Taizhou City Wall was built in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and has been demolished, rebuilt and repaired many times in history. In the Yuan Dynasty, Taizhou city wall was not demolished because of its important function of flood prevention. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (17 12), it was a city wall with dual functions of military defense and flood control.
In June, 20001year, Taizhou city wall was announced by China people and the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. 20 12 1 1 year 10. In October, the "China Ming and Qing City Wall" composed of Taizhou City Wall was included in the preparatory list of China World Cultural Heritage, and was once praised as the "normal school" and "blueprint" of the Badaling Great Wall in Beijing by Mr. Luo, an ancient architect in China.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Taizhou city wall mbth: Taizhou ancient city wall alias: Jiangnan Great Wall, Attribute of Badaling in the south of the Yangtze River: Location of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit: Linhai City, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province Year: Song Zhiqing (founded in the Eastern Jin Dynasty) Approval DocumentNo.: Guofa [20065438+0] No.25 Approval Unit: China People * * * AAAA National the State Council Scenic Area Level: historical evolution, architectural features, cultural relics, city walls, city gates, towers, horse faces, enemy stations. Cultural values, protection measures, tourist information, tickets, transportation and historical evolution In the first year of Yuan Xing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (402), the new scenery of the county was built in Dagushan, Linhai, to resist Sun En, and initially formed in the early Tang Dynasty. Linhai was promoted to state administration, the administrative level was upgraded, and the scale of battlements was expanded. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, when Taizhou surrendered to the Song Dynasty, it removed the pheasant mound as a sign of sincerity. During the Song Zhenzong period in the Northern Song Dynasty, the city walls were completely restored. After the reconstruction, the "nine-door" regulations were gradually formed, including Shunzheng and Yanqing in Zhenning, Xingshan, Fengtai, Cuocang, Chonghe, Jingyue, Chaotian and Outer Cities. During the Qing Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty, heavy rains caused floods to destroy the walls of Taizhou Prefecture, and Zhifu Peng repaired the walls. "The city is taller than before, but it is as strong as before." In this restoration project, the original rammed earth wall was covered with blue bricks to enhance its stability and rigidity, and a strip stone was laid on the southwest water surface. Later, Qian Xuan, the Taishou of Taizhou, "strengthened the efforts to govern the city, taking stones as the platform and dikes as the defense", which greatly strengthened the flood control capacity of Lingjiang River. In addition, because the inland potential of Linhai City is low in the east and high in the west, the streams of Beigushan Mountain meet in the depression in the east of the city, and are often submerged by rainfall (that is, the waters before the expansion of East Lake), making it almost uninhabitable and impassable. Therefore, in the fourth year of Ning, JaeHee (107 1), Qian Xuan, then the magistrate, moved the Dongcheng wall to the west of the East Lake according to the water flow and flow direction of mountain torrents over the years, and used the original natural geographical characteristics to expand the original East Lake waters, trim the coastline and dredge the waterways of the East Lake and the Lingjiang River, which not only relieved the threat of flooding, but also added a long-span natural moat to the east of Linhai. As a result, the pattern of coastal city walls is basically stereotyped. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, many city walls were destroyed due to the need of governance, but the city walls of Taizhou Prefecture were preserved because of the perfect flood control system. In the Ming Dynasty, the southeast coast of China was often attacked and plundered by Japanese pirates. Although coastal city walls can block floods, they can't resist the harassment of Japanese pirates, and often suffer heavy losses. In the thirty-second year of Jiajing, after being plundered many times by the Japanese army and paying a heavy price, he spent huge sums of money to strengthen the city defense system of the coastal city walls. In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing, Qi Jiguang was stationed in Taizhou to fight against the Japanese invaders, and according to the characteristics of military defense, he further improved the defense capability of the coastal city walls. In the 15th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1658), the city wall was built again, which increased the height of the city wall and reduced the number of battlements, forming a relatively complete defense system and strong flood control ability. From 1956 to 1958, the Chonghe Gate on the east side of the city wall and its connected wall of about 1800 meters were gradually demolished, so the site was opened as Donghu Road and Da Qiao Road, and some city bricks were used to cultivate small blast furnaces for steel. The flood control effect of the west and south walls is obvious, and the north wall is in the rolling mountains, which avoids the fate of being demolished. The rest of the city walls are in the west and south. 1962, the people of * * * in Linhai County provided the eastern part of Beigushan (length 100 m, width 5 m) with city wall open space for the construction of anti-aircraft guns in military sub-districts. At that time, due to the illegal demolition of nearby residents and other factors, the northern city wall was basically damaged. At the archaeological exploration site of Taizhou city wall in 1984, Wangjiangmen was opened in the middle of Xicheng (formerly including Cangmen), and Jinshan Road and Wangjiang Bridge were connected in the east and west respectively. 1998 Wangjiangmen was changed to single hole, widened, heightened and tower added. 1In August, 1995, Linhai City held a mobilization meeting on "Building a famous coastal city and restoring the ancient city wall", calling on the citizens to "contribute a brick to the famous city and restore the ancient city wall for the whole people." In the same year, the renovation project of Taizhou city wall started. During the period of 1998, after three years, the wall of Taizhou Prefecture was completely restored, and the first Jiangnan Great Wall Festival ushered in the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the completion of the wall project of Taizhou Prefecture. On June 20 1 1, Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted an archaeological survey of Taiwan Province City Wall. According to archaeological excavations, the walls of Taizhou Prefecture were rebuilt in the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties respectively, which completely corresponded to historical records, with distinct levels in each dynasty. Due to the limitation of excavation depth and site selection, it is difficult to determine the wall of Tang Dynasty, but it can be determined that the expansion time of Taizhou City Wall is in the early Tang Dynasty. The characteristics of snow buildings in the Great Wall reflect the typical characteristics of wall renovation in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The specifications and layout of Taizhou city wall basically meet the requirements of traditional etiquette and culture, and are the same as those of Xiangyang, Jingzhou and other Ming and Qing city walls, but higher and stronger than before. It has typical Ming and Qing city wall defense units and perfect city defense system, and contains rich traditional cultural characteristics. The ancient city of Linhai with distinctive regional characteristics is beautifully located, and the form of the city wall moves with the mountain. According to the military requirements of preventing Japanese pirates, the city defense system is innovated by using the local natural geographical characteristics, and the defense efficiency is strengthened, which is highly coordinated with the geographical climate and social culture in the south and has the shape characteristics of the southern city wall. Because of the coastal waters near the river, its flood control and anti-Japanese functions are outstanding, which embodies the distinctive regional cultural characteristics. The walls of Taizhou City have a complex defense system. Although it is only a city near the sea, its military defense system is complete, complex and innovative, and its architectural engineering and military defense technology level is no less than that of the contemporary border city walls and capital city walls. Using superb fortification technology, the wall materials of Taizhou House are exquisite, the masonry method and quality management of city bricks are in the same strain as the capital construction of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the detailed design is in place, which reflects the superb fortification technology of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Taizhou city wall, a cultural relic, consists of walls, doors, towers, urns, moats, protective bridges, enemy platforms, horse faces, battlements and female walls. Judging from its function and the importance of military defense, it can be roughly divided into basic defense units and core defense units. Among them, the basic defense units mainly refer to city walls and moats; The core defense units mainly refer to city gates, towers, urns, enemy platforms and horse faces. The total length of Taizhou city wall is about 6280 meters, the height of the wall is 7 meters, and there are 7 gates. The wall is wide under the wall and narrow on the top, showing a trapezoid shape. The outer side of the top is provided with a ridge, and the inner side is provided with a mother wall. The wall is also provided with protruding horse faces at regular intervals. The wall of Taizhou Prefecture is a rammed earth wall covered with city bricks. The lowest end of the rammed soil layer is brown-gray soil with the hardest texture, and then it is covered with a purple soil cushion of 20 to 30 cm, the third layer is loess layer, and the surface layer is black soil layer. The method of tamping soil in the middle and bricklaying outside is adopted. In the construction method, the wall of Taizhou Prefecture is evenly mixed with glutinous rice or clay, then rammed and compacted. After natural air drying, it is extremely hard, and the rigidity and strength of the wall are greatly improved. There are 7 gates in Jinshan section of Taizhou city wall, namely Chonghe Gate in the east; Xingshanmen and Zhenning Gate in the south; Southeast Jingyuemen; Southwest Fengtai Gate; The west includes Cangmen and Chaotianmen. Jingyue, Xingshan, Zhenning and Chaotian in the southwest are the main gateways to Linjiang. 17 12 years (the fifty-first year of Kangxi) Before the establishment of the Wengcheng along the river, it was necessary not only to defend against the enemy's artillery attack and the collision of siege weapons, but also to prevent floods, water and moisture. Therefore, the city gate not only adopts arched doorways, but also designs door leaves higher than the top of the entrance of the city gate. The inner walls on both sides of the city gate are expanded from the door mortar to 2.2 meters, each with a depth of 0.4 meters, which is convenient for transportation, thus forming a rectangular "skylight" space on the upper part. These skylights are about 4.3 to 5. 1 m long and 2.2 to 2.65 m wide, which are quite unique. This is an isolated case that other Ming and Qing city walls do not have, and its function has not yet been determined. After the east section of Taizhou City Wall 1984, Wangjiangmen will be built in the west middle section of Taizhou City Wall, Gubeimen will be built in the north of Gulongshan next to Chenghuang Temple, and Chonghemen will be rebuilt in the original Chonghemen site. Wangjiangmen has developed into a land of Wangjiang Range Rover, and buildings have been built on the doors. Build a tower above the gate of the tower for defense and overlooking. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, it was often a multi-storey building with two or three floors. From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the towers were all single-storey. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were seven towers on the wall of Taizhou Fucheng, namely HSBC (Chonghemen), Chao Ran (Xingshanmen), Shen Xiu (Zhenning Gate), Jingyue (Jingyuemen), the following table (Fengtai Gate), Jixian County (including Cangmen) and Xinggong (Chaotianmen), which had rich meanings. Chonghemen-HSBC Building is located in the east of the city, near East Lake, with moat, Moon City and suspension bridge, commonly known as "suspension bridge head". The name of Chonghe Gate comes from buildings with tall, majestic and symmetrical walls. Huifenglou is named after the beauty of the ancient city landscape and leaving the benefits of building the city to the people. This is the unity of heaven and earth, beautiful. Jingyuemen-Jingyuelou, located in the southeast of the city, is next to the river of Jinzi Mountain. Jingyuemen, Jingyuemen and Gatehouse are repeatedly named to emphasize building a city to defend the enemy, protect the country and defend the country, and let the people live a stable life better. Xingshanmen-Chaoran Building, located in the east of the south of the city, is adjacent to Jinzishan in the east and Lingjiang in the south. Xingshanmen is named after its proximity to Golden Mountain, where there are many temples. The enlightenment of Buddhism and Taoism to people is that people should do more good deeds instead of evil deeds, and charity prevails in cities. Chao Ran Building is close to the Golden Mountain and the Lingjiang River. The landscape of the ancient city is extraordinary and beautiful, which should be protected. Moreover, it is built on the city gate, which is conducive to watching the scenery of the Golden Mountain and the Lingjiang River, hence the name detachment. Zhenning Gate-Shenxiu Building is located in the south of the city, bordering Lingjiang River in the south and Tongzhou in the north, commonly known as "South Gate". Zhenningmen, calm, means to let people have a quiet and stable home. The name of Shen Xiulou is to place a wish on it, hoping to make Lucheng's home magical, beautiful and fascinating. Fengtai Gate-Xiabiao Building, located in the southwest corner of the city, is adjacent to Lingjiang River on both sides. The name of Fengtai Gate is to feel the richness of Taizhou and Linhai and the peace of people's lives, and also to wish a prosperous and healthy life. The name of Xiabiao Building indicates that the life of Lucheng people is as colorful and infinitely beautiful as colorful clouds. Closed warehouse door-Jixian building, located in the west of the city, facing Lingjiang River. Kuomangmen is named after Kuomangmen, the highest mountain in southeastern Zhejiang. According to legend, many immortals lived in Kuocang Mountain, where they practiced alchemy and gained enlightenment. The human landscape and natural scenery of Kuocang Mountain are strange and beautiful, which makes people daydream and yearn. Chaotianmen Palace is located in the northwest corner of the city, with Lingjiang in the west and Gulong in the north. It is a natural gateway, commonly known as "West Gate". Chaotianmen, relying on the natural barrier of Gulong Mountain, is magnificent. The city gate is named Chaotianmen, which makes the city wall more vigorous and energetic. The name of Xinggong Building is to prosper public welfare undertakings, benefit the people in the ancient city and let them remember it forever. Horse-faced horse-faced platform refers to the protruding part of the city wall, which is used by soldiers guarding the city to defend against enemies on three sides. Its spacing is designed according to the effective range of the bow and arrow, generally between100 ~120m. There are a large number of enemy platforms on the wall of Taizhou Fucheng, including 9 on the riverside, which can better defend against Japanese raids from the eastern seaside and Lingjiang. Its horse face is similar to that of other cities in Otawa. Only the Linjiang section of the city wall is often washed away by Lingjiang. Therefore, the six horse faces are designed to be curved or inclined, and some are even semi-square and semi-arc, so as to weaken the impact of river water and strengthen the flood control ability. The original number of "horse faces" on the wall of Taizhou Fucheng is unknown, because the east wall has been destroyed, but the preserved "horse faces" are all in the area from the west of Zhenning Gate to Chaotianmen. The related information of the six curved horse faces is as follows: The first "horse face" is located at the west of Zhenning Gate 153.75 meters, protruding 6. 16 meters, with an outer end face width of 4.2 meters and an inner width of 7.5 meters, and the upper reaches of the river are curved. The second "horse face" is 223.5 meters away from the first one, protruding 6.4 meters, with an outer end face width of 6.6 meters and an inner width of 9 meters. The upper reaches of the river incline. The third "horse face" is 4.6 meters away from the second 178. 15 meters, with an inner width of 3.4 meters, and the outer end is curved with the upper reaches of the river. The fourth "horse face" is 56.3 meters away from the third, protruding 4.4 meters inward and 5.2 meters wide, and its outer end is also curved with the upper reaches of the river. The fifth "horse face" is 74.8 meters away from the fourth, protruding 6. 1 m, with an outer end face width of 4.4 meters and an inner width of 6.4 meters. The upper reaches of the river incline. The distance between the sixth "horse face" and the fifth "horse face" is10/.68m, with an inner width of 7.6m, protruding 8.2m in the downstream direction and 6.45m in the upstream direction ... and the outer end becomes a slope with a width of 6.7m.. The unique shape of six "horse faces" doomed the particularity of Taizhou city wall, which has dual functions of military and flood control. This is not found in other ancient cities, especially in the north. "It can be called a great creation, which is rare in China." . During the Jiajing period of the enemy platform in Ming Dynasty, Qi Jiguang built a 13 double-layer hollow enemy platform on the city wall to resist the Japanese invasion. This kind of enemy platform spans inside and outside the city wall, with large internal space, which can station a large number of troops, shelter from rain and cold, and is very convenient for observation, defense and information transmission. With the deployment of Qi Jiguang and others in northern Xinjiang, this kind of double-layer hollow enemy platform greatly affected the construction of the Ming Great Wall in the north, which not only improved the defense capability, but also created a landmark wall landscape. Qi Jiguang's creation of a hollow enemy platform is a great pioneering work in his military practice, a great development of ancient Chinese military architecture and a great breakthrough in the history of military architecture and city defense. The hollow enemy urn is set up to encircle the enemy at the siege gate. The four main gates (Xingshanmen, Zhenningmen, Jingyuemen and Chaotianmen) on Taizhou City Wall River are all equipped with single urn cities, most of which are semicircular. Only Zhenning Gate is between a semicircle and a square, and three cities are built in the west of Wengxi to protect the city from floods, and two gates are opened. The structure of the gate is large inside and small outside, high inside and low outside, which is similar to the other three gates. Wengcheng Moat The moat of Taizhou Fucheng uses the natural river-Lingjiang River. The southwest can be guarded by rivers, and the east is blocked by artificially excavated East Lake. Because the north can be guarded by the mountain, the layout of the city wall follows the mountain and blends with the big and small mountains, which not only reduces the engineering quantity, but also greatly increases the defense force. Folk euphemistically called "Badaling in the south of the Yangtze River". There is a bridge to protect the city on the moat, and there is a pontoon bridge at the entrance and exit to the west, which is convenient for access and trade. Inscription Brick The wall of Taizhou Prefecture began to be bricked in the fifth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1045), and it was repaired many times until the last overhaul in November of the tenth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty. The city bricks of different dynasties are different in length, thickness and variety, and they are all pressed by hand. Inscription ancient brick rubbings Inscription bricks are engraved in Yin and Yang; * * * There are 7 kinds of kiln workers, 5 kinds of kiln factories, 4 kinds of Kyrgyz, native place 12, surname 2 1 species, calendar year 1 species, 5 kinds of patterns, etc. There are 60 kinds of brick inscriptions, which are rich in connotation and inherit information from buildings of past dynasties. These inscribed bricks provide material data for further study on the architectural history and geographical evolution, military establishment, burning place and writing evolution of Taizhou city wall. The research value of cultural relics Most of the ancient city walls that can be seen today were built or rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Taizhou city wall can be regarded as the remains of the Northern Song Dynasty, and it has unique research value because of its long history. The cultural values of the Great Wall and Meiyuan Taizhou City Wall have promoted the improvement of flood control and military functions of China city defense buildings with outstanding technical and formal innovations, and they are interdependent with the 1600-year-old coastal ancient city, which not only conforms to the traditional geomantic theory, but also embodies the principles of construction and planning according to local conditions. The development and evolution of city walls and ancient cities show the planning concept of the whole national city in China feudal society, fully represent the historical pedigree of ancient East Asian urban planning and urban defense buildings, and preserve a large number of traditional urban landscapes and living customs in southern China. Protection Measures for Taizhou City Wall and Lingjiang River 1990. Relevant persons in Linhai put forward suggestions for the application of Taizhou City Wall and carried out investigation on the application. Since the application for the World Heritage, Linhai City has established the Taizhou City Wall Cultural Relics Protection and Management Organization, compiled the Taizhou City Wall Protection Plan, and promulgated the Interim Measures for the Protection and Management of Taizhou City Wall. Relationship map between Taizhou city wall and urban area1997 In August, Taizhou city wall was announced by the people of Zhejiang Province as the fourth batch of provincial cultural relics protection units. In June, 20001year, Taizhou city wall was announced by China people and the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In 2009, some experts believed that the Shanhaiguan-Juyongguan Ming Great Wall rebuilt in Qi Jiguang was based on the ancient coastal city wall and rooted in the sea; At that time, Yang Hongxun, a consultant of UNESCO and an architectural historian, said that the wall of Taizhou Prefecture had basically met the requirements of applying for world heritage. In August of the same year, Linhai Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Party Committee * * * officially started the application procedure, and joined the "China Ming and Qing City Wall" combination to declare the China World Cultural Heritage. On October 20 12, 165438 10, the "China Ming and Qing City Wall" composed of eight Ming and Qing city walls, including Taizhou City Wall, was included in the preparatory list of China World Cultural Heritage. 20 14 1 1, the opening ceremony of Taizhou City Wall Museum was held. June, 2065438+October, 2008/KLOC-0, the Regulations on the Protection of the City Wall in Taizhou Area, which was approved by the 44th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th People's Congress of Zhejiang Province, came into effect, and May 10 was designated as "Taizhou City Wall Protection Day". Adult tickets for tourism information in Wengcheng: tickets for the elderly and children in 65 yuan: preferential policies in 30 yuan: Taizhou household registration is free after making an appointment in advance with valid identity documents. Bus route: You can get off at Donghu Park Station at No.2 Xingshanmen Tourist Center Station, No.205 Great Wall Range Rover Gate Station, 20 1, 202, 203, 204, 21,2 18, 302, 3 10. Travel on the road from Shenhai Expressway (G 15) to Linhai Avenue → Kaifa Avenue → Dongfang Avenue → Chonghe Road → Donghu Road → Taizhou City Wall.