Seal script is one of the ancient Chinese characters. Guo Moruo, a close friend, said in Dialectical Development of Ancient Chinese Characters: "Those who slap seals are also officials. The official system of the Han dynasty generally followed the Qin system, with officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as officials of the Ministry of George and officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as officials of the Ministry of Cao, all of which were subordinate to official documents. So the so-called seal script is actually official script. In a broad sense, seal script includes all the characters before official script and their extensions, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions,, Six Kingdoms, Xiao Zhuan, Miao Zhuan and overprint. Narrow sense mainly refers to' big seal' and' small seal'. The variant of seal script is extremely complicated. The ancients believed that seal script was written by Cang Xie, but it was not credible. Zhou Xuanwang, a surname, wrote Shi Shuo Pian, which is called "Da Chuan" by the Han people and is detailed. Later, countries divided and ruled, governors were in power, and characters were created. In the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was the same. The Han people called it' Xiao Zhuan' and also called' See Xiao Zhuan'. The characters of seal script are round, and the structure is based on the meaning of six books. Therefore, Sun of the Tang Dynasty said, "Seal script is still beautiful and smooth. "
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One of the ancient Chinese characters of Dazhuan. Its name first appeared in Han dynasty's works, which is symmetrical with' Biography'. Broadly speaking, it refers to the characters before Biography, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, Wen Shu and Six Kingdoms. In a narrow sense, it refers to the written language defined in Zhou Xuanwang Taishi. The representative works of Da Zhuan include the inscriptions of Shi Guwen and Qin Gonggui. Wen Shu (Shu Shu) was written in the Zhou Dynasty, which is generally considered as Da Zhuan. Or, unlike Dazhuan, it is called' Brush Seal' and even regarded as a' strange character'. Broadly speaking, "Wen Shu" includes Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Wen Gu. In a narrow sense, it only refers to the text of Shi Shuo pian, namely Zhou Zongshu. According to Qin Lisi's' small seal script' system, he regarded seal script as' big seal script'. Shuazhuan is the same as Shuawen, that is, Dazhuan. However, in Zhang Huaiguan's Shu Duan in the Tang Dynasty, there were two categories, namely "Wen Zhuan" and "Da Zhuan", and it was considered that "Wen Zhuan's works were different from ancient Chinese characters". In the Ming Dynasty, Zhao Huanguang's Hanshan Broom Talk also held this view, arguing that the rhymes contained in Yi Le Bi Zhuan, Zhou Chu Wen, Zhong Lu and Yang Shu Tong and Gu Zhuan were all combined with the rhymes taken by Xu Shi. When it comes to Da Zhuan, so does Shi Guwen. "In this view, Zhao's" turning around "is similar to" bronze inscription ". In the Qing Dynasty, Duan Yucai tried to distinguish its absurdity in the annotation of Shuowen Jiezi Preface, and thought that "playing biography" was actually a "big biography". Recently, scholars have compromised these two theories, arguing that there are still differences between "playing seal script" and "big seal script" (mainly referring to Shi Guwen) in terms of fonts. Therefore, it is reasonable for Zhao Huanguang and others to classify' playing biography' as' big biography'. There are two sayings in history books: (1) refers to' Shuan Wen', that is, the words' Shi Shuan Wen'. (2) It refers to' official script', as many scholars in Qing Dynasty said. Qin was carved on ten drum-shaped stones. In the early Tang Dynasty, it was discovered in the south of Zhou Qiyong County. Each drum contains a four-character poem, with ten poems as a group, describing the fishing and hunting situation at that time, so it is also called' hunting'. Now in the Palace Museum, one drum has been lost, and the other nine drums have been damaged. The famous Northern Song Dynasty rubbings handed down from ancient times include Ten Drum Zhai by Ming Anguo, namely Zhongquan, Pioneer and Hou Li, which have been exported to Japan. Ancient books' ancient prose' and' Wen Shu' are collectively called. Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Ji": "Today's seal characters are recorded, and ancient strokes are combined." Xiao He, the young prime minister, wrote a' bald book'. Jacky's "Yan Ji" (Volume 4) and "Gu Xue Pian" (Liu Youding's note): "Xiao He made Weiyang Palace, the front hall was finished, and he meditated in March, and the audience was like running water. Why write a book with a bald pen? It's called Xiao Shua. The inscriptions on bronzes of the three dynasties of gold, silver and gold are collectively called,,,. It belongs to the big seal script system, including most of the seal script forms before Xiao seal script, and is an important material for studying ancient calligraphy. The Jinwen Pian written by Rong Geng, a close friend, is relatively complete, with 1,894 words and an appendix of about 1,200 words. Zhong Dingwen is a bronze inscription. Ancient bronzes can generally be divided into two categories: ritual vessels and musical instruments. Ding is the most respected vessel and bell is the most respected musical instrument, so' Zhong Ding' is the representative name of bronzes. Zhong, a classic, is often called Zhong. The inscriptions on bronzes are collectively called' Zhong Dingwen'. "Selected Works" Volume 55 "On Liu Guang's Breaking Up": "Write a jade to die, and carve Zhong Ding." Shan Li quoted Mozi as saying, "The plates carved on the Zhong Ding were passed on to future generations.
Sui Zhiwen
That is, "bronze inscription". Those who know money also have inscriptions on bronzes. Book of Sacrifice to the Suburb, Volume 25 of Hanshu: "Ding is very different from other Ding, and he has no clue." Note: "Zhao Wei said:' Duan, carved also. The voice is against one's will. "Gu said,' I know, remember. The voice is against one's will. ""Tongya quoted Yi Yan as saying:' Duan' is negative and concave; Knowledge' is in Yang language, convex. " "Bo Gu Record" said:' Festival, outside; "Knowledge is inside." All the words engraved on stone, brick, tile and gold can generally be called money knowledge, and in a narrow sense, it refers to the inscriptions on bronzes. You Wuying and Qiu Yan regarded it as the ancient prose of the six countries in Learning Ancient Books and Seven Arguments on the Origin of Words: "Seven words are the sum of knowledge. He who knows the text also has his own text. " Ancient princes wrote in different languages, so their forms were different. The Qin dynasty has seal script, which is the first method. "Grass biography is a kind of writing that is written hastily and quickly, hence the name. It has the characteristics of simplifying structure and correcting strokes. Ruan Yuan's Notes on Zhong Ding's Yi wares in Jiguzhai in Qing Dynasty (Volume 4) Ding Ming of Yi Sea: Biography of Cao. "Only the words' Wang Jiuyue and Yi Hai' and' Ji Jin as a tribute and filial piety' can be known, and the rest can't be known, so it is because of its arbitrariness and simplicity."
Ancient seal script
There are two meanings: (1) refers to "ancient seal" in general, such as "Continued Thirty-five Movements" by Qing Guifu: "Song people used ancient seal printing, and Yuan people were particularly abnormal." (2) refers to ancient Chinese characters, such as Yi, the Nine-Style Book on the volume of Hanshan Broom Talk by Zhao Huanguang in Ming Dynasty: "The second is the ancient seal, the book of three generations, and the inscriptions that can be seen (from left to right)."
Ancient prose (seal of ancient prose)
There are three meanings: (1) In a broad sense, from the perspective of philology, it refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Gu, Gu Wen and Xiao Zhuan. It is an' ancient prose' system, which is symmetrical with the' modern prose' system dominated by Li and Kai after Qin and Han Dynasties. (2) refers to the ancient Chinese characters before Yin, Zhou and even earlier. (3) Specifically refers to the characters used in the late Zhou Dynasty and the Six Kingdoms.
Small/small seal characters
One of the seal scripts, which is symmetrical with' Da Zhuan'. Also known as "Qin Zhuan", it means that Qin Shihuang unified the world's characters and ordered Lisi to make them. Small seal strokes are round and smooth, which is more neat than big seal strokes. The stone carvings of the Qin Dynasty, such as Mount Tai, Mount Yi and Langyatai, were handed down by Li Si and are the representative works of Biography. Li in the Tang Dynasty, Xu Kai in the Five Dynasties and Deng in the Qing Dynasty were all masters of Xiao Zhuan.
Yujinyin
A seal script with rich strokes such as jade tendons refers to' small seal script'. Tendon, a' use', is chopsticks. The representative calligraphers of "Jade Luo Seal" are Li Si in Qin Dynasty and Li in Tang Dynasty.
Iron thread seal
Xiao Zhuan's strokes are as thin as lines and as firm as iron, just like Qian Gua flesh written by Tang Liyang Bing. The name of' iron wire' is called' iron grass'. Its petiole is slender and black, shiny, like iron. Xia dynasty characters in the legend of chivalrous man. It is generally believed that Taishigong Zhou Xuanwang wrote 15 pieces of Dazhuan, which was originally called Zhuan Zi, but the Zhuan Zi mentioned in Xia Zhuan is generally called Zhuan Zi. Judging from the archaeological objects, no exact and reliable Xia Dynasty characters have been found. If there is, it will be more primitive than Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The ancients often said that the bronze seal was attached to the Xia seal, which was based on the false theory. Zhou Dynasty seal script refers to Zhong Dingwen, Shi Guwen and other big seal scripts. Because Xiao Zhuan is also called Qin Zhuan, Da Zhuan is a symmetrical Zhou Zhuan.
Small/small seal characters
That is,' Xiao Zhuan'. Zhang Tang Huai Guan Shu Duan Juan contains Biography: "Biography was written by Li Si, Prime Minister of Qin Shihuang." The damage and enlargement of the big seal script are the same as those of the seal script, which is called' Small Seal Script' or' Qin Zhuan'. Liu Qingxi wrote The Outline of Books, Volume V of The Outline of Art: "Is Qin Zhuan as simple as Yishan and Langya Taiwan?
Hanzhuan
Han dynasty seal script. Most of them are small seal characters, but they are similar in shape and brushwork. Generally used for solemn occasions and gold wares.
Tangzhuan
Seal script written by calligraphers in Tang Dynasty. There are many kinds of seal scripts, represented by Li [edit this paragraph]. Since the Han Dynasty, it is generally believed that Da Zhuan was created by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi Biography (827 BC). For example, Hanshu has 15 history books, and Ban Gu notes: "Zhou Xuanwang wrote 15 seals." Xu Shen also said: "Wang Xuan wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which is different from ancient Chinese." Ancient Chinese or others, that is, Taishi increased and lost ancient Chinese, so Dazhuan is also called "Zhu Wen". Therefore, later generations all think that Da Zhuan is a form after ancient prose. Among the stone carvings handed down from ancient times, Shi Guwen is the most representative. This kind of stone tool is undoubtedly the oldest and most reliable stone cultural relic in China. It is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Shi Guwen has an important position in the history of calligraphy. The oldest rubbings known in the world are Song rubbings collected by Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. The font is roughly between Zhou and Qin Xiao Zhuan. It is known to belong to the calligraphy system before Qin Shihuang. Compared with Xiao Zhuan, it can be called Da Zhuan, which is a masterpiece of Da Zhuan. Its font is small and complicated, like a ritual vessel in Zongzhou period, which is relatively complete and can be called neat. Kang Youwei called Shi Guwen in "Guangyi, One Boat, Two Cans": "When gold falls to the ground, the grass clouds are strange, and it is not annoying to cut it all. The body is slightly flat, and the insect is similar to qi. Shigu is not only the first antique in China, but also the first method for calligraphers. " It can be said that it is appreciation. Shi Guwen was cherished by Yilin, but after the Northern Song Dynasty, calligraphy research flourished and few people set foot in it. Until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the wind of archaeological respect for monuments revived, and the stone drum characters were especially valued by calligraphers. Wu Da, you can get strict rhymes. Wu Changshuo, on the other hand, was angry that he was a man in ancient times. Both of them regard contemporary calligraphy as the most important thing for future generations. Ten-fold seal script is a very special seal script. It turned out to be a popular "seal of the state" font in the Song Dynasty, which was mainly used for seal cutting. Its strokes are folded and bent, even and symmetrical. The number of folds of each word depends on the complexity of strokes, including five folds, six folds, seven folds, eight folds, nine folds and ten folds. It is called "nine stacks" because "nine is the last number, and there are many words." Overlapping is not necessarily nine overlapping, but six overlapping, seven overlapping and ten overlapping. It depends on the complexity of printing strokes. 10% discount, describe how much discount. Founded in the Song Dynasty. Gan Qingyun's "Collection of National Seal": "The national seal is 10% off, mainly based on flexion and peace, not Qin and Han Dynasties."
I hope this helps.