Wherever Hakkas go, their surnames always live together. Besides, most Hakkas live in remote mountainous areas or dense mountainous areas. At that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers and leopards were noisy, but also they were afraid of local people's harassment, so Hakka people created "defensive" castle-style building houses. In this way, the unique architectural form of Hakka dwellings-tulou was formed. Tulou is mainly distributed in Longyan, Zhangzhou and other areas in Fujian Province.
cause
Hakka earth building, also known as Fujian Round Building, is a pearl of Chinese civilization, a unique mythical mountain village residential building in the world, and a wonderful flower of ancient architecture in China. With its long history, unique style, huge scale and exquisite structure, it is independent of the world residential architecture art forest. The caste social characteristics and architectural characteristics of Tulou folk houses are closely related to the history of Hakka people.
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Tulou is a collective building built with soil as the wall, which is round, semi-circular, square, quadrilateral, pentagonal, chair-shaped and dustpan-shaped. , and has its own characteristics. Tulou was square at first, with palace style, mansion style and different postures. It is not only strange, but also full of mystery, solid and firm. Accumulate food and raise livestock in the building; If there is a well and you need to guard against the enemy, you just need to close the gate and keep a few young people guarding it. Tulou is like a solid fortress, and women, children, old and young can sit back and relax. Because the square earth building is directional, the corner is dark, and the ventilation and lighting are different, Hakka people have designed a round earth building with good ventilation and lighting, which has no beginning and no end. Among the existing earth buildings, the round one is the most striking, and the locals call it round building or round village.
function
Tulou is a collective building, and its biggest feature lies in its large shape. No matter from a distance or in front of us, the earth building is shocking with its huge single building, and its volume is the largest among the residential buildings. The most common round building in the earth building we visited is about 50 meters in diameter and three or four stories high. There are more than 100 houses, which can accommodate 30 to 40 families and 200 to 300 people. The Dayuan Building can reach 70-80 meters in diameter, with five or six floors and four or five hundred houses, which can accommodate seven or eight hundred people. Earth buildings and residential buildings reflect the folk customs of Hakka people living in compact communities.
From the research of history and architecture, the architectural style of tulou is a self-defense living style for national security. At that time, under the situation of Japanese invasion and civil war every year, Hakkas who moved their families traveled thousands of miles to other places and chose an architectural way conducive to family reunion and defense against war. Descendants of the same ancestor form an independent society in a tulou, with honor and disgrace. Therefore, restraint from the outside and cohesion from the inside are probably the most appropriate induction of tulou.
wood tissue
The wall of tulou is thicker under the wall and thinner on the top, and some of them are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated ramming, a steel-concrete earth wall was built, and a layer of lime was coated outside to prevent wind and rain erosion, so it was strong and abnormal, with good wind and earthquake resistance. According to Yongding County Records, a major earthquake occurred in 19 18, which jingled during the day and lasted for 20 minutes, and continued to vibrate at night, but the earth building was intact.
general layout
The circular building is the most distinctive building in the local earth building. Generally speaking, it starts from a center and spreads out layer by layer according to different radii, just like water waves in a lake, which is very spectacular. Its center is family ancestral temple, followed by ancestral halls, verandahs and people living in the outermost ring. The whole earth building is the same size, with an area of about 10 square meter. The same staircase, no family has secrets.
There are many types of earth buildings, one of which is the system of upper, middle and lower halls arranged in depth along the central axis. This kind of earth building, the lower hall is generally the entrance and exit, placed in the front; The nave is in the center, which is a place for family gatherings and welcoming guests. Shangtang is the innermost place where ancestral tablets are enshrined.
In addition to the unique structure, the window sill, porch and cornice inside the earth building are also extremely gorgeous and exquisite, which is really a wonderful work in China residential buildings.
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Hakka traditional folk houses are the crystallization of Hakka people's understanding of life for thousands of years, the direct embodiment of material civilization and the carrier of spiritual civilization, so Hakka folk house culture has become an important part of Hakka culture.
Organic combination of architecture and environment
Hakka dwellings are invited by mountains and rivers, and architecture seems to be an indispensable part of the environment.
Primary biochemistry of building materials
Wood, earth and stone are also the basic building parts of mountains and buildings. The difference is that the former is naturally formed and the latter is artificially created. Architecture seems to have grown from the mountains, and it has become the crowning touch of the natural environment through artificial carving. Because of the primitive biochemistry of building materials and the structural consideration of relying on natural lighting and ventilation to maintain a more comfortable living environment, it has become an ecological building in the original sense. This Hakka residential building, landscape and environment constitute a harmonious ecosystem.
Combination of architectural modeling and mountain situation
Many Hakka dwellings use scattered mountains to form different floors, which has a strong sense of appearance and reduces costs. Hakka dwellings not only make full use of nature, but also have a strong sense of belonging and identity with nature, and architecture has become an inseparable part of the environment.
Hakka dwellings are not only organically combined with single buildings and environment, but also the whole village and environment are harmonious. But all well-preserved ancient villages embody a relatively unified law: buildings conform to the mountain. No matter at the beginning of the formation of ancient villages or in the late stage of development, Hakkas respect nature very much and will not blindly witness large-scale land reclamation. Even the country roads follow the mountain, or climb stairs or turn twists and turns. Villages depend on water. In the site selection work before settlement, Hakka people are particularly picky about the choice of water, not only to meet the needs of life, but also to have certain requirements for the arrival and flow of water. Therefore, the formation of Hakka ancient villages is inseparable from water. Shelter in the silk forest. There are a lot of trees before and after Hakka dwellings, including Feng Shui forest, ornamental forest and fruit tree forest. Although they have different functions, they can hide buildings and connect villages with green hills.
Organizations concerned with communication space
Hakka dwellings are relatively closed, and the plane layout is enclosed-patio pattern. The first floor is not open to the public, or there is a small window hole, which is only used for ventilation and decoration. In sharp contrast to the closed exterior, the interior of the building is open and transparent. Xiatang, nave and Shangtang, which have the best lighting and the largest area on the central axis of the building, are the most convenient open spaces to enter the patios in the building. On the one hand, this transparent space facilitates people's communication in the building complex at ordinary times, realizes the space and spiritual connection between families to the maximum extent, and also provides a space for visiting relatives and friends on holidays. Many Hakka houses have a large area of Wo Ping in front of them, which is not only used for drying crops, but also a place for people's public activities. This practice of placing the communication space in the most important position in the building reflects the Hakka people's psychology of attaching importance to and longing for communication.
Appropriate building scale
Hakka dwellings, regardless of their size, have human dimensions, and the buildings, whether viewed from a distance or from a nearby place, make people feel cordial and pleasant. The suitable scale mainly includes: 1, and the building volume is in harmony with the surrounding environment. 2. The ratio of glass roof to wall is just right. The roof is patchy and has rich external contours. 3. The height and width of cornice vary according to the purpose and decorative function. Generally, the outer eaves are small, and the inner eaves in the patio are large, which is convenient for walking under the eaves in rainy days. The high eaves make the facade light and lively; The lower eaves highlight the intimacy and pleasure of the inner courtyard. In addition, the treatment of the entrance space and the scale and decoration of the gate are friendly.
High quality construction
The main reason why Hakka dwellings can show their regional characteristics through a large number of existing entities is that they have high-quality buildings, which can last for hundreds of years without being destroyed. Mainly reflected in two parts: first, the building structure entity itself. The load-bearing walls of Hakka dwellings are mostly rammed concrete, and some of them are masonry structures. Purlins are generally made of high-quality wood, and the construction process and steps are strictly controlled. In order to ensure the construction quality, it often takes several years for a building to be completed. The other part is the decoration of the building surface. Hakka residential decoration (including gray carving, wood carving, stone carving, painting, etc. ) exquisite workmanship, not only has strong ornamental value, but also excellent workmanship, which can be as durable as the building structure. In addition, the drainage system design of Hakka dwellings is also very scientific, which can last for a hundred years without clogging.
Architecture embodies profound cultural heritage.
Hakka people have always advocated education, and Hakka folk houses closely related to life are the carrier of Hakka people's spiritual reflection on culture. Therefore, Hakka dwellings often embody profound cultural heritage, which is mainly reflected in the name and hall number of the gatehouse. There are plaques on the main entrance and the upper hall of Hakka dwellings, and the writing of fonts is very particular. The content of the entrance plaque has profound connotation and figurative significance; The contents of the hall number are mostly ancestral titles. Ancestral training and family training. Ancestral training and family training are ways to educate future generations to be human and do things, emphasizing Confucianism such as "the teaching of loyalty and forgiveness". Hakka people stick ancestral and family instructions on both sides of ancestral tablets or on the walls on both sides of churches in the form of couplets, which is a striking reminder to future generations. Ancestral temples occupy the most important position in Hakka dwellings. Therefore, the ancestral motto and the hall number make the building full of cultural atmosphere. Lots of study, learning and research. Hakkas attach importance to the teaching of culture and the cultivation of talents, and collective teaching in colleges is a cultural cultivation method for the descendants of large families; The appearance of small study and personal study are all manifestations of Chongwen.
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The reason why bamboo building is called the traditional architectural form of Dai nationality
Most of the Dai people live in Pingba area, where there is no snow all year round and abundant rainfall. The annual average temperature is 265,438 0℃, regardless of the four seasons. So here, the dry column building is a very suitable form. Because there are many bamboos in Dai people's houses, Dai people living in the bamboo sea use local materials and use bamboo as building materials. The whole building adopts bamboo structure: bamboo columns, bamboo fences, bamboo boards, bamboo stairs and bamboo tiles cover the roof. So this kind of building is called bamboo building. This kind of bamboo building material is simple and convenient for construction. Bamboo buildings are moisture-proof, heat-dissipating, ventilated, insect-proof and animal-proof, and flood-proof. Because the rainfall here is concentrated every year, floods often occur, the downstairs is overhead, the walls are bamboo strips, and there are many gaps, so it is very conducive to the passage of floods.
With the development of society, the number of Dai bamboo houses has also changed. The main changes are in building materials, from dry bamboo building to wood structure, brick-wood structure and steel-concrete structure. However, due to the love of the Dai people for their traditional architectural forms, except for a few Dai folk houses that have been changed into modern buildings, most Dai folk houses still maintain the architectural structure and modeling characteristics of the dry column, so the name Zhulou has been inherited and become a special name.