(1) main room. Hall is a room with production, living and storage functions. It is used to receive relatives and friends, get together on holidays, handle funerals and festive activities, and is also a place to eat, study, watch TV and engage in family sideline business on weekdays; At the same time, it is the center of the whole house, which plays the role of the entrance to the porch and the transportation hub of each bedroom and kitchen. The hall of traditional architecture, as a place to worship heaven, land and ancestors, has lost its meaning now.
As the center of family activities, the hall occupies a very important position in the plane layout of the house. Generally speaking, the hall requires spaciousness. In order to meet the needs, in addition to a small number of tables, chairs and furniture, there is often a lot of activity space to store some farm tools and sideline production tools. In order to facilitate production activities and the convenience of carrying heavy objects, it is generally a double door to the outside world, and the habit is in the middle.
Most of the rooms in the halls of northern dwellings are 3.3m or 3.6m in width, 3.9m and 4.2m in depth, and the building area is12-16m2. Most of the rooms in the halls of southern dwellings are 3.6m and 3.9m, and the depths are 4.8m, 5.4m and 6.6m (with front porches).
(2) the bedroom. Bedrooms in rural houses are generally arranged around the hall. In design, the layout should be compact to avoid mutual wear and tear of bedrooms. At the same time, the bedroom size should be matched to meet different use needs and save area.
According to the requirements of family population structure and room division, it can be divided into the following units: one hall, one room, one hall, two rooms, one hall, three rooms or multiple rooms. Mainly to meet the needs of a family's reasonable separation.
Traditional old buildings in the south have high and low bedrooms, low floors and darkrooms. After the addition, the wall does not open the window, and the room has poor ventilation and lighting. Indoor air often smells musty, and living in this environment for many years is extremely harmful to life. The new house should be improved.
(3) the kitchen. The layout of the kitchen can be roughly summarized into three categories:
(1) Combined with this other room, it is characterized by being arranged indoors and convenient to use. In the south of China, the kitchens of many rural houses are arranged in the wing. In Beile and northern China, kitchens are mostly connected with bedrooms, so "fire" pots can be used to connect kang and save fuel. The disadvantage is that the ventilation organization is not suitable, and the smoke easily affects the bedroom.
(2) connected to the house. It is characterized by being arranged outside the house and connected with the living room, which is convenient to contact with the living room and is not affected by rain and snow. It can also be built of old materials.
③ Courtyard independent building. The kitchen is arranged outside the house and separated from the living room, which can avoid the influence of lampblack on the living room, has better sanitary conditions and is convenient for using small materials and old materials. The disadvantage is that it is inconvenient to use in rainy and snowy days.
(4) storage room. Due to the characteristics of rural life and production, the storage of various items is quite large. In the design of rural housing, we must consider the necessary storage rooms and storage facilities, use the local space at the top of the sloping roof as a shelf to store items, and generally use bamboo and wood movable ladders to go up and down; Or a shelf formed by increasing the height of the house can be used for storage on weekdays and for living when necessary; Or use the upper and lower space of indoor and outdoor stairs to solve it.
(5) the courtyard. Courtyard is an important part of rural housing, where livestock and poultry can be raised, firewood can be piled up, clothes can be dried, and farm tools and sundries can be stored. Some courtyards can also set up melon sheds in front of and behind the house to grow grapes, vegetables or trees and flowers to improve the microclimate of the living environment.
Common courtyard forms are
① Front yard style;
② Front yard with side yard;
③ backyard style;
④ vestibular backyard type;
⑤ Go to the hospital on the 5th.
What form to take and the size of the courtyard should be decided according to the economic situation, natural conditions and local customs. In wet and windy Sichuan, farmers want an open environment and often don't build fences, while in the north, people always want to build fences.
The reasonable design of rural self-built houses is not only in the house, but also in the environmental beautification outside the house. Combined with the characteristics of modern rural life, the greening of residential areas should pay attention to the following points:
(1) Greening should be combined with production, and a variety of animals with economic value should be adapted to local conditions to create wealth for the country and increase income for the collective and individuals.
(2) The planting density should be moderate. If it is too sparse, the greening effect cannot be fully achieved. If it is too dense, the ventilation is not good, which will affect the air circulation around the house.
(3) The branches and leaves of trees should keep a certain distance from the house to prevent the roof tiles from being swept by strong winds. Be careful not to leave too many leaves on the house to avoid poor drainage on the roof, and pay attention to removing the leaves.
In the construction of rural self-built houses in new countryside, quality and safety are the most important. It is best for farmers to build their own houses in rural areas without asking for cheap, and they should choose masons without craftsman certificates, because this is the most prone to quality problems; There are also building materials, such as cement and steel bars. Be sure to buy regular products, otherwise, it will also endanger quality and safety; In the construction, we must strictly follow the operation specifications. Specific precautions are as follows:
Awning, cantilever beam, outer eaves gutter
Canopy and cantilever beam are common cantilever members, and their stress mode is tension at the upper part, so the stress reinforcement must be placed at the top. The bottom formwork support can only be removed when the concrete strength reaches above 95%. The most common mistake in construction is to put the stressed steel bar at the bottom, which leads to cracks at the top of the beam slab and serious collapse after formwork removal.
Structural column and frame column
The constructional column mainly plays the role of Rachel wall and does not bear the structural load on the structure. Frame columns mainly bear structural loads-vertical pressure and bending moment. Generally speaking, the section size of frame columns is larger than that of constructional columns, and the number of steel bars in columns is also larger than that of constructional columns. The connection between the constructional column and the wall adopts the horse-tooth fork type, and the connection between the frame column and the wall adopts the vertical reserved Rachel reinforcement type. Therefore, we must pay attention to the difference between the two in construction.
Simply supported beam and frame beam
A simply supported beam is a beam whose two ends are supported on bearings such as brick masonry, and its longitudinal reinforced bars are placed at the lower part of the beam; Frame beam is a beam whose two ends are supported on supports such as frame columns, and its longitudinal reinforcement is disposed at the upper part of the beam at the support and at the lower part of the beam in the middle of the span. During site construction, it is important to pay attention to the placement position of longitudinal reinforcement to prevent materials from being used, not in the right position, causing potential safety hazards or waste.
Cast in place floor slab
With the development of economy, cast-in-place structure is widely used in rural housing. Attention should be paid to the placement of steel bars in the cast-in-place slab: the steel bars at the top and bottom of the slab should be placed evenly according to the design spacing. In the process of steel binding, the steel bar at the top of the slab often bends down due to trampling, so the position of the steel bar at the top of the slab should be corrected before pouring concrete. The steel bar at the bottom of the plate should be padded with pebbles about 30 mm in size, so that there is a certain gap between the steel bar and the template to avoid the exposure of the steel bar at the bottom of the plate.
wall
Wall is the load-bearing and maintenance structure in the house. There are holes left by external scaffolding Rachel on the external wall. Before painting, the holes must be blocked with bricks, and then painted with cement mortar, otherwise this part is easy to seep. Masonry should be staggered up and down, with internal and external masonry, and adopt the masonry form of one shun ding yi. Mortar for mortar joint masonry shall be full, and head joint shall be full, and there shall be no bright holes.
Demolition time of cast-in-place structure formwork support
The formwork support of cast-in-place structure can only be removed after the cast-in-place reinforced concrete reaches a certain strength. Cantilever structure can only be dismantled when the cast-in-place reinforced concrete reaches 100% (generally it takes more than 28 days).
construction joint
Construction joint lien position has provisions:
1, beam: it is not advisable to leave construction joints on the main beam; The construction joint of the secondary beam should be left at the bisector of the secondary beam span. Cantilever members shall be cast integrally with the structure to which they are connected.
2. Column: The construction joint is left 30mm below the elevation of beam bottom or at the elevation of beam slab.
3. Wall: Construction joints should be located at the bisector of the beam span of the hole or at the junction of vertical and horizontal walls.