the second lunar month and completed by the end of the year. After the temporary Anfeng Temple of Xiaozhuangwen was completed, Emperor Kangxi built a tomb for Empress Xiao Zhang Hui on the east side of Xiaoling Mausoleum, which was completed in about 1693 (the exact age is to be tested). This is the first mausoleum built in the Qing Dynasty, setting a precedent for the Qing Dynasty to build a mausoleum for the empress alone. Because it is located in the east of Xiaoling, it is the same system as Xiaoling, so it is named "Xiaoling".
In the early years of Yongzheng, Yong Zhengdi identified his eternal happiness as Zunhua Jiu Feng chao yang shan, and shipped a lot of building materials. 1729 (the seventh year of Yongzheng), Yong Zhengdi abandoned it on the pretext that "the scale is large, but the shape is incomplete, and the cave is covered with sand and gravel", which was later built at the foot of Taining Mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province. From then on, there was a distinction between Dongling and Xiling.
Shortly after Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, two concubines, Hui Hui and Yiyi, the grandmother of Emperor Kangxi, built a garden bed next to Jingling, which was called the imperial concubine garden bed, commonly known as the double imperial concubine mausoleum.
1742 (the seventh year of Qianlong), Emperor Qianlong identified the holy water valley of Dongling as his eternal place, and ground was broken in February of the following year, and it was completed in 1752 (the seventeenth year of Qianlong). 1799 (the fourth year of Jiaqing) was named "Yuling".
1747 (the 12th year of Qianlong) broke ground in Princess Yuling Garden, and 1752 (the 17th year of Qianlong) was completed. 1755 ——1762 (20-27 years of Qianlong) was expanded, adding Fangcheng, Minglou, Baocheng and East-West Attachments.
In order to balance the relationship between Dongling and Xiling, 1796 (the first year of Jiaqing), Tai Lihong ordered the tombs to be built in the order of Zhao Mu.
Daoguang established the tomb in Baohuayu, Dongling in 182 1 (the first year of Daoguang) and completed it in 1827 (the seventh year of Daoguang). Its Princess Garden and Princess Garden have also been completed. In the second year after the completion of Baohua Yuling, it was found that the underground palace was leaking, and Emperor Daoguang also visited the mausoleum site of Xiling. Subsequently, the completed Dongling Baohua Yuling and Princess Garden were scrapped and transported to Xiling for reconstruction, leaving a ruin in the Dongling boundary.
After Emperor Xianfeng ascended the throne, he chose the mausoleum site as the Ping 'an Valley in Dongling. 1859 (the ninth year of Xianfeng) broke ground. Because of the outbreak of the Second Opium War, tomb workers were blocked. 186 1 year (the 11th year of Xianfeng), after the death of Emperor Xianfeng in chengde mountain resort, the work of the mausoleum was forced to step up, and it was completed in 1866 (the fifth year of Tongzhi), and it was named "Dingling". Later, the imperial concubine's garden bed also came to an end When Dingling was built, due to the compensation for defeat and the emptiness of the national treasury, a large number of old materials abandoned by Daoguang Emperor of Baohua Imperial Palace were taken as a last resort, and the construction quality was not as good as before.
1873 (the 12th year of Tongzhi), the tombs of Empress Dowager Ci 'an and Empress Ding Dong broke ground in Puxiang Valley and Putuo Valley in Erli east of Dingling, and were completed in 1879 (the 5th year of Guangxu). After 16, Cixi ordered the restoration of her mausoleum. /kloc-started in 0/895 (the 21st year of Guangxu) and was completed in 0/908 (the 34th year of Guangxu), which lasted 13 years. Because these two mausoleums are located in the east of Dingling and belong to Dingling, they are collectively called "Ding Dong Mausoleum". Cian's mausoleum is called Puxiangyu Ding Dong Mausoleum; The mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi is called Ding Dong Mausoleum in Putuo Valley.
Emperor Tongzhi did not choose a mausoleum site before his death, and only after his death did he make a hasty assessment. The mausoleum is located in the double valleys within the Dongling boundary, and Dingling is named "Hui Ling". 1875 (the first year of Guangxu) was started and 1878 (the fourth year of Guangxu) was completed. The Forbidden City, located in the west of Hui Ling, was also built in 1876- 1878 (Guangxu two to four years). Due to the difficult national strength, it took only 265,438+0 years to 65,438+0,899 years (the 25th year of Guangxu), but it was found that most of the wooden components in the Long 'en Hall had been damaged and decayed, and had to be demolished and rebuilt. The renovation project started in that year (1899). Eight-Nation Alliance's occupation of Beijing forced the project to be suspended until 1906 (the thirty-second year of Guangxu), which lasted for eight years.
1in July, 928, Sun Dianying, commander of the 12th Kuomintang Army, planned a theft of Dongling in the name of "beating bandits", and stole the Yuling of Emperor Qianlong and the Ding Dong Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi.
1September, 945, the captain of the intelligence team of Jidong Military Region 15 Army Division, Wang, Mu Shuxuan, Jia Zhengguo, Zhao, Liu En, Liu and others, belonging to the pseudo-Jidong Defence * * autonomous government, brazenly began to rob the tomb. There are 14 mausoleums in the whole Qing tombs, and almost none of the mausoleums of 157 people are spared.
1952, the Qing Dongling Cultural Relics Protection Institute was established to manage the mausoleum.
196 1 year, Qing Dongling was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.
1978, officially opened to the outside world for Chinese and foreign tourists to visit.
On June 30th, 2000, 165438+ At the 24th meeting of the World Heritage Committee held in Cairns, Australia, the Qingming Mausoleum was unanimously adopted and included in the World Heritage List.
3. Xiling
Qing Xiling Mausoleum is one of the two imperial tombs in Qing Dynasty. Founded in 1730 (the eighth year of Yongzheng), it went through the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century and arrived in the Republic of China. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (AD 1730), it was chosen as the mausoleum site. Yongzheng's mausoleum site was originally chosen in chao yang shan, Jiu Feng, Dongling, Qing Dynasty, but he thought that "the scale was large and the shape was incomplete, and the soil in the cave was filled with gravel, which was really unusable", so he abandoned the original site and chose "Yongle House". The person who chose the mausoleum site said that at the foot of Yongning Mountain in yi county, it is "the land where Gankun gathers and shows, the place where Yin and Yang meet, and the sand and water in Longdong are beautiful." The situation is reasonable, and all auspicious things are ready. "Yong Zhengdi was very happy after hearing this, and he also thought that' the water law in the mountains is detailed and clear, which is a blessed land'. Since then, every once in a while, emperors of the Qing Dynasty have been buried in the East and West Tombs of Zunhua and Yixian. Xiling was first built in the eighth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1730) and in Guangxu chongling in A.D. 19 15. After 186, * * * built four imperial tombs, three harems and seven gardens for princes, princesses and concubines. Xuan Tong Emperor Puyi died in 1967 and was first buried in Babaoshan. 1995 was moved and buried in the Hualong Royal Cemetery in Qing Xiling. With a building area of more than 50,000 square meters, there are 1000 palaces and 1000 stone carvings and buildings, forming a magnificent ancient architectural complex. Qing Xiling Mausoleum is a national key cultural relics protection unit. In June 2000, Qing Xiling Mausoleum and Qing Dongling Mausoleum were listed as world cultural heritage by the 24th World Heritage Committee.