Regarding Ma Chao's appearance, the historical books "Three Kingdoms" and "Book of the Later Han" do not mention it. Only "Dian Lue" records that Ma Chao's father Ma Teng "teng was more than eight feet long and had a huge body. With a majestic face and nose, and a virtuous nature, many people respect him." Ma Chao's appearance was first recorded in the Yuan Dynasty songs "Shooting the Deer" and "Qinggang Xiao": "Ma Chao wears a white robe and silver armor, and has beautiful features. ." And in the Yuan Dynasty's "Three Kingdoms Zhiping Hua", there are similar records of the majestic appearance of Tailuan and Moliqing in "The Romance of the Gods": "the face is like a living crab, and the eyes are like bright stars".
After Luo Guanzhong wrote the book "The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Jin Ma Chao's reputation was widely spread. The original book contains three depictions of Ma Chao: 1. Before he could finish his words, a general flew out of the formation. This young general has a face like a crown jade, eyes like shooting stars, a tiger's body and ape's arms, and a belly as thick as a wolf's waist. He was born in Maoling, Fufeng, and was the son of Ma Teng. His name was Chao and his courtesy name was Mengqi. He was seventeen years old. Holding a spear in hand, he sat down on his horse and ran out of the formation. 2. There is a man holding a spear in his hand. He has a face like powdered powder, lips as if painted with vermilion, a thin waist and broad arms, and a powerful voice. He is a native of Maoling, Fufeng. His surname is Ma, his given name is Chao, and his courtesy name is Mengqi. Pang De is at the top, Ma Dai is at the bottom, and the eight strong men behind him are spread out. 3. Ma Chao rides out with a spear, wearing a lion helmet and a beast belt, silver armor and white robes: one is extraordinary and the other is outstanding. Xuande sighed: "People say that Jin Ma Chao is well-deserved!" Later, there were a large number of novels written by descendants of the Ming and Qing Dynasties that quoted Ma Chao by analogy, such as "Qing Ping Shan Tang Hua Ben": "The eyebrows are sparse and the eyes are beautiful, and the breath is refreshing and refreshing, such as in the Three Kingdoms. Ma Chao is like Guansuo in the Huaihe line, like the living Guanyin in Xichuan, and Duke Bingling in the Yue Palace. ""Zhen Zhenyi History": The golden crown with tied hair shines in the sun, and the divine horse with a carved saddle soars into the clouds. The brocade robes and fine armor shine brightly, and the painted halberds, snakes and spears shine. Ma Chao is reborn on the left, and Lu Bu is reborn on the right. "Romance of the Founding of the Tang Dynasty": Silver armor, silver helmet, brocade robe, silk embroidered belt girdle the bear's waist. King Jing always had ten thousand enemies, and he used to make Tong Lao race ahead of him. Ma Chao has become a "beautiful man" in classical classics, novels, storytelling, and operas.
① Emperor Ma Sheng and Marshal Ma Chao are enshrined in Bade Huicang Cihui Hall in Taoyuan, Taiwan, and their younger brothers Ma Xiu and Ma Tie are the guardian generals. ② Lieutenant General Yin Lei, Five Tiger Divine Generals, General Zhengxi: During the Ming Dynasty, the official Dao Zang "Orthodox Tao Zang" was compiled, recording that Lei Jun Ma Chao was one of the seventy-two Yin Lei Divine Generals. ③Goalkeeper: After the late Qing Dynasty, Ma Chao was said to be the goalkeeper in Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi and other places. ④Others: In folk crafts, in Mianzhu, Fufeng, Xingping, Zhaohua and other areas, there are also practices such as making New Year pictures and paper-cutting during festivals with Ma Chao as the god. Ma Chao himself also has temples and ancestral halls dedicated to Ma Chao, and there are many statues of Ma Chao in various places around the country, such as the Wanrong Houtu Temple and the Sanyi Palace in Zhuozhou (see the collection of Ma Chao statues in each tomb temple). Some people call it the "Guardian God of the Qiang people" .
Displaying the sage and punishing the tyrants: According to the records of "Ear Talk" included in the sub-part of "Sikuquanshu", Yang Tingyi, a native of Xindu County, Sichuan, in the Ming Dynasty, was the third brother of Yang Tinghe, the prime minister, and served as an official counselor. After his father passed away, Yang Tingyi bought a tomb for him. After digging the soil, he found a tall tombstone that read: "The tomb of Ma Chao, the general of the Han Dynasty." Yang Tingyi believed that this geomantic treasure land had been verified, so she buried her father there. Soon, Yang Tingyi dreamed of a man in a brocade robe and jade belt, who said to him: "I am a Han general, don't invade my cemetery." After Yang Tingyi woke up, he didn't take it to heart. Later, he dreamed that Ma Chao was in military uniform and bending his bow. One arrow hit his left eye, and another arrow hit his right eye. Yang Tingyi became blind in both eyes. However, he believed that the burial place was a geomantic treasure, so he made no compromises and became more determined. Later, I dreamed that Ma Chao was angry and said, "I will definitely bring disaster to you." Soon after, several people from the Yang family, together with several businessmen, killed them all because they coveted the businessmen's money. After the incident was revealed, Yang Tingyi was sentenced to a felony, and Yang Tingyi was sentenced to abandonment of the market.
Liu Cai, Duke Duanjian of Macheng, was participating in politics in Sichuan at that time and saw it with his own eyes. His family member Liu Shoufu, the magistrate of Baochang County, said: "The land is valuable because of Ma Chao, not because of Ma Chao. More than 200 members of Ma Chao's family were killed by Cao Cao. Only Ma Chao's son Ma Qiu escaped and went to Dependent on Zhang Lu, Ma Qiu was later killed by Zhang Lu. If "Shu Zhi" does not mention Ma Chao's descendants, then it is conceivable that Yang Tingyi was willing to kill himself to seek an uncertain Feng Shui for his descendants. , it can be said that the planning was over-planned." At first, Guan Yu heard that Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei, because Ma Chao was not an old friend, so he wrote to Zhuge Liang and asked who could compare with him in terms of Ma Chao's talent. Zhuge Liang knew that Guan Yu was unwilling to be subordinate to others, and was worried that Ma Chao's reputation for bravery and prowess would surpass him.
So he wrote back to Guan Yu and said: "Ma Chao is both civil and military, and his bravery and staunchness are beyond ordinary people. He is a rare outstanding talent in this world. He is a person like Peng Yue and Ying Bu. He can only be tied with Zhang Fei and cannot reach your unique superior ability." "Guan Yu was very happy after seeing the letter and showed it to all the guests.
"Shan Yang Gong Zai Ji" records: When Ma Chao first surrendered, Liu Bei treated Ma Chao very kindly. Ma Chao had improper etiquette among the princes for most of his life and often called Liu Bei by his first name. Guan Yu was very angry and asked to kill Ma Chao. Liu Bei advised: "Ma Chao is desperate and still surrenders to me. If he kills him just because he calls me by my cousin, how will he face the world in the future?" Zhang Fei also advised: "In this case, show him the etiquette and he will understand." "When Ma Chao was invited to the morning meeting the next day, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were standing on both sides of Liu Bei holding swords. Ma Chao looked around at the seats next to him and saw Guan Zhang standing upright on both sides of Liu Bei, holding swords. He was shocked. From then on, Liu Bei was never called by his nickname again. The next day he sighed: "I just know why I failed. I almost got killed by Guan and Zhang when I called my lord by his first name." Pei Songzhi believed that Guan Yu was not in Yizhou, and Guan and Zhang were standing straight, so Ma Chao thought of calling him by his first name, etc. Unreasonable is defined as untrustworthy, but some scholars believe that Ma Chao's military governor Linju (Linju belongs to Jingzhou), and Ma Chao was a warlord before entering Shu, and was a colleague of Liu Bei, so the credibility of the matter is still there.
Although there were many anecdotes between Guan Yu and Ma Chao, they were both called "Guan Ma" by Zhuge Liang. When Liu Bei ascended the throne as King of Hanzhong, he made Huang Zhong the rear general. Zhuge Liang was worried about Huang Zhong's death. His reputation has never been as good as that of Guan Yu and Ma Chao. If Huang Zhong is ranked with Guan Yu, I'm afraid Guan Yu won't like it. ① "Three Kingdoms": Ma Chao is the tenth grandson of Ma Yuan, the general in the hands of Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is good at shooting with his ape-like arms and possesses the courage of thousands of men. In the battle of Tongguan, Xiahou Dun, the most powerful general in Cao camp, was shot with an arrow in front of the battle formation, almost fatally, and defeated Cao Jun. Later, Cao Cao received help from Lou Zibo of Huashan Mountain, which alienated Bian Zhang and Han Sui. Ma Chao was afraid and retreated to Jiangguan to surrender to Zhang Lu, and then attacked At Yangping Pass, he defeated Wei Yan with arrows and surrendered to Liu Bei. He was named the third among the "Five Tiger Generals" by Liu Bei.
② "Romance of the Three Kingdoms": Ma Chao is one of Liu Bei's five tiger generals. He is good at using spears, superb swordsmanship, superb archery, strong ability to prevent arrows, and is also good at the hidden weapon Tonglao (meteor hammer) , was called the "Shenwei General" by the Qiang people. At the age of seventeen, he drove away Lu Bu's Li Guo generals Wang Fang and Li Meng before a series of killings in Chang'an.
Later, Cao Cao trapped Ma Teng and killed him. In order to avenge his father, Ma Chao joined forces with Han Sui to rebel against Cao Cao. At Tongguan, he defeated all the generals in Cao's camp, including Sanhe (revised in the late Qing Dynasty, it was changed to twenty rounds) and defeated the general. Zhang He attacked Li Tong with several spears and killed Cao Cao until he cut off his beard and discarded his robe, and was almost killed. They intercepted and chased Cao Cao on the Weishui River, causing Cao Cao to almost die again. An even more vicious fight was fought over 200 rounds against the tiger fool Xu Chu, known as "Why Worry about Lu Buqiang". Xu Chu went into battle shirtless and abandoned his sword and gun. Xia Houyuan, Cao Hong and Xu Chu were attacked by three people, but Ma Chao still killed him to the edge of the trench. Due to Jia Xu's alienation plan, there was internal division. Ma Chao wielded his sword alone and defeated the five strong generals of Liangzhou. However, the situation was over and he was defeated in Liangzhou.
Soon Ma Chao raised troops to separatize Jicheng, but they were repelled by Xia Houyuan, Yang Fu and others. On the battlefield, Yang Fu led seven brothers from his clan to besiege Ma Chao. Ma Chao outnumbered one to eight. All seven of Yang Fu's brothers were killed by Ma Chao, and Yang Fu was also shot several times. Ma Chao defected to Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and was ordered to rescue Liu Zhang who was attacked by Liu Bei's army. In front of Jiameng Pass, he fought Zhang Fei who was waiting for work for more than 200 rounds, with no outcome. Finally, he surrendered to Liu Bei, offered to surrender to Liu Zhang, and was active in the Battle of Hanzhong. Ma Chao guarded Xiping Pass and ordered the Qiang soldiers, one of the five troops to attack Shu, to retreat without fighting. He changed his position to Yangping Pass and died of illness.
③ "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": A classic novel of the Republic of China with Ma Chao as the protagonist. In the book, Ma Chao helped Liu Bei conquer the south and the north, and finally wiped out the Wei State invincible, unified the world, and returned to his country. Xiliang. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" written by Lian Liru and his daughter describes Ma Chao's gun as the "Five-Hook God Flying Bright Silver Spear" and his mount as a white dragon horse. Yuan Kuocheng's version of the storybook stated that Ma Chao's mount was the "Powder Star Jade Dragon Horse" and also described the Ma family's "Thirty-six-way Death Spear". In front of Jiameng Pass, Ma Chao's three fatal shots almost killed Zhang Fei. In Shan Tianfang's version of the storytelling, Ma Chao's weapon is the "Tiger Head Soap Golden Spear" and his mount is "A Thousand Miles of Dragon". In addition, Ma Chao is similar in many storybooks, and they all show that Ma Chao is no less brave than Lu Bu.
In "Commentary on the Three Kingdoms" written by Zhang Guoliang, Lu Yaoliang and others in Suzhou in the south, Ma Chao uses a tiger-headed golden spear to perform a unique trick: returning to the horse with three hammers. He is known as the flying general, Jin Ma Chao, who is invincible.
In Tongguan, he defeated twelve fierce generals in Cao's camp in a row. In Jiamengguan, he fought against Zhang Fei, Zhang Bao, Huang Zhong and Yan Yan. They were unstoppable. He also fought with the Han general Cao Zhang, but Ma Chao fought the best. There is even a saying in the storytelling: "Lü Bu was born among the Three Kingdoms. How could Lu Bu be as good as Ma Chao?" In classical operas and dramas, Ma Chao is mostly a martial artist, and actors such as Su Wenting, Xia Kuizhang, Liang Huichao, and Wang Jinlong are known as the "living Ma Chao" of Peking Opera. Liu Xiaolingtong, Yu Rongguang, Cai Kangyong, etc. have all played Ma Chao in "War Horse Chao".
The main dramatic stories with Ma Chao as the main character include "Returning to the Border Without Food", "Anti-Xiliang", "Battle of Jizhou", "Jiameng Pass", "Two Generals", and "Taking Chengdu" wait. The image of Ma Chao in Peking Opera is described as "brave as a tiger and leopard". Among the many Peking Operas related to Cao Cao, the greatest disaster in Cao Cao's life is "Tongguan Encounter with Ma Chao". Zhuge Liang even said that "Ma Chao's famous generals are rare in the world". In "Jiameng Pass" in Shanghai, Bai Yukun played himself as Ma Chao, without a beard, and changed from an old student to a handsome military student, thereby evolving the current "Jiameng Pass". Li Yongli, Wu Jing who helped Bai Yukun fight, absorbed his fighting style and passed it on to his son Li Wanchun. His apprentice Lan Yuechun renamed "War Horse Chao" to "Two Generals" and it became Li Wanchun's famous work. Xia Kuizhang, a martial arts student from the southern school, combined his own dramas "Revolt against Xiliang", "Battle at Weinan", "Battle at Jizhou" and "Defrauding Licheng" into one to four books of "Ma Chao", which was well-known in Jiangnan.
Due to the popularity of folk opera, there is a saying that "when a horse is saddled and its robe is hung, the hero of the Three Kingdoms belongs to Ma Chao". Year TV series/movie actors 1994 "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" An Yaping 2008 "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Meng Heuligi 2010 "Three Kingdoms" Chen Yilin 2015 "The God of War Zhao Zilong" Zhang Xiaochen