Chinese alias sweet clover, laurel, Jingui, Yangui and Murraya
English name osmanthus fragrans English name sweet olive
Latin scientific name osmanthus fragrans
Oleaceae, Oleaceae,
Osmanthus fragrans is also known as "laurel" and "osmanthus fragrans". Evergreen shrubs or small trees are temperate tree species. The leaves are opposite, mostly oval or rectangular, smooth, leathery and serrated. The crown is spherical. The trunk is rough and gray. Flowers are clustered, with 3- 15 flowers in the axils of leaves, and the flowering period is 9- 10. Many flowers came out on the spring shoots of that year, and there were flowers on the branches of two or three years old. Corolla is divided into milky white, yellow, orange and other colors, and the aroma is very rich.
There are many varieties of osmanthus fragrans, among which Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui and Sijigui are common. The fruit is purple-black drupe, commonly known as cinnamon.
Osmanthus fragrans originated in southwest China, and it is found in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei and other places, and there are also wild communities in Zhou Luo and Liuyang, Hunan. India, Nepal and Cambodia are also distributed. Osmanthus fragrans is the city flower of more than 20 cities in China.
Tips:
Jingui osmanthus thunbergii
Jin Guihua is golden yellow with light taste and thick leaves.
Osmanthus fragrans in Yin Gui. Broad-leaved fish
The flowers of Cinnamomum cassia are white, slightly yellow and the leaves are thin.
Osmanthus fragrans var. Kumquat osmanthus
Osmanthus fragrans flowers are orange-yellow, with strong smell, thick leaves and dark colors.
Osmanthus fragrans Semperflorens of Sijigui
Four seasons laurel is also called laurel. The flowers are slightly white or yellowish, with faint fragrance and thin leaves. It blooms all year round.
Distribution of origin
Osmanthus fragrans originated in southwest and central China, and is now widely planted in the Yangtze River basin and the south. It is produced in southwest China, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei provinces, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Like warm and humid climate, it is a temperate tree species, resistant to high temperature but not cold. Osmanthus fragrans leaves are lush and evergreen, and the trees are long in age. They bloom in autumn and are full of fragrance. It is a unique ornamental flower and aromatic tree species in China. Osmanthus fragrans is the city flower of more than 20 cities in China.
Osmanthus fragrans is not strict with the soil. Except alkaline soil and low-lying land or soil that is too sticky and poorly drained, it can generally grow, but slightly acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage is the most suitable.
morphological character
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with a tree height of15m and a crown covering 400 square meters. The bark is rough, the opposite leaves are grayish brown or grayish white, ovoid, ovoid to lanceolate, and the whole or upper part is sparsely serrated. The trunk is rough and gray. The leaves are leathery, opposite, oval or oblong, and the edges of young leaves are serrated. Flowers are clustered, with 3-5 flowers in the axils of leaves, mostly in the spring shoots of that year, and there are also flowers on the biennial branches. The corolla splits into milky white, yellow, orange red and other colors, and the aroma is very rich. Flowers cluster in leaf axils to form cymes. The flowers are small, yellow and white, and very fragrant. The bark is smooth and gray. The single leaf is opposite, the leather is bright, the leaf shape and leaf margin vary with varieties, the leaf shape is elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, and the leaf margin is whole or serrated. Flowers are axillary cymes, small and fragrant, and their colors vary with varieties. There are osmanthus fragrans with strong growth potential, thick branches, large leaf shape, rough leaves, dark green leaves and orange red leaves; There are silvery laurel trees with medium growth, smooth leaves, serrated leaves, milky white flowers and dense and sweet flowers; Strong growth potential, smooth leaf surface, sparse serrated or entire leaf margin, light yellow flowers and sparse fragrance, which can bloom with the above varieties from September to autumn 10, or once every 2-3 months. Dangui and Sijigui. The fruit is purple-black drupe, commonly known as cinnamon. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have obvious taproots, developed and deep roots. Young roots are yellow-brown, and old roots are yellow-brown. The root system of grafted seedlings varies with rootstock; When cuttings are buried in the soil, adventitious roots grow everywhere, but there is no obvious main root. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time. After close planting or pruning, it can become an obvious trunk. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. The leaf surface is smooth, leathery, dark and bright green near the axis, and the far axis surface is more talked about; Oval, oblong, oval, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
Ecological habit
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub or small tree of Oleaceae, and its height is1.5 ~ 8m. Crown is round head, semicircle and ellipse. Leaves opposite, leathery, inflorescence clustered in leaf axils. The flowering period is from September to 10 and the fruiting period is from March to April of the following year. Osmanthus fragrans adapts to the vast subtropical climate. Sexual preference is warm and humid. The average temperature in the planting area is 14~28℃, the average temperature in July is 24~28℃, the average temperature in June is above 0℃, the minimum temperature is-13℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 15~28℃. Humidity is very important for the growth and development of osmanthus fragrans. The annual average humidity is 75% ~ 85%, and the annual precipitation is about 65438 000mm mm. Especially when young trees and adults bloom, they need more water. If there is drought, it will affect flowering, and strong sunshine and shade are not good for their growth. Generally, they need 6-8 hours of light every day.
Osmanthus fragrans likes warm environment, and should grow in acid sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage, fertility and rich humus. Not drought-tolerant and barren, it grows very slowly in shallow, hardened and barren soil, with few branches and leaves, thin leaves, yellow leaves, no flowers or few flowers, and even periodic dead tops. In severe cases, the whole plant of osmanthus fragrans died; It likes sunshine, but it has a certain shade tolerance. Small trees need some shade, and adult trees need relatively sufficient light to ensure the normal growth of osmanthus fragrans. It is observed that one side of the crown of osmanthus fragrans clings to the wall, or when the crowns of two osmanthus fragrans plants overlap with each other, the crown close to the wall or the overlapping part will soon become sparse, which will affect the shape and beauty of the whole crown. It can be seen that osmanthus fragrans is suitable for planting in ventilated and light-transmitting places; Osmanthus fragrans likes clean and ventilated environment, is not resistant to the harm of smoke and dust, and often cannot blossom after being victimized; Afraid of waterlogging, if waterlogging damages, the root system will be black and rotten, the leaves will be scorched at the tip first, and then the whole leaves will wither and fall off, leading to the death of the whole plant; Not very cold-tolerant, but compared with other evergreen broad-leaved trees, it is still a relatively cold-tolerant tree species, which provides the possibility for potted osmanthus fragrans in the north.
Garden use
Osmanthus fragrans is evergreen all year round, with lush foliage, crisp autumn air and overflowing fragrance, which can be described as "monopolizing Sanqiu over others". It is widely used in gardens, often used as landscape trees, including single planting, opposite planting and cluster planting. In the classical gardens of China, osmanthus flowers are often matched with buildings, mountains and rivers, and stone machines, and shrubs are planted near pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions. Old-style gardens are often planted relatively, which was called "double laurel in the court" or "double laurel leaves fragrance" in ancient times. Planting osmanthus trees around the house or in front of the window can get the effect of "golden wind sending fragrance". Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, and it is also a good greening flower in industrial and mining areas.
2\ Taxus China
Scientific name: Taxaceae
Alias: Taxus chinensis, Pinus densiflora: Taxus chinensis.
History: It is recognized as a rare and endangered natural anticancer plant in the world. The ancient tree species left over from Quaternary glaciers have a history of 2.5 million years on the earth.
Ecological habit
Taxus cuspidata is suitable for planting in north and south. It has the characteristics of liking shade, drought tolerance and cold tolerance. The soil PH is required to be 5.5 ~ 7.0, which can be interplanted with other tree species or orchards. Management is simple. Among them, Taxus cuspidata is an ancient tree species left over from the Quaternary Glacier, which has survived on the earth for more than 2.5 million years under harsh climatic conditions. It not only has developed lateral roots, lush foliage and strong germination, but also adapts to a wide range of climate, requires wide soil quality, and is resistant to pruning, cold and insect pests. But also can grow into towering trees, and some plants can even grow for thousands of years, which can be used as medicinal varieties and green varieties. In folklore, Taxus cuspidata is known as the "sacred tree of geomantic omen".
morphological character
Taxus is an evergreen tree with DBH 1 m and a height of 20m. It has very special requirements for the small environment where it grows. It can only be seen in the deep mountains and forests at an altitude of 2500-3000 meters, and it takes 50-250 years to become a timber.
Landscape greening value
2000 seedlings can be planted per mu. After three years, the annual output of branches and leaves 1 ton or more. It is also suitable for planting in front of and behind houses, on wasteland and on both sides of roads. Once planted, it benefits for many years and has remarkable benefits. The tree shape of Taxus chinensis is beautiful, and the color matching of red and green when the fruit is ripe is intoxicating. It can be widely used in soil and water conservation, forestry and horticultural ornamental forests, and is an excellent tree species to improve the ecological environment and build beautiful mountains and rivers in the new century.
It also has a very broad development prospect in landscaping and indoor bonsai. For example, the high-grade bonsai made of rare yew trees sold for 300,000 yuan/pot in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other places, becoming the upstart in urban greening and home beautification, and being vividly called the precious "cash cow".
3 "Taiwan Province Mountain"
Latin scientific name: Taiwanshan
Alias: Taiwania flousiana
Morphological characteristics:
Evergreen trees, 50-60(75) meters high, DBH 1- 1.5(2.4) meters. Flowering: April-May; Result period:10-165438+10 month.
Distribution and habits:
Produced in Gongshan, Fugong, Bijiang, Tengchong and Longling in the upper reaches of Nujiang River in western Yunnan, Yunlong and Lanping County in the west of Lancang River. Distributed in western Hubei, southeastern Guizhou and the mountains in central Taiwan Province Province. There is also a small distribution in northern Myanmar. Lower elevation limit 1540, and upper elevation limit 2500. Located in the mountainous area of northwest Yunnan, the annual average temperature is 10- 14℃ and the annual rainfall is about 1500mm. Most of them are distributed in discontinuous bands or blocks along both sides of gullies or at the foot of wet slopes, and there are many scattered individuals. Now there is a small piece of pure forest in Nivalo, Gongshan County. Taiwania flousiana is a neutral tree species, with shallow roots and developed lateral roots, and can tolerate moderate shading when young; Young trees grew slowly before 10, and the height growth increased significantly after 10. The maximum annual height growth can reach 2 meters, and DBH growth can reach 2.4 centimeters.
Application and cultivation:
Rare species; National second-class protected plants
Taiwania flousiana is a large Taxodiaceae plant. It is mainly distributed in mountainous areas with an altitude of about1500 ~ 2,500m in central Taiwan Province Province, with sporadic distribution in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and northern Myanmar, and a small group was also found in northern Vietnam in 2000. This tree species is on the verge of extinction due to illegal logging.
This tree species is the tallest tree species that can grow in Asia, with a recorded height of 80 meters and a diameter of 3 meters. /kloc-trees under 0/00 years old, with needle-like leaves, about 8-15 mm long; Mature trees, leaves become scaly, 3-7 mm long. The cones are small, with a length of 15-25mm and a width of 15-30mm, and the scales are fragile, with two seeds per seed.
1906 was published by Japanese botanist wensan Hayata in Taiwan Province province, and this genus was named after Taiwan Province province.
Wood is soft, but durable and fragrant. In the past, there was a great demand, mainly for temple buildings and coffins. The rarity of trees and their slow growth rate mean that legal supply is very scarce. This species is protected by law in China.
4\ Bamboo and cypress
Alias: Cedar, Abies, Mu Na, Bamboo and cypress.
Taxodiaceae in gymnosperms: Podocarpaceae.
Latin name: bamboo cypress
Ecological habit
The distribution area is wide and the hydrothermal conditions are quite different. Annual average temperature 18-25℃, monthly average temperature 1 above 6-20℃, extreme minimum temperature above 4℃ in Hainan and as low as-1℃ or lower in inland areas. The annual precipitation is1800-2000mm. It is a neutral shade tree species, scattered in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of mountain rain forest, which can grow normally under the canopy, bear many fruits, have strong seed germination and flourish under the forest. The soil is mountain lateritic red soil or mountain yellow soil, and the pH value is 5.5-7.0. So as to grow rapidly on deep, loose, moist and humus sandy loam or light clay. Growth is slow when you are young, and then gradually accelerates after 5 years, reaching a peak at the age of 30, and then gradually slows down. Fruiting after 20 years of planting. The taproot is straight and obvious, the lateral root is short, concentrated at 25 cm below the root neck, with few fine roots and frequent nodules. Flowering in March-April, and seeds mature in June 10- 1 1.
morphological character
Evergreen trees, 20-30 meters high and 50-70 cm in diameter at breast height; Trunk straight, bark brown, smooth, peeling; Branchlets are tree-shaped and grayish brown. Leaves are metamorphosed branches, opposite, thick in texture, leathery, broadly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, without midvein, with multiple parallel veinlets, 8-18cm long and 2.2-5cm wide, with a tapering tip, a narrow and flat short stalk at the base, a dark green and shiny top and multiple stomatal lines at the bottom. Dioecious, male-flowered, usually 3-6 panicles clustered in leaf axils, with several bracts. There are 1 or 2-3 embryo plants in the axil of the upper bract, only one of which develops into a seed, and the bract does not become a fleshy seed receptacle. The seed drupe is spherical and surrounded by fleshy aril, with a diameter of1.5-1.8cm; The stem is 2.3-2.8 cm long.
Garden use
Bamboo is a famous landscape tree species, and its material is like Chinese fir, so it is called Chinese fir.
Distribution of origin
Distributed in Gaoyao, Longmen, Zengcheng, Luotengshan, Bawangling, Jianfengling, Limuling, Hepu, Guangxi, Mengzi and Pingbian, Yunnan. Born in the mountains at an altitude of 800-900 meters. Vietnam and Cambodia are also distributed.
5\ Moso bamboo
Scientific name: Phyllostachys pubescens
Morphological characteristics: Also known as "Nanzhu" and "Meng Zongzhu". Phyllostachys pubescens of Gramineae, uniaxial scattered type. Evergreen arborescent bamboos with large stalks, up to more than 20 meters, and thickness of 18 cm. Culm sheaths are thick leathery, densely rough and dark brown spots and patches, and sheaths and? The hair is developed, the tongue is developed, and the flap is triangular, lanceolate and everted. Tall, the stem ring is not convex, the leaves are lanceolate and the bamboo shoots are hairy. I like warm and humid climate, grow well in deep and fertile acid soil with good drainage, and avoid low-lying land with poor drainage. The existing area is 6.5438+0.25 million mu, with more than 46 million roots, which are widely distributed in hills and foothills of 400-800 meters, with Changning, Jiang 'an and Xingwen counties being the most concentrated, and the famous bamboo sea in southern Sichuan covers an area of more than 60,000 mu. The annual output of Phyllostachys pubescens in the whole region is 6.5438+500,000. This material is tough and elastic, and is widely used in construction, agriculture, furniture manufacturing and daily necessities. Whips, roots, roots, branches and reeds all have high processing value, and bamboo shoots are delicious. The "magnolia slice" made is an excellent gift. In spring, when bamboo shoots grow, they are dug. Fresh bamboo shoots are tender, crisp and delicious. Bamboo shoots can be cooked and processed into many delicious dishes. Bamboo stalk is an important woody plant.
Natural Habits: The undergrowth vegetation of Phyllostachys pubescens includes Camellia oleifera, Ginkgo biloba and ginger (Neolitsea). ), Seheffler octophylle, Alum, Rubus, Ardisia, Hydrangea ..., Schima superba, Bombyx Batryticatus, etc. Herbaceous plants are mainly Gramineae, Cyperaceae and ferns, such as blue fern and dipterium. Sometimes, Phyllostachys pubescens also forms various types of mixed forests with Chinese fir, Pinus massoniana, Cyclobalanopsis longipedunculata and Tetranychus urticae. In these mixed forests, Phyllostachys pubescens generally lives on the second floor, and the L floor is Pinus massoniana, which is relatively tall.
Garden use: Phyllostachys pubescens is tall and green, evergreen all the year round, beautiful and straight, does not fade after frost, and appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Since ancient times, it has often been placed in gardens, Chi Pan, streams, hillsides, stone paths, patios, scenic gates and winding paths of indoor potted plants for viewing. Often planting pine plums, known as "three friends in old age". Bamboo root is shallow and light, which is an excellent material for roof greening.
Hairless and pollen-free, it is also suitable for precision instrument factories and watch factories.
6\ Camellia sinensis
Scientific name: Zhejiang Camellia.
Nickname: Zhejiang Camellia
Family: Theaceae
Genus: Camellia
morphological character
Camellia, an evergreen shrub or small tree of Theaceae, has smooth bark, leathery leaves, oval or nearly obovate, and dark green. The flower has a solitary branch top, crimson, and the flowering period is1~ February.
Growth habit
I like warm and humid climate.
Garden use
Tea tree has beautiful appearance, dark green leaves, blooming in early spring and bright colors. Suitable for cultivation and appreciation in gardens.