/kloc-In the 20th century, China became the third Asian country to build railways after Japan and India. 1875, Britain laid the Wusong railway with a length of14.5km in Shanghai, becoming the first railway in China. In China, people who see the train for the first time are full of fear about this new thing. Nevertheless, influenced by the idea of "learning from foreigners", Qing government officials of the "Westernization School" were forced to accept the construction of railways, and in 188 1, the first government-run railway advocated by the Qing government was built: Tang Xu Railway.
The first train in China was built by the wife of the chief engineer of Tang Xu Railway at that time after imitating the famous British steam locomotive "Rocket" and named it "China Rocket". Because China workers carved a dragon on each side of the locomotive, they called it "Dragon" locomotive.
After Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion, the voice of safeguarding rights and building railways became louder and louder. Finally, the Qing government decided to build the first railway designed and built by China people themselves-Jing-Zhang Railway. This railway was designed and built by Zhan Tianyou, an expert in railway engineering. As the chief engineer of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou creatively used herringbone railway to enable trains to pass on steep slopes in mountainous areas.
1911may, the Qing government announced the policy of "state-owned railways" and nationalized the privatized Sichuan-Han and Guangdong-Han railways. This move attracted opposition from all walks of life in Sichuan and set off a massive road protection movement. 10, 10 In June, Huguang revolutionaries used the Qing government to send troops to Sichuan to suppress the uprising, which caused the shortage of troops in Wuhan and launched the Wuchang Uprising, which promoted the establishment of the Republic of China and ended the feudal monarchy.
19 12, the Republic of China was proclaimed. Sun Yat-sen, the temporary president of the Republic of China, put forward a grand and comprehensive railway construction plan, and designed three main trunk lines connecting the whole country, with a total length of 200 thousand kilometers. In the "fourth plan" of industrial planning, Sun Yat-sen further elaborated and designed five railway trunk lines running through the country, which were subdivided into the expansion of central railway system, southeast railway system and northwest railway system.
During the Republic of China, China, Japan and the Soviet Union competed for the rights and interests of the Middle East railway in the northeast, which also showed the twists and turns of China's railway development from another aspect. The Middle East Railway was originally built by Russia in the northeast of China. This railway was originally controlled by Russia. 1922 after the establishment of the Soviet union, it was changed to Sino-Soviet condominium. 1929 Zhang Xueliang tried to recover the Middle East Railway by force, and the Northeast Army lost to the Soviet Red Army. In 1930s, after the Japanese invaded the northeast of China, the Soviet Union sold the railway to Manchukuo. After 1945, the Soviet Union regained control and handed it over to the government of China after liberation.
1937, the Qiantang River Bridge, the first double-deck railway and highway bridge designed and built by China, was completed. The Qianjiang Bridge spans the Qiantang River and is the main road connecting Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo and zhejiang-jiangxi railway. The bridge was designed and built by Dr. Mao Yisheng, a contemporary bridge expert. However, less than two months after its completion, Hangzhou was captured by the Japanese army. In order to cut off the transportation hub, Mao Yisheng had to blow up the bridge which took three years to build. Due to frequent wars and the influence of external forces during the Republic of China, the development of China railway was slow during this period.
In the early 1950s, the new China government decided to fill the gap in the western railway and began to build the chengdu-chongqing railway from Chengdu to Chongqing. /kloc-0 started construction in June, 1950, and/kloc-0 was opened to traffic in June, 1952, becoming the first railway built after liberation.
Baoji-chengdu railway starts from Baoji, Shaanxi Province in the north, reaches Chengdu, Sichuan Province in the south, and is connected with Chengdu, Chongqing and Cheng Kun, with a total length of 669 kilometers. It is the first railway trunk line connecting northwest and southwest. It is also the first railway to break through the "difficulty of Shu Dao". Baoji-chengdu railway started construction in Chengdu in July 1952 and 1, and was completed and opened to traffic in June 1958. In July 1975, the railway electrification project was completed, making it the first electrified railway in China.
Chengdu-kunming railway, with a total length of1100km, was originally a key project in the construction of the third defense line. Start in July 1958, and stop construction after repairing 6 1 km. Resumed work in August, 1964, stopped once after the Cultural Revolution, and was completed in July, 1970. The scale of chengdu-kunming railway project is rare in the world. The total extension line of the overpass bridge and tunnel accounts for 465,438+0.6% of the line length. There is no place to set up a station in some sections, so we have to build the station line on the bridge or tunnel. Of the 22 stations along the line/kloc-0, there are 4 such stations1station. This arduous and magnificent project won the "special award for scientific and technological progress" issued by the state. In the picture, the train is crossing the Shamulada Tunnel, which is the longest tunnel in chengdu-kunming railway and the highest altitude tunnel.
Due to the extremely arduous project in chengdu-kunming railway and the restriction of construction conditions at that time, a large number of railway soldiers died at the construction site during the construction period. There are various data on the death toll of railway soldiers, but there is no authoritative statistical data so far. But you can still see many martyrs' cemeteries along chengdu-kunming railway.
Longhai Railway is a main railway line from Lianyungang in Jiangsu Province to Lanzhou in Gansu Province in China. 1905 started construction, and after more than 40 years of segmented construction, it was completed on 1952. At present, it has a total length of 1759 km, which is a class I double-track electrified line. Longhai Railway is the most important railway trunk line running through the east, middle and west of China, and it is also an important part of the new Eurasian continental bridge from Lianyungang, China in the Pacific Ocean to Rotterdam, the Netherlands in the Atlantic Ocean.
Daqin Railway was built in 1985- 1997, which is the only dedicated railway for coal transportation in China and the first heavy-haul unit railway in China. The railway runs from Datong City, Shanxi Province to Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, and runs through Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin, with a total length of 653 kilometers and an average time of less than 15 minutes. A coal train roared by, transporting tens of thousands of tons of coal to Qinhuangdao port hundreds of kilometers away and to the south.
The Beijing-Kowloon Railway, also known as the Beijing-Kowloon Line, is a railway from Beijing to Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. It starts from Beijing West Railway Station, goes to Shenzhen Station, passes through east rail line in Hong Kong, and ends at Kowloon (Hung Hom) Station. Various sections of the Beijing-Kowloon Railway started construction on 1994, and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway was opened ahead of schedule on 1 September 19961day.
In June 2003, 65438+1October, 65438+February, Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Railway was officially put into operation as the first passenger dedicated line in China. The railway has a design speed of 200 kilometers per hour and a top speed of 300 kilometers per hour.
On April 27th, 2006, Shanghai Maglev ended its two-year trial operation and officially put into operation. This is the world's first demonstration line of maglev train put into commercial operation, with a total length of 29.863 kilometers. Different from ordinary ground trains, maglev trains use the principle of "like-sex repulsion and opposite-sex attraction" to make the trains completely off the track and float, becoming "wheelless" trains. 14 minutes to and from Shanghai downtown and Pudong airport.
Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a railway from Xining City, Qinghai Province to Lhasa City, Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1956 km. It is the plateau railway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world. China has overcome the worldwide problem of permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during its construction, and it was successfully opened to traffic on July 1 2006. The picture shows the local people welcoming the "Qing 1" train from Golmud to Tibet.
In 2007, China Railway increased its speed for the sixth time. For the first time in China, large CRH EMU trains with a speed of 200-250 km/h are operated on major speed-increasing trunk lines (such as Beijing-Shanghai line, Beijing-Guangzhou line, Beijing-Harbin line and Ji Jiao line). ), reaching the advanced level of speed-up transformation of existing lines in the world.
In 2007, EMU entered Beijing Station and Xingcheng Station.
In 2008, China had the first high-speed railway with a speed of more than 300 kilometers per hour-Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway, and in 2009, it had the longest running high-speed railway in the world-Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line. On June 30th, 20 1 1, beijing-shanghai railway will start its official operation. By the end of 2011,China had built 13 high-speed rail lines with a total mileage of 8,358 kilometers.
Since 1997, China Railway has experienced six speed increases. With the rapid development of high-speed railway, the train speed has been greatly improved. At the same time, the operating mileage of China railway will also reach 1 1 10,000 kilometers from the current 80,000 kilometers, and the electrification rate and double-track rate will reach more than 50%. On July 1 day, 2009, with the official opening of the Yongzhou-Yulin section of Luozhan Railway, it marked the realization of the "eight vertical and eight horizontal" railway network in China. By 20 15, the operating mileage of China's railways will reach more than120,000 km, including high-speed railway160,000 km. With the high-speed railway as the skeleton, a rapid railway network with a total scale of 50 thousand kilometers will be basically built.