Geography review courseware for the first volume of the second grade of the People's Education Press
Chapter 1 China's Territory and Population
§1.1 China's Territory
Great Motherland: The Republic of China is located in the eastern and northern hemispheres, in the east of Asia and on the west coast of the Pacific. —Both sea and land.
A vast territory:
A big land country: ① A vast land area of ??about 9.6 million square kilometers ② A land border of more than 20,000 kilometers ③ 14 land neighboring countries.
Marine powers: ①The vast sea areas of Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. ②The coastline is more than 18,000 kilometers long ③Six countries across the sea are Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, Japan, and South Korea
The center of the main channel of Heilongjiang north of Mohe in the northernmost Heilongjiang River is 54 degrees N; the easternmost point is 135 degrees N at the confluence of the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River. Degree E. The southernmost Zengmu Shoal is 4 degrees N. The westernmost Pamir Plateau is 73 degrees E.
Our country has a vast territory and a total land area of ??about 10,000 square kilometers, which is almost the same as the entire Europe, ranking first among countries in the world.
Our country is an important maritime country in the world. The mainland coastline is more than 18,000 kilometers long, making it one of the countries with the longest coastline in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with an area of ??more than 500 square meters distributed in my country's waters. The width of my country's territorial waters is 22.22 kilometers (12 nautical miles). The sea area under our jurisdiction is about 3 million square kilometers.
Many neighboring countries: my country has a long land border of 20,000 square kilometers, with 14 bordering countries (jingle): East Korea, Northern Mongolia, Northeastern and Northwest Russia; Western Kazakhstan Gita Aba; Nidan in southwest India; and Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south.
There are 6 countries facing each other across the sea (jingle): Indonesia, Ma Wenfei, Japan and South Korea.
§1.2 China’s administrative divisions
Historical administrative divisions:
Current administrative divisions: basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties ( Autonomous counties, county-level cities), township (township) levels.
There are 34 provincial-level administrative units in my country, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao. Taiwan is an indivisible and sacred territory of our country.
The names, abbreviations and administrative centers of the 34 provincial administrative units Textbook: Volume 1 for eighth grade, page 8
§1.3 China’s population
The world’s largest population 1:
The fifth census: my country’s total population is 1.295 billion, accounting for 1/5 of the world. The current population is 1.3 billion.
The growth rate is rapid: 1. The population base is large. 2. Due to the superiority of the socialist system, people's living standards have improved, medical and health conditions have improved, the average life span has been extended, and the population mortality rate has dropped significantly.
Uneven distribution: Tengchong-Mohe, the density of population distribution in my country. Characteristics of places with large population Characteristics of places with low population: The eastern region has a large population; coastal, river and lakeside areas have a large population; plains and basins have a large population; areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population; areas with dense towns and developed industry have a large population; Han nationality The area has a large population. The population in the western region is small; the population in arid desert areas is small; the population in mountains and plateaus is small; the population in remote agricultural and animal husbandry areas is small; and the population in most ethnic minority areas is small.
my country's population policy: Implementing family planning, controlling the quantity of the population, and improving the quality of the population is a long-term basic national policy of our country.
§1.4 China’s population:
56 ethnic groups: my country is a united and unified multi-ethnic family, including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uyghur, Miao, etc. Members of 56 ethnic groups. The Han nationality has a large population, accounting for nearly 92% of the country's total population; other ethnic groups account for only 8% and are called ethnic minorities.
Large mixed settlements and small settlements: the Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and central areas. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast regions. There are ethnic minorities living in concentrated areas in Han areas, and Han people also live in ethnic minority areas.
National customs: Mongolian people - Naadam Conference; Yunnan Dai people - Water Splashing Festival; Chinese people - Dragon Boat Festival.
Chapter 2 China’s Natural Environment
§2.1 China’s topography: high in the west and low in the east, in a stepped shape.
Mountains are criss-crossed
The first step of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest at an altitude of more than 4,000 meters;
The second step of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rapidly drops to an altitude of 1,000-2,000 meters in the north and east. The place is less than 500 meters
The third step: the terrain east of the second step is mostly below 500 meters above sea level. Here, many rivers flowing eastward into the sea will carry sediment and deposit it to form the mountain. An alluvial plain next to the sea and running from north to south.
Ladder dividing line:
The dividing line between the first step and the second step: Kunlun Mountains-Qilian Mountains-Hengduan Mountains;
Second step The dividing line between the ladder and the third ladder - Daxinganling - Taihang Mountain - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain
The terrain is complex and diverse: my country's terrain is complex and diverse, and the mountainous area is vast. The crisscrossing mountains and complex and diverse terrain provide us with a rich and colorful natural landscape, and the production activities and lifestyles vary across the country.
Four major plateaus:
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: The highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round and are covered with glaciers.
Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, with deserts and Gobis in the northwest and fertile grasslands in the east and central parts.
Loess Plateau: The area with the widest distribution of loess in the world.
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most areas of the plateau have rugged terrain and widespread limestone.
Four major basins:
Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in my country. It contains the largest desert in my country - the Taklimakan Desert.
Junggar Basin: the second largest basin in my country.
Qaidam Basin: Known as the "treasure basin".
Sichuan Basin: Known as the "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products. It is known as the "Land of Abundance".
Three major plains:
Northeast Plains: a vast area of ??black soil.
North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, with a very small ground slope.
The plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: my country’s famous “land of plenty”.
§2.2 China’s climate
The climate is complex and diverse:
Temperature distribution: There is a big difference in temperature between the north and the south in winter, with the south being warmer and the farther north the lower the temperature is. . High temperatures are common in the north and south in summer.
Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation: In terms of regional distribution, it gradually decreases from the southeastern coast to the northwest inland. In terms of time distribution, there are more in summer and autumn and less in winter and spring.
my country's climate types are divided into: temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, plateau and alpine climate.
The monsoon climate is significant: Although my country has diverse climate types, the monsoon climate is significant and the monsoon climate zone is the most vast. The influence of monsoon is the main reason for the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation.
Continental characteristics.
Many special weather conditions: mainly cold waves, plum rains, typhoons, sandstorms, etc.
Many droughts and floods. Floods are natural disasters that occur frequently and cause serious losses in our country. Drought is the climate disaster that has the greatest impact on agricultural production in my country, is the most common and has the widest distribution range.
§2.3 China’s rivers
Mainly outflow areas: A river basin refers to a concentrated area of ??rivers or water systems. The water system refers to the water flow system composed of all large and small rivers in the basin, as well as lakes, swamps, underground rivers, etc. Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The area where the outflow river is distributed becomes the outflow area. Rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into deserts, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called inland area. The hydrological characteristics of my country's outflow rivers are deeply affected by the monsoon climate. Bounded by the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, rivers in the southern region flow through humid areas with abundant water. Rivers in the northern region flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.
Compared with outflow rivers, the hydrological characteristics of China's inland rivers are obviously different.
The largest inland river in China is: Tarim River.
The largest lake in China is: Qinghai Lake.
The largest freshwater lake in China is: Poyang Lake.
Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates from the Tanggula Mountains. Its main stream flows through 11 provinces including Qinghai and Tibet, and finally flows into the East China Sea. With a total length of 6,300 kilometers, it is the longest river in my country and the third longest river in the world.
Upstream: source—Yichang; midstream: Yichang—Jiangxi Hukou; downstream: Jiangxi Hukou—injection into Haikou. The middle section is called the "nine-turn ileum". It is known as "the most famous one" because of its long navigation mileage and large cargo volume.
The Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in my country and one of the world's famous rivers. It originates from the Bayan Har Mountains, flows through 9 provinces and regions including Qinghai and Sichuan, and flows into the Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers. Upstream: source - the mouth of the river; middle reaches: the mouth of the river - Jiu Mengjin; downstream: Jiu Mengjin - flows into the mouth of the sea. Because a large amount of sediment was brought from the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches, the river bed in the lower reaches was raised and became a world-famous "above ground river".
Chapter 3 China’s Natural Resources
§3.1 Overview of Natural Resources
What are natural resources: Natural resources exist in nature and can provide benefits to mankind. of matter and energy. It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.
Characteristics of natural resources: The concept of natural resources is not static. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited. The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. Our country’s natural resources are second only to those of the United States and Russia. Due to the constraints of certain causes, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but they are generally uniform in regional distribution. The state of natural resources is constantly changing.
§3.2 China’s land resources
*World Land Day on June 25th
*Land is the stage for human life and production activities.
“More people but less land” is my country’s basic national condition.
Complete types: my country has complete types of land resources, forming various land types such as cultivated land, woodland, and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. my country's grassland area is vast and ranks among the top in the world, providing good resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. Our country is a Shaolin country. The cultivated land area in our country is less than 100 million hectares.
my country’s land types: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert, and rocky mountains.
Obvious regional differences: The spatial distribution of land resources in my country is unbalanced, and regional differences in land productivity are obvious. my country's cultivated land is mainly distributed in the plains and basins of the eastern monsoon region. my country's natural forest lands are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of the northeast, southwest, and southeast. The forest lands are mostly artificial forests and secondary forests. my country's grasslands are mainly distributed in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources in various regions of our country varies greatly. The north is mainly dry land. The south is dominated by paddy fields. The northwest inland area has sufficient sunlight and abundant heat, but is arid, drier, and has insufficient water resources. It is dominated by grasslands and deserts.
Cherish every inch of land: Cherish and rationally utilize every inch of land
§3.3 China’s water resources
*World Water Day on March 22
Regional distribution disparities: my country has a large amount of water resources, but the per capita share is very low, about 1/4 of the world's per capita water. “There is more in the east and less in the west, more in the south and less in the north.”
Uneven time distribution: The time distribution of water resources in my country has the characteristics of more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and large inter-annual changes.
Use every drop of water rationally: Due to the uneven distribution of water resources in my country, it is necessary to build cross-basin water diversion projects. ***Diversion of Yellow River to Qingdao******South-to-North Water Diversion***Due to the uneven time distribution of water resources in our country, it is necessary to build reservoirs. ***Yangtze River (2)***Yellow River (3)***The basic route is.
§3.4 China’s marine resources
Diverse biological resources: my country is rich in marine biological resources, with more than 20,000 species, including more than 3,000 species of fish, 70 of which are major commercial fish. Multiple categories.
, , , and oysters are the four famous seafood in our country. The largest fishing ground is Zhoushan Fishing Ground.
Abundant mineral resources: my country’s coastal continental shelf contains considerable amounts of oil and natural gas. my country's coastal placer reserves are very rich.
Huge amounts of chemical resources: my country’s marine production is developing rapidly.
The largest salt field, the largest salt field in the south ().
Protecting the "Blue Land": Our country has made great achievements in the development and utilization of marine resources, but it is also facing some serious problems.
Chapter 4 Regional Differences in China
§4.1 Qinling - Huaihe River Line
Qinling and Huaihe: Qinling stretches across central my country, stretching 500 kilometers from east to west. , 100-150 kilometers wide from north to south, with an altitude of 1500-2500 meters. The Huaihe River originates from Tongbai Mountain, flows eastward through Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces and into Hongze Lake, and then flows through Gaoyou Hunan into the Yangtze River.
The geographical significance of the Qinling-Huaihe River line: In the process of learning geography, geographical areas and geographical boundaries are very important. Geographic regions reflect geographical similarities within regions, and geographical boundaries reflect differences between regions. The Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River are important geographical boundaries in eastern my country. On its north and south sides, there are significant differences in the natural environment, geographical landscape and residents' production and living habits.
Eighth Grade Volume 1, Page 77
North of Qinling-Huaihe Line
South of Qinling-Huaihe Line
Four major geographical areas : Northern region, southern region, Qinghai-Tibet region, northwest region.
The dividing line between the north and the south is the Qinling-Huaihe River line.
The dividing line between the north and the northwest is the 400 mm annual precipitation line.
The dividing line between Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China is the boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
The dividing line between the Qinghai-Tibet region and the southern region is the boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
§4.2 Northern and Southern Regions
Northern Region:
Overview: The Northern Region refers to the Qinling Mountains in Northeast my country - the area north of the Huaihe River, covering an area of ??approximately 20% of the country, and its population accounts for about 40% of the country. The Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Fenwei Plain in the region are important agricultural areas in my country.
Culture: The northern region has a long history and culture, numerous historical sites and cultural tourism resources.
Crops: spring wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beets, etc.
Temperate fruits: apples, pears, peaches, apricots, persimmons, dates, grapes, etc.
Minerals: coal, iron, petroleum, etc., two major industrial bases () and ().
Southern region: refers to the Qinling Mountains in my country - the area south of the Huaihe River and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the southern coastal areas and the southwest region. The area accounts for about 1/4 of the country, and the population accounts for about 55% of the country. There are more than 30 ethnic minorities distributed in the western part of this region, and Yunnan Province is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in my country.
Terrain: The terrain of this area is higher in the west and lower in the east. The terrain is composed of plains, basins, plateaus and hills. There are many rivers and lakes in the plain area, and the water network is crisscrossed, which has the characteristics of a typical southern water town.
Crops: rice, pigs, citrus, tea, silkworms, sugar cane, aquatic products and tropical crops.
Minerals: non-ferrous metals.
Two major industrial bases () and ().
§4.3 Qinghai-Tibet Region and Northwest China
Qinghai-Tibet Region:
Overview: The Qinghai-Tibet Region mainly includes the Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and the western part of Sichuan Province, covering an area of ??approximately It accounts for 25% of the country's area, and its population only accounts for about 1% of the country's total. The main body of the Qinghai-Tibet region is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the "Roof of the World".
Crops: barley, peas, wheat, rapeseed.
Religion: Tibetan Buddhism.
Terrain: mountains are crisscrossed, glaciers are widespread, and transportation is very difficult.
Highways: Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet, China-Nepal, etc.
Northwestern region:
Located north of the line between the Great Wall - Qilian Mountains - Altyn Mountains - Kunlun Mountains, accounting for about 30% of the country's area and about 4% of its population.
Ethnic minorities: Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur, Kazakh, etc.;
Pastoral crops: meat, milk, skin, wool, etc.;
Mineral resources : Rare earth ore, nickel ore, coal, petroleum, lignite.
§4.5 Supplementary summary
Northern region
Topography features mainly plateaus and plains
Climate features Summer: high temperature and rainy Winter: cold Dry
Main rivers Yellow River and Heilongjiang
Main minerals coal, iron, oil
Main crops wheat
Southern region
Topography features basin, plain, plateau, hilly
Climate features Sufficient water and heat
Main rivers Yangtze River and Pearl River
Main minerals and non-ferrous metals
The main crops are rice and sugar beets
Qinghai-Tibet region
Topography features the highest altitude
Climate features Sufficient sunshine and low temperatures
Sources of the main rivers, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River
Main minerals, potash and petroleum
Main crops: highland barley
Northwestern region
Topographic features: plateaus and basins
The climate is dry and the sunshine is sufficient
The main river is the Tarim River
The main minerals are coal and petroleum
The main crops are sugar beet