(Modern scholar Zhang Taiyan agrees with this view. However, Hu Shi holds the opposite view. He agreed with the view that the scholars in A Brief History of Huai Nan Zi were eager for success, and put forward the view that Confucianism was transformed from warlocks among the adherents of Yin Shang Dynasty. )
During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, the profound crisis caused by irreconcilable contradictions within society shook the authority of traditional culture, and the spirit of suspicion and criticism of traditional culture increased day by day. Even Confucius, who was a founder of Yao and Shun and a civil servant, had to inject the spirit of the times into his own ideological system and transform traditional culture appropriately in order to establish a new harmonious order and psychological balance in social practice. This situation was particularly prominent in the Warring States period, when people experienced great changes.
What kind of social model will be in the future has become a big problem that attracts worldwide attention and has caused a big debate in the ideological circle. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended on behalf of the interests of all social classes and strata, and put forward their own opinions one after another. One of the most important debates is how to treat traditional culture. In the ideological confrontation around this issue, Confucianism and France are the most representative schools. They are evenly matched, tit for tat, and there are many candidates, all of whom are excellent scholars. In addition, there are schools of Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and so on, which can be described as numerous schools.
Confucianism is an important school in the Spring and Autumn Period. It was founded by Confucius, a great thinker and educator, and later developed by Mencius, a thinker and writer. The core of Confucianism is benevolence. Politically, Confucius advocated the restoration of the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the establishment of private schools in education, the promotion of teaching without distinction, the emphasis on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and the emphasis on "no resentment, no anger and no hair"; Mencius advocated that kings should be benevolent in order to make the world return to the heart. Confucianism was highly praised by many rulers during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. However, in the turbulent social situation at that time, the princes advocated force for their own interests, and the Confucian moral policy was difficult to implement. After the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was regarded as the orthodox thought of feudal society. [Edit this paragraph] Confucius, the founder of Confucianism (55 BC1-479 BC), surnamed Kong, named Qiu, was born in English. Russian: конуций. Ranked second among brothers, he was a native of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Born in Changping Township (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) on September 28th, 55 BC1year (August 27th in the summer calendar); He died on April 1 1 day (February 11th of the lunar calendar) in 479 BC at the age of 72 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, Kong Lin. Mencius
Confucius is the five elements of fitness and two instruments. The rest of the saints are bright and decisive when gold makes a fortune, simple and straightforward when wood makes a fortune, vigorous and swift when angry, clear and harmonious when water makes a fortune, calm and vigorous when rustic, bright and clear when Yang makes a fortune, and silent and implicit when Yin makes a fortune. Temperament is limited, although extreme, but it is always biased. These seven children, * * * things are inconsistent, * * * words are inconsistent, and the same people are right and wrong.
What if Kong Yan's family is poor and doesn't harm the world? Benevolence covers the world with me, and benevolence cares about the world without forgetting a day. ……
When Confucius was young, he was a senior official of Lu, and he was very good at governing the country. Corrupt officials fled to other countries, and the leaders of other countries became very afraid of Lu.
But he spent most of his life on education. According to legend, he received as many as 3,000 disciples and 72 sages, and taught many knowledgeable and talented students. Confucius was a thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was appointed as the head of the State of Lu. Later, he took his disciples around the world; Finally, I returned to Shandong and concentrated on teaching. When he was alive, he was known as a "celestial sage", "celestial muduo" and "eternal sage". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. Qiu's name comes from his parents praying for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain. He wrote poems, books, rituals and music, and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals after Zhouyi. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.
Historical records? 6? 1 Confucius' home "contains:" Since the son of heaven is the king, China's people who speak six arts compromise with Confucius. It is the most sacred! "[Edit this paragraph] Confucian classics Confucian classics mainly include the Thirteen Classics. There are six Confucian classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili, Jing Yue, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism". It is said that Yue Ji was lost after the Qin fire.
On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and The Seven Classics.
Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Beam, Erya and Twelve Classics were added in the Tang Dynasty.
Mencius was supplemented in the Song Dynasty, and later the Notes to Thirteen Classics was handed down from generation to generation.
Thirteen Classics is the basic work of Confucian culture. Traditionally, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are called Jing, while Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan belong to the biography and ceremony of Chunqiu Jing. The later four books refer to Daxue (one in the Book of Rites), The Doctrine of the Mean (one in the Book of Rites), The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, while the Five Classics refer to Zhouyi, Shangshu, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan. [Edit this paragraph] The main representatives and factions of Confucianism are Confucius, Mencius, Xun Qing, Dong Zhongshu, Er Cheng, Zhu, Lu Shouren and Wang Yangming.
Eight schools of thought formed by internal division of Confucianism during the Warring States Period.
Confucius has been engaged in educational activities for a long time, with many students, and has the reputation of "three thousand disciples and seventy sages". However, the system of Confucius' ideological theory covers a wide range, and Confucius disciples have different understandings of Confucius' remarks and thoughts, which will inevitably lead to differences. So after the death of Confucius, Confucius disciples began to divide gradually. In the middle and late Warring States period, Confucianism became a "prominent school", and at the same time, eight different factions were formed within Confucianism. The theory of "eight schools" of Confucianism first appeared in Han Feizi Xianxue: "Since the death of Confucius, there have been Confucianism of Zhang Zhiru, Confucianism of Zi Si, Confucianism of Yan Shi, Confucianism of Meng Shi, Confucianism of Hu Zhongliang, Confucianism of Yi Shi and Confucianism of Le Zheng Shi." Limited to historical documents, the eight schools of Confucianism in the Warring States Period are briefly described as follows:
▲ "Confucianism of Zhang Zi":
Zhang Zi, surnamed Zhuan Sun, was born in Yangcheng (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and was a famous teacher. He was born in 503 BC, and the date of his death is unknown. Zhang Zi, a disciple of Confucius in his later years, achieved outstanding academic results after school, and was as famous as Xia Zi and Zi You. He traveled around the world from Confucius and was trapped between Chen and Cai. He is good at asking questions and often discusses various problems with Confucius. The Analects of Confucius records that he studied from Confucius as many as twenty times. He advocated that "a scholar should regard danger as his life, treat it as just, offer it with respect, and mourn it with sorrow" (The Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi), and clearly opposed "disloyalty to morality, faith and behavior" (The Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi). Zhang Zi's nature is a bit extreme. Confucius once criticized him for "being too much of a teacher" and "being too much of a teacher" (Advanced Analects of Confucius). However, he is a caring and tolerant person and he has a wide range of friends. He believes that a gentleman should "respect the virtuous and accept the masses, but be ashamed of his own mountain" (The Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi). Zhang Zi has been an official all his life. After Confucius died, he lived in the state of Chen, where he was an apprentice and gave lectures. Zhang Zi's disciples later formed "Zhang Zi's Confucianism", which was listed as the first of the eight Confucianism schools in the Warring States Period. It is difficult to know exactly what Zhang Zizhi's academic or political views are. Xunzi once severely criticized "Zhang Zi's Confucianism" in "Non-Twelve Sons" and called it "base Confucianism", saying: "Although my brother is only the crown, his words are only moderate, and he is Zhang Zi's base Confucianism." This kind of criticism seems to have no academic or ideological basis, just some words and deeds. It is generally believed that Xunzi's reprimand may refer to the "Confucianism of Zhang Zi" at the end of the Warring States Period. For example, Hao Yixing, a Confucian in the Qing Dynasty, thinks that he refers to people who look like Zhang Zi but don't look like him (see Wang Xianqian's Xunzi Collection). According to the characteristics of modern scholar Zhang Zi's Confucianism, Morton thinks that "scholars after Zhang Zi seem to be closer to Mohism" and speculates that "Mo Zhai was influenced by Zhang Zi" (Criticism of Ten Criticism Books and Eight Confucianism).
▲ "Confucianism of Zi Si":
Zisi is the grandson of Confucius (see this book Zisi). It is difficult to know exactly what Confucian academic or political ideas are. Xunzi briefly talked about it from the perspective of negation in "Non-Twelve Sons", saying: "The small law is the first king and I don't know its system, but it is still ambitious. The case is said to be old-fashioned, called Wuxing. Very unconventional, classless, hidden without words, closed without solutions. The case is decorated with its words, only respecting it:' This is the words of a true gentleman'. Zi Si sang it, Monk reconciled it, and the secular ditch still didn't know what was wrong, so it was collected and passed on. " In the view of most Song Confucians, Zi Si Confucianism developed Confucius' golden mean, raised the spiritual entity of "sincerity" in Confucian moral category to the original position in the world, and made great contributions to the study of Confucian mind and nature. Song Ruzhi said that many scholars have expressed doubts since modern times.
▲ Yan's Confucianism:
According to the Analects of Confucius, Historical Records and Biographies of Zhong Ni's Disciples, there are eight disciples named Yan, namely: Yan, Yan Hui, Yan Xing, Yan Zu,,,. Up to now, it is difficult to determine whether "Yan's Confucianism" was spread by one of them, and the academic circles generally believe that Yan Hui is the representative. Yan Hui is the most proud disciple of Confucius (see "Yan Hui" in this book). The most important feature of his school is that poverty leads to life and happiness leads to happiness, with the emphasis on practicing Confucius' thought of benevolence. In addition, in Zhuangzi, Yan Hui's theory of self-cultivation such as "sit and forget" and "fast in the heart" is also mentioned.
▲ "Mencius Confucianism":
The academic circles generally believe that Mencius is the representative of "Mencius Confucianism". Mencius was the main representative of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period. He developed Confucius' thought of benevolence, put forward the theory of "human nature is good", and implemented the political ideals of "benevolent government" and "kingly way" and the people-oriented thought of "valuing the people over the monarch" (see Mencius in this book). Mencius once said, "You can't be a disciple of Confucius, but a private scholar" (Mencius Li Lou). Sima Qian called him a disciple of Zi Si in Historical Records and Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing. Xunzi also said in the word "Non-poetry" that "Zi Si sings it, and Meng Ke harmonizes it", so the "Confucianism of Meng Shi" should be combined with the "Confucianism of Zi Si". Deng Moruo thinks that The Scholars of Mencius is not only a Confucian series of Zi Si, but also a Confucian series of Le Zheng's Ten Books and Eight Biographies.
▲ "Confucianism in Qi Diao":
According to the Analects of Confucius, Historical Records and Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples, there are three disciples of Confucius named Qi Diao, namely Qi Tiaojie, Diaoduo Qi and Qi Diao (the author of Confucius Family is Qi Diao). Academic circles generally believe that the representative figure of "Qi Diao Confucianism" is Qi Diaokai. Qi Diao Kai, "Han Shu Literature and Art Records" was written together. According to the textual research of He, "Qi" was originally called "Qi", but Han people changed it to "Qi" for taboo. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu () was born in 540 AD, and the year of his death is unknown. Qi Diaokai is a disciple of Confucius, who once asked him to be an official. He said that he had no confidence in being an official, and Confucius appreciated it (see The Analects of Confucius, Public Governance). Qi Diao Kai has unyielding courage. In "Everything is done in leisure", he said: "Qi Diao's proposal will not be scratched, and he will not escape. His songs are contrary to Zanghuo's, and his straight line is angry with his ministers. The Lord thinks it is cheap and polite. " From the viewpoint of human nature, it is argued that there are good and evil human nature. It is recorded in Lun Heng Xing: "The disciples of Mi Zi Debate, Qi Diao Kai and Gong Sunni Zi also talk about love, which is different from that of Shi Zi. They all say that sex is good and evil." According to these data, modern scholars believe that "Qi Diao Confucianism" is Ren Xia who is unwilling to be an official and brave, and belongs to Ren Xia, a disciple of Confucius; This school advocates that there are good and evil in human nature, and Mi Zibian, Gong Sunzi and the World Theory are the main members of this school. There are Qi Diao Zi, Mi Zi, Shi Zi and Gong Sunni Zi recorded in Hanshu, indicating that they all had works at that time (all lost). In addition, in the Ugly History of Mencius, it is said that Si, who is good at "nurturing courage", should also belong to "Confucianism" (see Guo Moruo's Criticism of Ten Books, Criticism of Eight Scholars and Meng's Textual Research on Gu Zhiru).
▲ "Confucianism of Loyalty":
Among the eight schools of Confucianism in the Warring States period, this school cannot be tested. According to Guo Moruo's speculation, "Zhong Liang Confucianism" may be the Chen Liang School mentioned in Mencius Teng Wengong. According to Mencius, "Born in Chu, I liked the Duke of Zhou and learned from China in the north. Northern scholars failed to be the first, also known as heroes. " Chen Liang's disciples are Sean and Chen Xin. Later, he appreciated the theory of farmer Xu Xing and was severely criticized by Mencius. It is speculated that "Zhong Liang's Confucianism" may be the Zhong School in The Book of Rites on Business, and Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty said that he was Lu. "On the Book of Rites Tan Gong" Zeng Zi said: The corpse is not decorated, so the hall is covered, and the curtain is small and transparent. Zhong yue: the couple are chaotic, so the curtain hall is small and transparent. "In addition, Zhong's language is quoted in Shi Mao Biography, which originated from it, so this school may have both the learning of Zeng Shen and the learning of it (see Note on Learning from Everything is done wrong).
▲ "Confucianism in Sun Shi":
The academic circles generally believe that "Sun Shi Confucianism" is a school represented by Xunzi. Xunzi was the main representative of Confucianism in the late Warring States period. He inherited the Confucian academic tradition and was one of the main disseminators of Confucian classics. In political thought, he developed Confucius' "etiquette" and advocated both etiquette and law; Philosophically, it advocates "the separation of heaven and man" and "the destiny belongs to it and uses it"; He thinks that "human nature is evil and good is false" and emphasizes the importance of learning the day after tomorrow (see Xunzi in this book). In "Sun Shi Confucianism", Han Fei and Li Si are all famous except those disciples who inherited Xunzi's Confucian classics, but they all broke through the boundaries of their teacher Xunzi's Confucianism and became representatives of Legalism.
▲ "Lezheng Confucianism":
Among the eight major schools of Confucianism in the Warring States period, this school also failed the examination. According to Guo Moruo's speculation, "Confucianism of Lezheng" or Mencius' disciple Ke is therefore a series of "Confucianism of Mencius". According to Chen Qiyou's speculation, the "Learning of Le Zheng's Family" may be Ceng Zi's disciple Le Zheng Zi Chun, so he should preach Ceng Zi's learning (see the collation of Chen Qiyou's "Learning of Ji's Family").
In short, the Eight Schools in the Warring States Period were the schools that emerged internally in the "contention of a hundred schools of thought" at that time. Their views are quite different, but they all think that they represent Confucius' Confucianism. From the historical development in the future, Mencius School and Xunzi School are the main influential schools. [Edit this paragraph] One of the characteristics of Confucianism is that Confucius is a teacher and an ideological leader;
Second, take Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Book of Rites, Zuozhuan and other books as classics;
Thirdly, a tension structure of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness has been formed ideologically;
Fourthly, from the inner sage to the outer king, we can learn from the achievements of the outer king through inner body and mind;
Fifth, paying special attention to the ethical relationship between people and applying it to political practice has become a guiding principle. [Edit this paragraph] ★ Conditions for the formation of Confucian status and its relationship with various schools. The reason why Confucianism has today's status is that Confucianism has monopolized the ideological status of the United States since its birth, especially in the feudal society of more than two thousand years. Confucianism advocates rule by courtesy, emphasizes traditional ethical relations, and especially pays attention to ethical relations between people. Confucianism was severely criticized by Mohism, Legalism and Taoism in the pre-Qin period, but was rejected by the rulers in the Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty. In the Six Dynasties, it was challenged by metaphysics and Buddhism, and experienced an unprecedented anti-Confucianism upsurge in the May 4th Movement, but it has continued to this day. The reason is that Confucianism is rooted in China's inherent value system and can adjust itself at any time to adapt to the changes of the times and society. And to a certain extent, it is the most valuable knowledge system in the East, so that it is synonymous with China traditional culture in a sense today. Confucianism is the core and subject of Chinese studies.
▲ Various critics of Confucianism
Mohism has many criticisms of Confucianism, criticizing Confucius for "not saying enough", advocating "not saying enough" and criticizing the cumbersome etiquette of Confucius and Confucianism.
Taoism takes nature as its purpose, despises etiquette and holds a negative attitude towards Confucian ethics.
Pre-Qin legalists opposed Confucianism ideologically, and Shang Yang, the representative of the early legalists, thought that Confucianism opposed the legalists' thought of agricultural warfare, which caused the country to be "impoverished". Han Fei, a master of legalism, personally respects Confucius, but he thinks that Confucius' theory is out of date.
According to legend, Confucius is known as Confucius, Confucius and Bodhisattva. Or: "My master is the ancestor of Sven for generations, but he is a child. The child is still young. Young people are small. He is a young teacher, why should he blame Confucianism for developing Buddhism? Monks are also called monks. Master Qiu is also taboo. Compare it, and ... Monks, disciples of Buddha, and master. He is a disciple of my teacher, so why blame Confucianism for developing Buddhism? " That's not true. Children, pure and true. Manjusri is seven buddha's teacher, and Manjusri is a boy. Fubao is the ultimate bodhi in life, and it is called Fubao Boy. Even the forty-two sages and those who have "childlike innocence" all sigh with great virtue and are not small. Therefore, people who say they are adults do not lose their childlike innocence. If it's a monk, Sanskrit will do. Sanskrit monk, this cloud begging, also cloud breaking evil, also cloud evil. Comparison is not comparison, and hills are not hills. Gai only takes sounds, not words. If Sanskrit is absent in the south, this cloud belongs to fate. The south does not take the south of the north and the south, but takes nothing and nothing. Hey! If teachers and students are in the state of Zhu, they will promote Buddhism to all beings; In order for Sakyamuni to appear in Lubang, it is necessary to clarify the teachings of Confucianism and Taoism. It's all the same anywhere else. What a Great Sage does, he has no idea. For a Confucian, you can't destroy Buddhism, but for a Buddhist, you can destroy Confucianism. (master lianchi, recognized as a master of Confucianism before becoming a monk)
According to folk oral comments, some contemporary non-Confucianists have made the following comments on the contribution of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to the development of China: "Governing the world, turning into a Buddha in troubled times, and changing from governance to chaos, is Confucianism." [Edit this paragraph] The influence of Confucianism on China
1. The influence of Confucianism on China culture
Confucianism has a profound influence on China culture. Thousands of years of feudal society, except the traditional ideas such as responsibility, temperance, loyalty and filial piety in the Five Classics, are the result of their combination with feudal rule, so Confucianism is the mainstream thought of our time.
2. The influence of Confucianism on China's politics and economy.
Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years, and it still has great potential influence on China's politics and economy.