Interpretation of Geography 2 test points 1. Main characteristics and regional distribution of different population growth models in population and cities P5-6 Stage Original low growth stage (A) Accelerated growth stage (B) Growth slowdown stage (C) Low speed Growth stage (D) Population growth model "High High Low" model "High Low High" model "Transitional" model "Low Low Low" model Population growth type Primitive type Traditional type Modern type Characteristics Birth rate is high and starts to decrease, and lower and further decreases, Low mortality rate, high, rapid decline, low, continuing to decline, low, low, natural growth rate, low, large fluctuations, high, gradual decrease, low, population growth, relatively static or low growth, rapid growth, beginning to slow down, zero growth or negative growth, stage of social development, agricultural society, early stage of industrialization, developed countries Around the 1950s, developing countries, now developed countries in Europe, and now developed countries, the indigenous inhabitants deep in the tropical virgin forests, most of the developing countries in eastern Africa, such as Tanzania and Kenya, the main factors affecting population migration in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other countries. P10 Economic factors (playing an important role), war, religion, social changes, national policies, ecological environment changes, personal motivations and needs, etc. - each factor is mainly analyzed through cases to understand that under certain specific time and space conditions, any kind of Factors may become the decisive factor in promoting population migration. Factors affecting population migration Natural environmental factors Social economic environmental factors Political factors Personal motivations and needs Climate land water Natural disasters Mineral resources Culture Education Economic development Transportation and communications Marriage and family War policy Social change
Environmental carrying capacity and population rationality The difference in capacity P12-13 Environmental carrying capacity: refers to the number of people that the environment can sustainably support. It is a warning value. (Environmental population capacity) Reasonable population capacity: refers to the most suitable population number for a country or region. is an ideal value. Generally speaking, the reasonable population capacity is smaller than the environmental population capacity. For example: China's environmental carrying capacity is 1.6 billion people, while its reasonable population capacity is 800-900 million people. The (internal) spatial structure of the city and the reasons for its formation P20-21, P22-23 Distribution characteristics Residential areas have the widest distribution area; there is differentiation between high-end and low-end residential areas, and there is a trend of backward development (high-end residential areas are outside the city edge, low-end residential areas near inner cities and industrial areas) The commercial area is in the form of points or strips, distributed in the city center, on both sides of traffic trunk lines, or at street corners (CBD is busy with economic activities, tall and dense buildings, and is not only a center of commercial activities In order to reduce costs and protect the environment, industrial areas are constantly moving to the outskirts of the city. The most important thing is to properly distribute the internal spatial structure of the city along the main traffic arteries and properly handle the relationship between residential areas and industrial areas. ① Convenient transportation connections (in order to facilitate employees' commuting to and from work) ② Factories that emit waste gas and waste water should be located in the outlying suburbs downwind of residential areas and downstream of rivers ③ Sanitary protective belts should be arranged. Reasons for the formation of urban spatial structure: main factors - economic factors; other factors - income level, leading to differentiation of residential areas; historical, cultural or economic reputation (notability); ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc.); early land Economic factors affect the ability to pay rent for various activities (historical factors). The main factors that affect the ability to pay rent include: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. Geographic location accessibility Land prices or rents There are many roads passing through the city center The best and most expensive Main roads extending out of the city center on both sides and road intersections The next most expensive Difference P26 The larger the scale of the city, the higher the level, and the stronger the service functions (many service types, high levels, and wide service scope); the smaller the city scale, the lower the level, and the weaker the service functions (many service types, high levels, and wide service scope) wide range). A case study of urban functions in the Yangtze River Delta region: First-level center: Shanghai, the largest city and economic center in the country. The service scope soon covered the entire region, and its influence also radiated throughout the country and even abroad. Secondary centers: Nanjing and Hangzhou, their service scope mainly covers parts of Jiangsu Province and surrounding provinces and autonomous regions. Tertiary centers: Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Ningbo.
Level 4 centers: Yangzhou, Zhenjiang and other cities, the service scope is mainly limited to most towns and villages in the region. Process and Characteristics of Urbanization P32-35 Figure 2.20: Slightly flattened S-shaped curve Urbanization stage Horizontal development speed Regional expansion trend Common problems Initial stage 25% to 30% or less, low, slow, slow, mixed layout of urban functional land, The differentiation of functional areas is not clear. The acceleration stage is 30% to 70%, which is relatively high and fast. Traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage, etc. appear. The late stage of suburban urbanization is more than 70%, which is high, slow, or even stagnant. It continues to increase the central hollowing out of big cities. , counter-urbanization and other urbanization’s impact on the geographical environment P36 Beneficial impact: Reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, for example, through leveling the land, building water conservancy facilities, greening the environment and other measures, making the environment conducive to improving people’s living standards and promoting The direction of social development changes to reduce the pressure of human activities on the environment. (The significance of urbanization: Cities are the economic centers of regional development and can drive regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic levels promotes the development of cities; prompting changes in settlement patterns, production methods, lifestyles, values, etc.) Disadvantages Impact: Sources of environmental factors harm the climate. Various gases emitted by urban industries change the intensity of solar radiation. Urban temperature, precipitation and other factors also change, resulting in the urban "heat island" phenomenon; dense buildings affect sunshine, wind speed and direction. ① Urban temperature, precipitation and other factors also changed; ② It affected sunshine, wind speed and wind direction. The road system and facilities for production and living activities in hydrological cities redistribute precipitation, runoff, evaporation, and seepage, causing changes in water quality, water quantity, and groundwater movement. Biological habitats are changed by the city's "reinforced concrete". Biodiversity is reduced. Urban industrial production discharges a large amount of waste residue, especially waste residue containing harmful substances, which has a negative impact on the quality of urban land. Problems caused by urbanization: environmental pollution , traffic congestion, housing difficulties, employment difficulties, disorder, etc. The impact of regional culture on the population or city 1. Impact on the population: foreign culture and population: the impact of marriage customs (such as age at first marriage, stability of marriage) and religion on population development The impact is great. Chinese culture and population: Fertility - from early marriage and early childbearing to late marriage and late childbearing, from having many children to having only one child; career choice - from "those who excel in studies will become officials" to "all people are businessmen"; population mobility - from Antu Relocation to "Home Around the World" 2. Impact on the city: The ancient idea of ??"harmony between man and nature" formed a "landscape city" that organically integrated the city into the natural environment - the planning and construction of the capital by the ancient emperors of Hangzhou , mostly with the imperial palace as the center, placed on the central axis of the city to show the supremacy of imperial power - Beijing, Washington, the capital of the United States, takes the east-west and north-south axes of the Capitol and the White House and their intersection as the city Center, with the Capitol building above it - embodies the spirit of democracy and legality advertised by the bourgeoisie 2. Production activities and regional connections Main factors affecting agricultural location P42 Impact of location factors on agriculture Natural factors Climate is the basis for agricultural development, affecting crops Types and farming systems Topography Plains: flat terrain, deep soil, suitable for the development of farming operations; mountainous areas: farming is inconvenient, and not suitable for soil and water conservation, but suitable for the development of forestry, animal husbandry, etc.; vertical regional differentiation of natural conditions in mountainous areas, crop distribution Soil is the material basis for crop growth, which varies with altitude. Different soils are suitable for growing different crops.
Water sources affect agricultural irrigation and play a decisive role in agricultural development in arid areas. Social and economic factors. Market demand determines the type and scale of agricultural production. Transportation. Products such as horticulture and dairy livestock are prone to decay and require convenient and fast transportation machinery ( Science and technology level) Refrigeration and preservation technology, the degree of mechanization of farming, national policies and government intervention, such as my country's commercial agricultural production bases, the cultural quality of the labor force, farmers' own financial situation, the characteristics of the main agricultural regional types and their formation conditions P45-54 Type case Main distribution area Main crops Main characteristics Location conditions Agricultural region type dominated by planting industry Monsoon paddy field agriculture Asian monsoon zone East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia monsoon zone and tropical rainforest climate zone in Southeast Asia Rice small farmer operation (small production scale); unit yield High; low commodity rate, low mechanization and scientific level; large amount of water conservancy projects; high temperature and rainy climate all year round or in summer, suitable for rice growth; low and flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management; dense population, abundant labor force; more people, less land, more food demand Large commodity grain agriculture in the central plains of the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. State-owned farms in Northeast my country and Xinjiang. The production scale of wheat, corn, etc. is large; the commodity rate is high; the level of mechanization and science and technology is high; the natural conditions are superior (flat terrain, fertile and deep soil, sufficient water sources, mild climate, and abundant precipitation); transportation is convenient; the market is vast; the land is vast and sparsely populated, so it is suitable Carry out large-scale production; high level of mechanization; advanced agricultural science and technology. Agricultural region type mainly based on animal husbandry. Large pasture and grazing industry. Argentina Pampas. Cattle in arid and semi-arid climate zones in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries. The sheep production scale is large; the commodity rate is high; the degree of specialization is high; the climate is mild, the grass is lush, and the grass quality is excellent; the land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; and it is close to the seaport, which promotes commodity operations. The dairy industry in Western Europe, around the Great Lakes in North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand, etc. has a high commodity rate of milk and its products; a high degree of mechanization; a high degree of intensification; it is mostly distributed around large cities, with flat terrain and a warm, cool, humid and suitable climate. Succulent pasture grows; the high level of urbanization, the influence of living habits, the large demand for dairy products, mixed agriculture, Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, Europe, North America and Africa, South Africa and Australia, New Zealand and other places in Oceania (mainly planting Mixed agriculture that combines agriculture and animal husbandry); the land in the Jitang wheat sheep farm in my country's Pearl River Delta is alternately planted with wheat, pasture or fallow, which can maintain the fertility of the land; the two production methods stagger busy and leisure time, It facilitates the reasonable and effective arrangement of agricultural production activities; farmers can promptly adjust the scale of planting and grazing according to national policies and market conditions to ensure stable income. The soil is fertile; the climate is mild, the precipitation is moderate; the land is vast and sparsely populated; the market is vast (the world's major wheat and livestock product producing areas); the level of mechanization is high; transportation is developed; and government support is provided. Main factors affecting industrial location P581. Factors affecting industrial location include: land, raw materials, power, water sources, transportation, labor force, market and government policies. Reinforcing factors: transportation, market, quality of labor force, technical factors, weakening environment. Factors: raw materials (related to the development of transportation), quantity of labor (related to the increase in mechanization) Changes in dominant factors: (steel industry as an example) raw materials - transportation - market 2. Industrial location selection ① Economic benefits: Type name Typical industrial sectors advantageous development areas. Raw material-oriented industries. Sugar industry, aquatic products processing industry, fruit processing industry. Regions with abundant industrial raw materials. Market-oriented industries. Bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry, printing industry. Regional dynamics close to the product consumption market. Directed industries Non-ferrous metal smelting industry, chemical industry In areas with sufficient energy supply, cheap labor-oriented industries Ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, strapping, and umbrella-making industries Areas with a large amount of cheap labor Technology-oriented industries Integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision Instrument higher education and technologically developed areas.
The Importance of Regional Connections in Production Activities People’s clothing, food, housing and various economic activities are all carried out in a certain geographical space. The uneven distribution of natural resources and regional socio-economic development have created a need for exchanges of people and goods between different regions. Transportation is the main means to realize the displacement of people and objects. The importance of transportation: Promote the expansion of production scale, raw material supply scope and product sales market; accelerate regional development to make fuller use of resources; strengthen the connection between industry and agriculture, urban and rural areas; strengthen scientific and technological and cultural exchanges to ensure National unity and security.