(1) bergamot is not cold-tolerant, but it is shade-tolerant. Too much light can lead to sunburn or damage to shallow roots. The optimum temperature for its growth is 10~3l℃, and it needs to be moved into greenhouse for wintering below 0℃, and it can still grow normally at 43℃. It can be planted in the open field of Guangdong and Guangxi, with about one plant per mu 1 10. Bergamot has low requirements on soil quality, and loose, fertile, breathable and permeable sandy loam is the best, followed by yellow sand and red sandy soil. After the seedlings turn green, they can be planted in all seasons, and the best planting period is1~ May and August ~ September.
(2) Soil, fertilizer and water management Although the crown of bergamot is short, it is flourishing, with a long growth period and a large amount of fertilizer. The required ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally 1.0: 0.5: 0.8. Results Big trees should be fertilized four times a year, that is, before flowering, and bergamot should be fertilized before fruiting, that is, before spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots germinate 10 days 10 times. Generally, about 30 grams of urea and 500 grams of calcium superphosphate per plant are mixed with 5 kilograms of chicken manure, and then combined with intertillage weeding, the excavation is 30 cm wide and deep. Apply stable fruit fertilizer after flowers wither in spring, strong fruit fertilizer during rapid fruit expansion, and fruit fertilizer after picking; Among these four fertilizers, the first one is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, which should be applied in mid-March, with 5 kg of decomposed human excrement and urine per plant; At the peak of the second application, 5 kg of decomposed chicken manure and urea150 g were applied to each plant; For the third time, fruit fertilizer was applied before and after the summer heat, and each plant was mixed with 1 kg compound fertilizer and 5 kg decomposed chicken manure. At the same time, 100 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate was mixed with 50 kg water and sprayed on the leaves 1 time; The fourth application of fruit fertilizer. After picking fruits from September to 65438+1October, symmetrical ditches with a width of 40cm and a depth of 40cm were dug at the crown drip line on both sides of the plant. 65438kg of decomposed chicken cow dung and compound fertilizer 1kg were used for each plant, which were mixed with broken soil and then returned to the pit. Proper soil cultivation can protect the tree disk, restore tree vigor, increase nutrient accumulation and lay a material foundation for bearing more fruits in the coming year. After that, the compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was applied three times. According to the needs of growth and development in each period, fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves once a month. Bergamot needs a large amount of water and needs even moisture. Because drought and flood are distinct in most parts of Yunnan, early spring is the period when leaves sprout, blossom and bear fruit, and there is more rain in summer and autumn rainy season, so irrigation in dry season and drainage in rainy season should be done well. And do a good job in soil management such as intercropping between rows and weeding in intertillage. Fertilization cannot be applied after September to prevent late autumn buds from growing white.
(3) shaping and pruning
① Tree culture: bergamot is easy to grow branches and has large fruits. If the branches are upright or at a small angle, they are easily crushed or broken by fruits. Therefore, curved branches are often used in plastic surgery to form a semi-circular suspension. That is, when the trunk of the young tree grows to 80~ 100cm high, it is tied to the upper part of the branch with a thin rope, suspended downward, and fixed by piling. After a period of growth, it forms a naturally curved shape. When pulling branches, we should pay attention to the overall layout of the crown and the even distribution of branches, and try to achieve moderate density, even distribution, neat and orderly, so as to avoid the formation of dense clumps, which will cause the trees to shade, affect ventilation and light transmission, and aggravate pests and diseases.
② Pruning period: bergamot prunes twice a year in summer and winter. Pruning in summer is carried out in May-June, with the purpose of concentrating nutrients, promoting fruit growth, reducing fruit drop and improving ventilation and light transmission. It is mainly the weak long branches, pest branches and dense branches that cannot bear fruit. In winter, it is necessary to prune, wipe off the dense summer shoots, and retract the branches and leaves behind the fruiting branches, that is, leave 3-4 leaves outside the last fruit to concentrate nutrients for the growth of small fruits. Pruning in winter is carried out from 65438+February after fruit picking to 65438+1October of the following year, so it is easy to stimulate the sudden appearance of useless winter shoots prematurely. When pruning, mainly dry or shrink the big branches that affect ventilation and light transmission, and dry the dead branches, thin branches, dense branches and overgrowth; Branches, pests and diseases, leafless branches, leafy clumps, etc. Try to keep summer late branches and autumn shoots with good flower bud differentiation, high fruit setting rate and large fruit setting. Branches should be thinned and cut flat, leaving no residual piles.
(3) Shoot control: In places where young trees grow vigorously, shoot many times, branches are thick and long, and there is plenty of rain in spring and summer, spring shoots and early summer shoots will bloom, resulting in a large number of fruit drops, which should be smoothed in time, or sprayed with fresh green pigment or adjusted with phosphine 1000 times solution for chemical control. In areas with long spring drought, spring shoots and early summer shoots germinate less, while summer shoots germinate more vigorously, so summer shoots should be controlled emphatically. Late summer branches and autumn shoots are the best fruiting mother branches, which should be cultivated emphatically; That is to say, when most of the plants and branches in the whole garden have sprouted, they should be released to promote them to grow neat, robust and high-quality fruiting branches to ensure next year's output.
(4) Flowering and fruit thinning bergamot blooms all year round, with a large amount of flowers, but only in spring does it blossom and bear the best fruit. In order to reduce the ineffective consumption of nutrients, improve the fruit setting rate and bear large fruits, we should do a good job of thinning flowers and fruits in time. That is, only spring flowers and fruits are left, and buds or small fruits in other seasons are sparse at any time. Stubby fruit leaves only 2~6 intact spring flowers in the mother branch, and all the redundant flowers are thinned out. The number of fruits left per plant depends on the variety type and tree potential. Generally, for trees of 4- 10 age, the fruit retention per plant is 60- 100 for small fruit type, 50-80 for medium fruit type and 30-50 for large fruit type. Flower thinning should be carried out in bud stage and 20-30 days after flower withering.
(5) Pests and diseases control The species, occurrence regularity, damage characteristics and control methods of diseases and diseases of bergamot are similar to those of other citrus varieties. Generally, the occurrence of scale insects is large, which can be controlled by spraying methidathion and chlorpyrifos. Diseases such as brown spot can be treated by spraying broad-spectrum fungicides, such as carbendazim and zineb.
Bergamot (scientific name: medicinal variety of citrus. Sarcodactylis Swingle: When the fruit is ripe, carpels separate to form slender and curved fruit petals, which look like fingers, hence the name "bergamot".
Evergreen shrubs or small trees, more than ten feet high, with hard spikes about 6 cm long at the base of stems and leaves, and new branches are triangular. Simple leaves alternate, rectangular, with transparent oil spots. Flowers are mostly born in the axils of leaves, and the bouquets are constant. Among them, there are many male flowers, some of which are bisexual, with five corollas and white with purple halo. They bloom for the first time from the vernal equinox to Tomb-Sweeping Day, and often have many male flowers and small fruits. The other time, around the long summer, it ripened in September-10, and the fruit was large, medicinal, with Huang Liang peel, wrinkled and shiny, forked top and always open.