Heishui City-a city by the Heishui River. The local Mongolian name is "Khara-Khoto". The city is located in the lower reaches of the Heishui River, on the southern edge of the desert. Heishui River is a "weak water" in ancient legends. It flows through Badain Jaran Desert, irrigates farmland and grassland, makes it an oasis suitable for farming and grazing, and finally flows into Juyan Sea. This is the main road connecting Mongolia and South Russia grassland Silk Road from the Central Plains to the north. From the nearby "Datong City" of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the unearthed "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips", it can be seen that the Han and Jin Dynasties were always military and transportation centers.
The first record of this oasis can be found in the geographical documents of China from the 5th century to the 3rd century BC. From the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC, China owned this land that was once the Huns. In the seventh and eighth centuries, due to the expansion of the Tang Dynasty, this oasis became an important stronghold of commerce and strategy, and the castle was built there. From the middle of the eighth century to the middle of the ninth century, it belonged to Tubo and later to Uighur.
Until 1930s, Xixia people (Han people called them Tangut, Na 'an or Liang Fan 'an), ordinary people called them Fan 'an and Yao 'an, and Tibetans called them Minagu. Occupy this oasis, rebuild and expand the city, and set up the "Yan Jianjun Sub-district of Heishui Town" here as the military center in the north. Xixia (1038- 1227) is a minority regime established in the northwest of China with the Tangut as the main body, which coexisted with Liao and Northern Song Dynasties in the early stage and Jin Dynasty in the later stage. After ten emperors, he enjoyed the country 189 years and ruled and managed this place for a long time.
1227, Heishui City was captured by Genghis Khan. After recovering the Mongolian occupied area, it once again became an important stronghold from Ganzhou (Zhangye, Gansu) to the Krulun River base camp where Mongolian Khan was located. Black Water City was expanded in the Yuan Dynasty and became an important city in the new administrative region-Jijinai Road. In the 23rd year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (1286), the general manager office of Yijinai Road was located here. "Yijinai", now called "Ejina", all originated from Xixia sound. 1368 After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, part of the territory of Inner Mongolia and the land adjacent to the Yijinai Oasis once belonged to the short-lived Northern Yuan Dynasty (1370- 1402). Until the end of 14 century, the Black Water City was destroyed by the Ming Dynasty.
Heishuicheng Site is located 25 kilometers southeast of Dalaikubu Town, the seat of Ejina Banner government in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on a desert platform where two dry river beds meet. The archaeological team of Inner Mongolia analyzed the reasons for the abandonment of Black City, and thought that "it should be shortly after the failure of expanding Timur. The reason is that the Ming court lost its political and military importance because of the rebellion at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and Ji Naicheng also lost its political and military importance. The regime was paralyzed, people were distracted, the canals were not repaired, and the waterways did not flow, forcing all the living people to leave, leaving an isolated city. Therefore, the Black City not only includes the Xixia and Yuan Dynasties, but also partially includes a history of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. " Since the Ming Dynasty, the Black Water City has been lost in the dust of history.
Exploration and investigation
/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, international oriental scholars actively studied Central Asia. Almost every year, delegations go to Asia. Germans, British, French, Japanese, Swedes and Russians have all devoted great efforts to the geographical investigation of oases in northern and southern China, Dunhuang in Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Tibet. Interest in scientific research is intertwined with the political intentions of the government. The most famous expedition in Black Water City is the Russian Ke Zlov expedition.
Russia's interest in ancient Central Asia began as early as the late 1980s. Many Russian and European researchers had made investigations long before the successful trip to Zlov (пккзлов). 1882, Ke Zlov became a famous traveler (николамихакловио). The following year, 20-year-old kozlov took part in Poole Gewal's fourth expedition to Central Asia. Ke Zlov 1899- 190 1 year's trip to Mongolia and Amdo was along the "Heishui River". Downstream of this river is the ruins of the Black Water City. 1886, potanin (гнпотанин) first heard of a black water city from local residents; Ke Zlov first heard about this city buried in the desert after he set foot on this route.
1907- 1909 "Mongolia-Sichuan Expedition" is Ke Zlov's fifth expedition to Central Asia. The camel team took an ancient road connecting the Central Plains and western China. During the Kublai Khan Yuan Dynasty before Ke Zlov, Venetian businessman Kyle Polo entered China along this road. He saw a real Ejina and recorded it. However, Ke Zlov didn't know that he was walking in the footsteps of Kyle Polo, and he didn't know how old the ruins of the city were. On March 1908 and 19, the expedition team came to Heishui for the first time. From April of 1 year to April of 13, the Russian Ke Zlov expedition discovered a large number of Xixia documents and other cultural relics at the site of Heishui City, which was highly valued by the Russian Geographical Society and orientalists.
From 1908 to 65438+February, they were ordered to change their plans to explore other places. From the end of May to the beginning of June, they went to Heishui City again to continue their excavation and search. From June 12 to June 20, they excavated the "famous tower" on the west bank of Heishui City and made great discoveries that attracted worldwide attention. After two excavations, Ke Zlov obtained more than 5,000 documents and nearly 2,000 works of art and archaeological materials. This discovery is called the most important archaeological discovery in the early 20th century. Together with Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, Han bamboo slips in Juyan and Dunhuang suicide notes, it laid the foundation for the study of Xixia and formed a huge new discipline.
Ke Zlov's exploration activities in the Black Water City caused a sensation all over the world, so that the British Times once misrepresented that he had discovered the tomb of Genghis Khan. Expeditions from all over the world have also changed their plans and rushed to Black Water City, expecting to continue to have new gains.
1965438+In May 2004, Stan came to Blackwater, England. He first excavated several temples, abandoned temple towers and garbage dumps in the west of the city, and found a large number of manuscripts, mainly in the abandoned tower site K.K. III in the northeast corner of the city. The riverside tower about 300 meters away from the northwest corner of the city was designated as "K.K. II" with11. His book "The Deepest Place in Asia" introduces the investigation and excavation of Heishui City and its surrounding areas, and introduces in detail the excavation of series 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 numbered K.K. (the English abbreviation of "Khara-Khoto" in Mongolian), as well as the excavation of hundreds of cultural relics.
Stein drew a map of Blackwater.
1924, Werner of the United States also excavated in Black Water City, and wrote down the long road of China. On September 28th, 1927, a Sino-Swiss joint scientific investigation team composed of Sven Hedin, Xu Bingchang and Yuan Fuli of Sweden arrived in Heishui City. The investigation team only stayed for a few hours. Sven Hedin drew sketches of pagodas and mosques, made simple measurements and descriptions, and did not dig them. Huang Wenbi did some investigation activities and collected hundreds of documents and classics.
Subsequent investigations are Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics Task Force 1963, Gansu Cultural Relics Task Force 1976, 1979, China Academy of Social Sciences Institute of History 1978, Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 1983, Alashan Cultural Relics Workstation1. Regarding the mapping and archaeological excavation of the Black Water City, Ke Zlov is basically a "treasure thief", and there are almost no scientific records that conform to the archaeological excavation procedures; Stan's work is more complete and scientific, and his drawing is more accurate. The final completion of archaeology will naturally be undertaken by the management department of Inner Mongolia.
The value of Russian-Tibetan black water city artworks
Russian-Tibetan Black Water City literature occupies the absolute majority of Xixia handed down literature, which is an absolutely important collection, and the corresponding Black Water City artworks are also irreplaceable treasures. Most of these materials are unique, at least in two aspects: First, in the history of art, these materials are the most important discoveries after the Dunhuang Sutra Cave, and they are an indispensable part of China's art history, such as the woodcut "The Buddha Tops the Datura", the Jin Dynasty New Year Pictures "Four Beautiful Pictures", "Guan Gong Xiang", the silk reeling "Green Tara" and the linen painting "King Kong Buddha".
As an irreplaceable group of Buddhist works of art, Black Water City artworks will increasingly show their indispensability in time and space dimensions. The vertical evolution of time, just like the data of Dunhuang Tibetan scriptures cave, will lead to the reconstruction and rewriting of old conclusions in all fields involved, resulting in revolutionary subversion. For example, painting, sculpture, esoteric religion and the history of silk ... For example, paintings of western xia inherited the palace paintings of the Tang and Five Dynasties, such as the evolution and development of a certain painting style, the application of techniques and materials, and so on.
In terms of artistic style and means, Black Water City Map fills the gap from Dunhuang murals to Song and Yuan paintings, no matter whether it corresponds to Wei Chiyi's monk, "Zhang's monk's family" or "Zhou's monk's family"; The relationship between gradual change and sudden change can be seen when Wu Dai's clothes are popular, when Cao Cao's clothes are out of the water, or when he uses the brushwork of "eighteen strokes with an iron pen", such as folding reeds and nailing mice's heads and tails. In the horizontal comparison of space, the interaction between the painting of Black Water City and the paintings of Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and even Tubo, Uighur and Central Asia, as well as the national artistic conception and elements added on the basis of the college painting of Song Dynasty, are meaningful. The relationship and influence of literati painting, landscape painting, meticulous painting, flowers, ladies, portraits, land and water paintings, etc. It is vivid in the previous generation and future generations, which can be traced back to the composition forms of "Xia Banbian" and "Majiao"; In Tibetan paintings, the depiction of layout, colors and details from the Central Plains, India and Central Asia has created the fruits of multicultural communication. Whether it is the interpretation of religious iconology or the pure analysis of techniques, styles, materials and pigments, the paintings of Black Water City are unprecedented data clusters.
The artworks unearthed in Heishui belong to three different artistic traditions: Chinese style, Tibetan style and Central Asian style. In these works, Tibetan Buddhism is the main artistic painting of Buddhism. According to different times, Tibetan style embodies the techniques of Wei Zang, Hou Zang, Amdo and other places, and also integrates the styles of India and Nepal. Central Asian style combines the styles from Bossasan to Uighur; Chinese painting combines Tang and Song court paintings, Song and Yuan literati paintings and Liao and Jin styles. It is very meaningful to carefully sort out and synthesize. In addition, the perfect combination of esoteric teaching method and central plains art seen in the works of art unearthed in Heishui City; New Year pictures and silk reeling, which can be called "the best in China", are important physical materials for studying the history and technology of China's printmaking, weaving and embroidery. Color sculpture, painting techniques, pigments and many other details are worthy of our further exploration and research.
Art appreciation of Heishui city in Russia and Tibet
During the 100 years since the loss of cultural relics in Dunhuang and Heishuicheng, the academic circles and publishing units in Dunhuang and Turpan, China directly transformed "the most important archaeological discovery in the 20th century" into "the best ancient books in the 20th century", forming a major strategic resource for cultural construction. In 2008, the Black Water City slept in the west wind of the ancient road for a century, and the documents and cultural relics sent by its essence, with the full support of Piote Lovsky, director of Tashi Museum in Russia at that time, Wei Limbach, deputy director, and Dr. Samashuk, research librarian of China Collection Department, quietly bloomed in the distant Neva River for a hundred years. With the full cooperation of Zhao Dean, vice president of Northwest University for Nationalities, and Shu Xihong, director of the Institute of Overseas Ethnic Literature of Northwest University for Nationalities, and with the efforts of Zhao Changping, editor-in-chief of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, Wang Xingkang and Fu Xianzhan, directors of Dunhuang Western Region Editorial Office, Russian Black Water City Art was officially published as an important sub-project of the "Dunhuang Western Region Literature Cultural Relics Integration" project of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. Among the published treasures, many can be called "the first in China" among the existing cultural relics. For example, the earliest extant clay type printing, the earliest extant Jin Dynasty woodblock printing New Year pictures "Simitu" and "Guan Gong Xiang", the earliest extant silk Buddha statue "Green Tara" Thangka, the only preserved colored sculpture "Double-headed Buddha statue" in the world, and a large number of Tibetan Buddhist Thangka, such as "King Kong Piluzenafo", can confirm the existence of Basiba in Tibet Yuan Dynasty before the establishment of Yellow Sect. This book is made from a large-scale original film of Tashi Museum in Elmy, and it is an indispensable material for the study of art history, Buddhist sculpture, Xixia studies, Tibetan studies and Thangka history.
The art of the Russian-Tibetan Black Water City mainly includes the Buddhist works of the Russian-Tibetan Black Water City, including the Han Buddhism works of the obvious religion and the Tibetan Buddhism works of the esoteric religion. Due to the changes of the times and the characteristics of regions and nationalities, these artworks not only show the variation from the Buddhist history in China to the Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan dynasties, but also show the compatibility and integration of the Tangut, Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian regimes with Tubo, Uighur and Central Plains arts. The following excerpts are some beautiful artistic color pictures in the book, so let us pay tribute to distant history and civilization.
Amitabha came to pick him up.
Amitabha came to pick him up.
King Kong Buddha
King Kong Buddha and Eight Pagodas
Pharmacist Buddha
Pharmacist Buddha part
Datura holds the sky of the country.
Datura odorata
A white knight knows heaven better.
Earth kilns and wood kilns
A shining Buddha of light surrounded by stars and aliens.
Samantabhadra
Manjusri Bodhisattva riding a lion
General trend to bodhisattva
Samantabhadra Bodhisattva and Its Providers
Samantabhadra
Shuiyue Guanyin Bodhisattva
Amitabha Pure Land World
Forty-order Bitmap of Fanbai Bodhisattva