(1) Hall
The main building in the ancient Chinese architectural complex includes two types of architectural forms: hall and hall. The hall is used exclusively for palaces, rituals and religious buildings. The names of hall and hall both appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. The word "tang" appeared earlier, and its original meaning is relative to the inner room, referring to the part of the front of the building that is open to the outside. The left and right sides of the hall are arranged in an orderly manner, and there are rooms and compartments on both sides of the room. Such a group of buildings is also collectively called a hall, which generally refers to the residence buildings of the emperor, princes, officials, and scholars. The word "dian" appeared later, and its original meaning is the raised appearance of the rear part; it is used in buildings to indicate their tall shape and prominent status. Since the Han Dynasty, halls generally refer to the main buildings in government offices and residences, but secondary buildings in palaces and temples can also be called halls, such as the "East-West Hall" in palaces in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, lecture halls, and dining halls in Buddhist temples, etc. . Both the hall and the hall can be divided into three basic parts: steps, body and roof. Among them, steps and roofs form the most obvious appearance features of Chinese architecture. Due to the constraints of the feudal hierarchy, halls and halls are different in form and structure. The difference in steps between halls and halls appeared earlier: halls only have steps; halls not only have steps, but also a platform, that is, in addition to its own platform, there is also a tall platform as a base below, which is composed of a long platform. Contact the upper and lower levels. The palace is generally located in the center or main axis of palaces, temples, royal gardens and other building complexes. Its planes are mostly rectangular, but also square, circular, I-shaped, etc. The space and components of the temple are often larger, and the decoration methods are more particular. The hall is generally used as the main building in mansions, government offices, courtyards, and gardens. It has various plane forms, moderate volume, relatively simple structural methods and decorative materials, and often shows more local characteristics.
(2) Pavilion
A multi-story building in ancient Chinese architecture. There was a distinction between buildings and pavilions in the early days. A building refers to a heavy house, and a pavilion refers to a building with an elevated lower part and a high-hanging ground floor. Pavilions generally have a nearly square plane, two floors, and flat seats. They can occupy the main position in a building group. For example, there are Buddhist temples with pavilions as the main body, such as the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple. The towers are mostly narrow and curved, and often occupy a secondary position in the building group, such as the sutra collection building in a Buddhist temple, the back building and wing building in a palace, etc., which are located in the last row or the left and right wings of the building group. In later generations, the two words "pavilion" were interchangeable, and there was no strict distinction. Ancient pavilions had various architectural forms and uses. The tower already appeared during the Warring States Period. The tower in the Han Dynasty was as high as three stories. Towers, market towers, watchtowers, etc. are all forms of pavilions that were widely used in the Han Dynasty. The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed in the theory of immortal alchemy and believed that building tall pavilions could help immortals. After Buddhism was introduced to China, a large number of pagodas were built, which are also a kind of pavilions. The wooden pagoda of Yongning Temple in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty is "more than forty feet" high and can be seen from a hundred miles away. Built in the Liao Dynasty, the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province is 67.31 meters high and is still the tallest existing ancient wooden building in China. Scenic tourist buildings that can be climbed high to see far are often named after pavilions, such as Yellow Crane Tower, Tengwang Pavilion, etc. Ancient Chinese pavilions were mostly wooden structures, with various framework forms. A tall building made of overlapping square logs to form a manhole shape is called a well-shaped building; a single-story building stacked layer by layer to form a whole building is called a weighing house style. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a platform structure layer has been added between the layers. Its inner eaves form a dark floor and floor, and its outer eaves are projected out to become a platform. This form was called flat sitting in the Song Dynasty. The upper and lower columns of each floor are not connected, and the structural connection method is complicated. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the structure of the pavilions has been based on the continuous wooden columns of each layer forming full-length columns, which are interspersed with beams and squares to form an overall frame, which is called the through-column style. In addition, there are other variations of pavilion structure forms.
(3) Pavilion
In traditional Chinese architecture, a small dot-shaped building with open surroundings is used for people to stay and observe, and is also used for ceremonies. It is commonly known as a pavilion and appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The middle and late stages. "Pavilion" also refers to the ancient grassroots administrative organization, which also has the form of a hotel. Pavilions are generally set up in scenic places where you can stop and watch, such as hills, watersides, city walls, bridges and gardens. There are also special-purpose pavilions, such as stele pavilion, well pavilion, slaughtering pavilion, bell pavilion, etc. In addition to square, rectangular, circular, and polygonal pavilions, there are also various forms such as cross, chain, plum blossom, fan shape, etc.
The roof of the pavilion has a complex shape such as peaks, peaks, cones and other forms. Large pavilions can be built with double eaves or can be surrounded by buildings. The stele pavilions and well pavilions in mausoleums and ancestral temples can be made very solemn, such as the stele pavilion in Changling of the Ming Dynasty. Large pavilions can be made majestic, such as the Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan, Beijing. Small pavilions can be made light and elegant, such as the triangular pavilion in Hangzhou. Different forms of pavilions can produce different artistic effects. In terms of structural methods, the structure of the pavilion is mostly made of wood, but it is also made of bricks and stones. Most of the pavilions have spires and conical roofs. The four-corner spire has appeared in the Han Dynasty, and the octagonal spire and conical top have been found in Ming ware of the Tang Dynasty. The "Pavilions and Pavilions Doujian" recorded in Song Dynasty's "Building French Style" is a structure similar to an umbrella stand. This practice can be seen in southern gardens in the Qing Dynasty. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, square pavilions mostly used angled beams, and multi-cornered pointed pavilions mostly used scraped beams, which were stacked up layer by layer. The structure of the rectangular pavilion is basically the same as that of the house.
(4) Corridor
The covered passages in ancient Chinese architecture include cloisters and verandas. Their basic functions are sunshade, rain protection and for people to take a nap. The corridor is an important part of the appearance characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture. The corridor under the eaves of the hall, as a transitional space between indoor and outdoor, is an important means of forming the change of reality and reality in the shape of the building and the sense of rhythm. The cloister that surrounds the courtyard plays an important role in beautifying the pattern and volume of the courtyard space, and can create different effects such as solemnity, liveliness, openness, depth, occlusion, and connectivity. Verandas in gardens mainly play the role of dividing scenic spots, causing various spatial changes, increasing depth of field, and guiding the best viewing routes. The details of the corridor are often equipped with geometric patterned railings, stools, goose-neck chairs (also known as beauty seats or Wuwang seats), hangings, and colorful paintings; the partition walls are often decorated with assorted lamp windows, leaky windows, moon cave doors, and bottles. Doors and other decorative building components.
(5) Terrace
In ancient China, the high rammed earth pier on the ground was called the terrace, and the wooden houses on the platform were called the terrace. The two together were called the terrace. . The earliest pavilions were just small open halls with columns and no walls built on rammed earth platforms for viewing, feasting, and shooting. Sometimes it has moisture-proof and defensive functions. There are many ruins in Taixie, the famous ones include the Xintian ruins of the capital of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, the ruins of the Yanxia capital in the Warring States period, the ruins of the ancient city of Zhao in Handan, and the ruins of the Xianyang Palace of the Qin Dynasty, etc., all of which retain huge stepped rammed earth platforms. Xie also refers to a larger house that is open on all sides. After the Tang Dynasty, buildings facing water or built in the water were called waterside pavilions, but they were completely different from Taiwan pavilions.
(6) Temple
A sacrificial building in ancient China. The shape requires seriousness and neatness, and can be roughly divided into three categories:
1. Temples for worshiping ancestors. The buildings used by ancient Chinese emperors and princes to worship their ancestors are called ancestral temples. The ancestral temple of the emperor was called the Taimiao, and the temple system varied throughout the dynasties. The Ancestral Temple is the highest-level building. The buildings used by nobles, dignitaries and aristocratic families to worship their ancestors are called family temples or ancestral halls. Following the orientation of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, it is located on the east side of the house and has different scales. Some ancestral halls are equipped with free schools, warehouses, and theaters, whose functions go beyond the scope of worship.
2. Temples dedicated to saints. The most famous one is the Confucius Temple, also known as the Confucian Temple, dedicated to Confucius. Confucius is regarded as the ancestor of Confucianism, and most emperors after the Han Dynasty believed in Confucianism. The Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest. The temple dedicated to Guan Yu, the famous general in the Three Kingdoms era, is called Guandi Temple, also known as Wu Temple. In some places, Sanyi temples were built to worship Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Many places also enshrine famous ministers, sages, righteous men and martyrs, such as the "Wuhou Temple" in Chengdu, Sichuan and Nanyang, Henan, which honors Zhuge Liang, the famous politician of the Three Kingdoms; the "Yuewang Temple" in Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Tangyin, Henan, which honors Yue Fei, the national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty; "Yue Fei Temple".
3. Temples for worshiping mountains, rivers and gods. Since ancient times, China has worshiped heaven, earth, mountains, rivers and other natural objects and established temples to worship them, such as the Houtu Temple. The most famous ones are the temples dedicated to the Five Mountains - Taishan, Huashan, Hengshan, Hengshan and Songshan. Among them, the Dai Temple on Mount Tai is the largest. There are also a large number of sacrificial buildings derived from various religions and folk customs, such as the City God Temple, the Earth Temple, the Dragon King Temple, the Temple of Wealth, etc.
(7) Altar
A platform-shaped building in ancient China that was mainly used for worshiping heaven, earth, and the country. There are the Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Earth, the Temple of the Sun, the Temple of the Moon, the Altar of Praying for Grain, and the Altar of Sheji inside and outside Beijing. The altar is not only the main body of the sacrificial building, but also the general name of the entire group of buildings.
After the Ming Dynasty, Huabiao was mostly made of stone, with a Xumi pedestal underneath; the upper end of the stone pillar was carved with a cloud-patterned stone slab, called a cloud plate; the original crane on the top of the pillar was replaced by a squatting beast, commonly known as "roaring toward the sky." Huabiao is surrounded by stone railings. The watches and railings are covered with exquisite reliefs. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huabiao were mainly erected in front of palaces and mausoleums, and occasionally at the head of bridges, such as the Marco Polo Bridge in Beijing. The Huabiao built in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty in front of Tiananmen Gate in Beijing and around the Ming Tombs stele pavilion are examples of the existing ones.
1. The Great Wall
The Great Wall is one of the architectural wonders of the world. The Great Wall has been regarded as a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization and is famous around the world.
The Great Wall has a history of more than 2,000 years, and its construction began during the Warring States Period. At that time, the vassal states of Qin, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan, Chu, etc. all built the Great Wall to prevent the northern nomads from invading the south and to defend themselves. After Qin annexed the six kingdoms, in order to prevent raids by the Huns from the north, it launched a huge project to build the Great Wall in 213 BC, connecting and expanding the original Great Walls of Qin, Yan, Zhao, and Wei. The entire project recruited a total of 300,000 migrant workers and took more than 10 years to complete. It started from Lintao, Gansu Province (now Min County) in the west, along the Yellow River to Linhe, Inner Mongolia, to Yinshan Mountain in the north, to Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province in the south, and to Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province in the east. The Great Wall in Liaodong is more than 3,000 kilometers long. Because the Great Wall project was extremely difficult and the migrant workers were in very miserable conditions, the legend of Meng Jiangnu crying at the Great Wall remained.
In addition to rebuilding the Qin Great Wall, the Han Dynasty also built the Shuofang Great Wall south of Hetao in Inner Mongolia and the western section of the Liangzhou Great Wall. The western section of the Great Wall in Liangzhou starts from Juyanhai in Inner Mongolia (today's Ejina Banner) in the north, along the Eji River, passes through the Golden Pagoda in Gansu, and ends in Anxi, Dunhuang, Yumen Pass in the west and enters Xinjiang. The entire Great Wall has "one fire for five miles, one pier for ten miles, one castle for thirty miles, and one city for one hundred miles", forming a strict defense system.
The Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Jin and other dynasties after the Han Dynasty all partially built the Great Wall, and the Ming Dynasty carried out a comprehensive reconstruction. The Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty started from Jiayuguan in the west and ended at the Yalu River in the east, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers (more than 13,000 miles). The entire reconstruction process lasted more than 100 years, which shows how vast and arduous the project was. Among them, the Great Wall east of Shanxi is built with rammed earth inside and bricks and stones on the outside. The Great Wall west of Shanxi is entirely built with rammed earth. There are many pass cities built on the entire Great Wall. The pass cities are all built in strategic places with steep terrain. The famous ones include Jiayuguan Pass, Juyong Pass, Shanhaiguan Pass, etc. Among them, Jiayuguan is the most complete of the existing Great Wall Passes. It was built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372). It is majestic, well-planned and rigorous in structure. It is known as "the most majestic pass in the world". It is said that when building this pass, not only the design and construction skills were superb, but also the calculation of materials was also very precise. After Guancheng was built, only one brick was left, and this brick was placed on the small building in Chongguan by future generations as a commemoration. The Great Wall that people see now was mainly rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. Only some ruins of the previous Great Wall remain.
The Great Wall stretches for more than 10,000 miles and crosses steep mountains, rapids, valleys and other precipitous areas. The difficulty of the project is unimaginable, showing the majestic spirit and ingenuity of the Chinese nation, and also reflecting the It has demonstrated the superb level of surveying, planning and design, construction technology, engineering management and military technology in ancient China.
2. The Forbidden City
The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing, covering an area of ??1,087 acres, totaling more than 720,000 square meters. The largest and most complete ancient wooden building complex. It embodies the architectural tradition and independent style of the Chinese nation.
The Forbidden City was built in 1406. It was a palace built by Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty when he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. From the overall layout, it can be divided into two parts, the front and rear, the so-called outer court and inner court. The three main halls of the Outer Dynasty, namely Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, are the center, with Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall as the two wings, which are the main places for the exercise of government affairs. The inner court consists of Qianqingguan, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace and the East and West Sixth Palace. It is the living area of ??the royal family. Calculated according to the tradition that four pillars constitute a room, there are nearly 10,000 rooms in the palace, with a construction area of ??about 150,000 square meters.
The palace complex is surrounded by the Forbidden City, which is 10 meters high and surrounded by a 52-meter-wide moat.
The whole city has four gates, east, west, north and south. The south gate is the Meridian Gate, the north gate is the Xuan (Shen) Wu Gate, the east gate is the Donghua Gate, and the west gate is the Xihua Gate. There is a turret at each of the four corners of the city. Each turret has nine beams, eighteen columns, and seventy-two ridges. It has a complex structure and unique style. It is a rare masterpiece in ancient architecture. Regarding the construction of the turret, there is also a legend that Lu Ban used straw to weave a grasshopper cage as a model demonstration. The architectural layout of the entire Forbidden City is strict and regular, with order of priority and order, and the use of shape changes and ups and downs to make the space rich and varied.
The Meridian Gate is the main entrance of the Forbidden City. There is a group of buildings built on the piers of the city wall. In the center is the main hall with a verandah and double eaves that is nine rooms wide. There are pavilions with connected eaves and ridges extending out on both sides. There is a tall corner pavilion at each corner. This group of buildings is called Wufeng Tower, which is majestic and powerful. Enter the Meridian Gate, pass through a large courtyard, then cross the Jinshui Bridge and enter the Taihe Gate, which are the three main halls of the outer dynasty. Taihe is in the front, Zhonghe is in the middle, and Baohe is in the back. They are built in a tall I-shaped hall. On the abutment. The base platform is 8.13 meters high, divided into three floors, and made of white marble. There is a stone-carved royal road in each floor, and the sides are decorated with railings, pillars and dragon heads. According to statistics, there are 1,414 open-carved railings, 1,460 pillars engraved with patterns of clouds and dragons flying in the wind, and 1,138 faucets. These stone carvings reflect the unique decorative art of traditional Chinese architecture. At the same time, it also plays the role of drainage in terms of structural function. There are small holes carved under the railings and in the mouth of the dragon head protruding from the school. Whenever it rains, water flows out from the faucet, just like thousands of dragons spraying water, which is a spectacular sight.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony, also known as the Jinluan Hall, is the place where the emperor issues decrees and holds grand ceremonies. The hall is 35.05 meters high, 63.96 meters wide and 37.20 meters deep. It is the largest building in the Forbidden City and the largest existing wooden building in the country. Its structure embodies the characteristics of traditional Chinese wooden architecture. That is, wooden columns are first erected on bolt foundations, large beams are erected on top of the columns, small dwarf columns (melon columns) are erected on the beams, and then a layer of shorter beams is erected; from the large beams up, several layers of beams can be overlapped by small columns, and the height can be increased layer by layer. , the beams on each floor are shortened layer by layer to form double eaves; a spine melon column is erected on the uppermost layer, and purlins and squares are placed horizontally between the two sets of frames; wooden rafters are laid on the purlins, and wooden boards (watch boards) are laid on the rafters. Thatch gray back porcelain tiles; as the beams are raised layer by layer and the beams are shortened layer by layer, a sloped roof is formed; the overhanging eaves are supported by brackets, which can not only bear the load but also add decorative effect, which is another characteristic of traditional Chinese architecture. A great feature. The Hall of Supreme Harmony adopts this structure, using 73 large wooden columns to support the beams to form a verandah-style roof with double eaves. The upper eaves and bucket arches are single-vaulted, three-fold with nine steps, and the lower eaves are single-vaulted with seven steps. The whole building is solemn, majestic and magnificent, and has the effect of showing the supreme power of the emperor.
It is obviously different from the outer dynasty that requires grandeur and open courtyards. The inner courtyard, which is the living area of ??the emperor and empress, presents the characteristics of a deep courtyard. The six east and west palaces are integrated into one and neatly arranged. There is also the imperial garden in the back garden, which is beautiful and quiet, and can be used for recreation.
The layout of the entire Forbidden City is symmetrically arranged with the Meridian Gate to the Shenwu Gate as the central axis. The central axis extends to Tiananmen in the south and Jingshan in the north, coinciding with the central axis of the ancient city of Beijing. Climb up Jingshan Mountain and look out at the Forbidden City. With overlapping eaves and continuous glazing, it is magnificent and magnificent. It is a treasure of traditional Chinese architecture.
3. Summer Palace
The garden combines the beauty of architecture, art and nature. It is the result of the mutual penetration and integration of technology and art. Chinese garden architectural art has a long history, is unique in the history of world gardening, and has made remarkable achievements. Over the past few thousand years, tens of thousands of exquisite gardens have been created across China. The Summer Palace is a relatively well-preserved large-scale royal garden. It is a certain representative of traditional Chinese gardens and occupies an important position in the world's garden architecture.
The Summer Palace is located in the northwest of Beijing, with a radius of 8 kilometers (sixteen miles) and an area of ??4,350 acres. It is magnificent in scale and beautiful in scenery. Its history can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty more than 800 years ago. Jin Zhangzong once built Jinshui Courtyard here, which was one of the Eight Courtyards in Xishan at that time. The mountain is called Jinshan, and the water from the Yuquan is diverted to the foot of the mountain to form a pool, called the Golden Pool. In the Yuan Dynasty, it is said that an old man dug a large stone urn with patterns on the mountain, so he changed the name of Jinshan to Wengshan.
Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty once ordered Guo Shoujing to divert the water from Yuquan to the foot of the mountain twice, and dredged and expanded the Jinchi Pond into a large reservoir. It was successively renamed Wengshanbo and Dabo Lake, commonly known as West Lake or Xihaizi. The soil dug from the lake was transported up the mountain to raise the height. Wengshan has become a scenic spot with high mountains and wide waters. In the Ming Dynasty, Wengshan was renamed Jinshan, Wengshanbo was renamed Jinhai, Yuanjing Temple was built on the mountain, and a mountain garden was built on the lakeside, collectively called Haoshan Garden, commonly known as West Lake View. In 1750, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty built the Great Baoen Temple on the basis of Yuanjing Temple to celebrate the birthday of his mother-emperor. He also changed the name of Jinshan Mountain to Longevity Mountain. He also dredged the Jinhai Sea and renamed it Kunming Lake. The entire garden was called Qingyi Garden. The project It took 15 years to build. Since then, Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain, Changchun Garden and Old Summer Palace are collectively known as "Three Mountains and Five Gardens". Qingyi Garden is unique and has the reputation of "Where is Yanshan Mountain"? The most free-spirited, unparalleled romance belongs to Kunming." What is infuriating is that when the British and French forces captured Beijing in 1860, the three mountains and five gardens suffered the same fate. They were looted and then set on fire. The Qingyi Garden was reduced to ashes except for a few buildings. In 1886, Cixi misappropriated navy funds, which took 10 years to build and renamed the Summer Palace. In 1900, the Summer Palace was plundered and burned by the Eight-Power Allied Forces. In 1902, Cixi restored it again. The existing Summer Palace not only reflects the superb attainments of ancient Chinese gardening skills, but also nails the crimes of the foreign powers' invasion of China and the corruption of the late Qing rulers who misled the country into a pillar of historical shame.
The Summer Palace inherits the traditional characteristics and gardening techniques of ancient Chinese garden architecture and has developed to some extent. The layout of the whole park can be roughly divided into several parts including the East Palace Gate, East Mountain, Front Mountain, Back Mountain, and Kunming Lake. The entire garden has the following outstanding points:
1. Win with water. The water area accounts for 3/4 of the entire park. The designer designed and arranged it according to the characteristics of the water surface opening. The main buildings and scenic spots all face Kunming Lake or overlook the lake. In order to avoid the monotony of the open lake surface, long embankments were used to divide the lake surface into several areas, and islands such as Fenghuang Pier, Zhijing Pavilion, and Zaojiantang were also arranged in the lake to symbolize the legendary Penglai, Abbot, Yingzhou, etc. There are three sacred mountains on the sea, making the water area both open and interesting.
2. The combination of lakes and mountains. Wanshou Mountain on the Hubei shore is 58 meters high, like a green screen. The lakes and mountains complement each other beautifully. The front mountain is the center of the whole garden. In the middle is a group of huge buildings. From the top of the mountain to the Sea of ??Wisdom, descending are the Pavilion of Buddhist Incense, Tanhui Hall, Paiyun Hall, Paiyun Gate, and Yunhui Yuyufang to the lake. Among them, the Beamless Hall (Sea of ??Wisdom) with glazed tiles and the 41-meter-high Buddhist Incense Pavilion are majestic and the most distinctive buildings. There are many supporting buildings on both sides of this central axis. There are long outlines and stone railings built around the mountains and lakes, clearly distinguishing and closely connecting the lake and the mountains.
3. Sharp contrast. The buildings on the front mountain are magnificent and resplendent, the buildings on the back mountain are hidden and the scenery is quiet; Kunming Lake is majestic and majestic, the back lake (Suzhou River) is quiet and exquisite, the buildings in the East Palace Gate are densely packed, and the scenery on the West Causeway and the West Causeway are beautiful. The strong contrast gives visitors different feelings, thus adding to the interest.
4. The scenery changes with each step. According to different geographical characteristics, different scenic spots are composed of buildings, platforms, pavilions, pavilions, restaurants, halls, pavilions, pavilions, winding sills, corridors, rockeries, flowers and trees, etc. There are obvious differences and organic connections between various scenic spots, so that when people walk in the park, the scenery changes everywhere and emerges in endlessly.
5. Borrowing scenery technique. The designer not only considered the mutual cooperation and borrowing of the scenery in the garden, but also made full use of the surrounding scenery to make the peaks of the West Mountain, the smokey willows on the West Embankment, and the shadow of the pagoda on Yuquan Mountain seem like scenery in the garden. This clever technique of having scenery both inside and outside the garden gives people the feeling that the scope of the garden has been expanded.
6. There is a garden within a garden. At the eastern foot of Wanshou Mountain, where the terrain is low and water gathers to form a pool, a Harmonious Garden was built based on the Wuxi Huishan Garden. With a pool as the center, it is equipped with halls, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, verandas, and small bridges. It has its own independent pattern and becomes a garden within a garden. Moreover, it is elegant and quiet, which is in sharp contrast with the dense palace buildings in the East Palace Gate, giving people a refreshing feeling.
7. Set scene modeling.
The garden brings together many scenic spots across the country, but it is not a rigid imitation, but has a unique charm. For example, the Garden of Harmonious Interests is imitated from Huishan Garden, the Six Bridges on the West Causeway are imitated from the Sudi of West Lake in Hangzhou, and the Hanxu Hall and Jingming Tower are imitated from Huanghe. Tower, Yueyang Tower, Suzhou Street are imitated from Suzhou City Street, etc., but they are very different.
The Summer Palace brings together the essence of traditional Chinese garden architectural art. "Although it is man-made, it looks like it was made by nature" and is a representative work of garden architecture.
Chinese architecture was basically a closed and independent system from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the mid-19th century. The style has not changed much in more than 2000 years, and it is generally called ancient Chinese architecture. After the mid-19th century, with the changes in the nature of society and the large-scale import of foreign architecture, especially Western architectural styles, Chinese architecture had more contact and exchanges with world architecture, and architectural styles changed dramatically, commonly known as Chinese modern times. architecture. This article focuses on ancient Chinese architecture.
Ancient Chinese architecture developed maturely in feudal society. It is mainly composed of Han wooden structures and also includes outstanding buildings of various ethnic minorities. It has the longest history, the widest distribution area and the most unique style in the world. A unique system revealed. Ancient Chinese architecture had a direct impact on the ancient architecture of Japan, Korea and Vietnam. After the 17th century, it also had an impact on Europe.
Compared with ancient European architectural art, the aesthetic value and political and ethical value of ancient Chinese architecture are highly unified; rooted in profound traditional culture, showing a distinctive humanistic spirit; highly holistic and comprehensive . The specific manifestations are:
(1) Pay attention to the overall management of the environment
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of integrated management of the built environment. Although the planning systems of Ye, Du, Bi, Xiang, Lu, Li, Yi, Qiu, Dian, etc. in "Zhou Li" may not all be true, it at least shows that there was a large-area planning concept for systematic planning at that time. "Guanzi·Chengma" advocates that "any capital must be established not under the mountains, but above Guangchuan", which shows that the environmental relationship must be taken into consideration when choosing a city location. China's Kanyu theory originated very early. Apart from the superstition, most of it focuses on the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities focused on the unified management of the city itself and its surrounding environment. Qin Xianyang encompasses Beiban in the north, runs through the Weishui River in the middle, and reaches Nanshan Mountain in the south. At its peak, it reached two to three hundred miles from east to west, making it a super-scale urban environment. Famous capitals such as Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (today's Nanjing, Jiangsu), and Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) all have their business scope far beyond the city walls; even ordinary prefectures, prefectures, and counties have Incorporate the suburbs into a unified layout within the overall urban environment. Important scenic spots, such as the Five Mountains and Five Towns, famous Buddhist and Taoist mountains, and suburban gardens, also give top priority to environmental management; imperial mausoleum areas place even greater emphasis on Feng Shui geography, and most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to display their art. charm.
(2) The single image is integrated into the group sequence
The single building forms in ancient China are relatively simple, most of them are stereotyped styles, and isolated single buildings do not constitute a complete building. The artistic image and artistic effect of architecture mainly rely on group sequence. When a palace is used as a foil in a sequence, its shape will not be too large and its image may be relatively plain. However, if it is used as the main body, it may be very tall. For example, there were not many styles of single buildings in the Beijing palaces of the Ming and Qing dynasties, but through different spatial sequence transformations, each single building showed its independent character in the whole.
(3) Unification of structural technology and artistic image
The wooden structure system of ancient Chinese architecture is highly adaptable. This system consists of four columns, two beams and two squares to form a basic frame called a room. The rooms can be connected left and right, front and back, stacked up and down, or combined at random, or modified to form octagonal, hexagonal, or circular , sector or other shapes. There are two types of roof structures: beam-lifting type and bucket-through type. No matter which type, the roof can be curved without changing the structural system, and angled cornices can be made at the corners of the roof. Double eaves, hooked, interspersed, and draped can also be made. Matching style. The artistic shape of a single building mainly relies on the flexible arrangement of spaces and the various styles of curved roofs. In addition, the components of the wooden structure can be easily carved and painted to enhance the artistic expression of the building.
Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient Chinese architecture is also reflected in the structural beauty to a large extent.
(4) Unification of standardization and diversification
Chinese architecture is dominated by wooden structures. In order to facilitate the production, installation and estimating of components, the standardization of components is inevitable. It also promotes modular design. As early as the "Kao Gong Ji" in the Spring and Autumn Period, there were the seeds of standardization and modularization, and it was relatively mature by the Tang Dynasty at the latest. By the time of the "Building Code" compiled in the third year of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties (1100), the modularization was completely finalized, and the "Ministry of Engineering Engineering Practice Code" promulgated in the twelfth year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1734) was further simplified. The standardization of buildings promotes the unification of architectural styles and ensures that each building can reach a certain artistic level. Standardization does not limit the sequence composition too much, so the standardization of individual buildings and the diversification of group sequences can go hand in hand. As a kind of spatial art, it is obviously a mature phenomenon of progress. The individual buildings in ancient China seem to lack variety, but the group combinations are varied. The reason is the high degree of unity of standardization and diversification.