The Historical Relationship between North Korea and China

It's very long. Let's read it slowly. It's extracurricular reading material in Korean class.

Chapter II History

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Section 1 primitive society

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Korea is a country with long history. Since about 5, years ago, human beings have lived and multiplied on the Korean peninsula. Up to now, the sites found in the primitive crowd period on the Korean peninsula mainly include the Shi Zhuangli site near Gongzhou, Chungcheongnam-do, Heiyuli site in Xiangyuan County, Pyongyang City, Quanguli site in Luanchuan County, Gyeonggi Province, Daxiandong site in Lipu District, Pyongyang City, Shengli Mountain site in Tokugawa County, South Pyongan Province and so on. In these sites, many animal bone fossils and various kinds of stone tools have been unearthed.

Human skull fossils were found in the Paleolithic site near Daxian Cave in Lipu District, Pyongyang, which may be the bones of primitive humans 1, years ago, and are called Lipu people. Fossils of human scapula and two teeth were found in the Paleolithic site of Shengli Mountain, Tokugawa County, South Pyongan Province. They were the bones of primitive humans about 1, to 4, years ago and were called Tokugawa people.

From the late Paleolithic period, human beings in the Korean Peninsula entered the matriarchal clan society and developed in the Neolithic period. South Korean historians generally believe that the Neolithic Age began about 6-7 years ago. The Neolithic sites discovered so far include: Xishali Rock Cave along the Han River near Seoul, Dongdong Cave in the mouth of Luodong River near Busan, and Hugudong Site in Maoshan County, North Yellow Sea. In these sites, various ground stone tools and bone tools have been unearthed. A lot of pottery was unearthed in these sites, and manufacturing was a new production department that began to appear in this period.

4 years ago, the Korean peninsula entered the bronze age, and at the same time, it entered the patriarchal clan society. The bronze age sites discovered so far mainly include: Huaiting Cave in Daejeon City, South Chungcheongnam-do, Gongzhou in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jiafangli near Gyeongju, Huining Cave in North Hamgyong, Caodao in Luojin, Tuchengli in Zhongjiang County, Cijiang Road, Xizhuli in Ningbian County, North Pyongan Road, and Jin Tan Li in Pyongyang. In the Bronze Age, with the improvement of productivity, people's production and life changed greatly, which changed people's relationship. Men played a major role in the whole production activities and entered the patriarchal clan society.

Section 2 Slave Society

From the 2nd century to the 3rd century BC, ironware appeared on the Korean peninsula, which further promoted the development of productive forces, more private property appeared, and classes gradually formed. Since then, primitive society has disintegrated and slave society has emerged.

1. ancient Korea

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Ancient Korea is the earliest established country in Korean history, formerly known as Korea. In order to distinguish it from later Korean dynasties, it is generally called ancient Korea. Regarding the founding of ancient Korea, there is a "Dangun myth" that has been passed down to this day and has a deep influence. The myth of Dangun is contained in The Legacy of the Three Kingdoms, The Tale of the Emperor and The Collection of Li Xiangguo in the East. Dongming Wang Pian, Sejong Record? Geography, etc., the content of the account is similar. Here, taking the records in The Legacy of Three Kingdoms as an example, the excerpts are as follows:

"The ancient saying goes: Once upon a time, there was Huan because of the bastard Huan Xiong, who counted the world and was greedy for people. ..... Male rate ACTS three thousand, fell on the top of Taibai god sandalwood tree, called the city of god, is called huan male king also. Fengbo, Rain Master and Cloud Master, and the main valley, the main life, the main disease, the main punishment, the main good and evil, all over the world, more than 36 things. Sometimes there is a bear and a tiger who live in the same cave, often praying for the gods and wishing to become human beings. At that time, God left a pillar of moxa and 2 pieces of garlic, saying, "If you eat it, you will get a human form if you don't see the sun for a hundred days.". Bear and tiger eat, avoid three or seven days, the bear has a female body. Tigers can't be avoided, but they can't be human. The bear girl has nothing to do with marriage, so every time she is under the sandalwood tree, she wishes to get pregnant. The male is married in disguise. Pregnant, nicknamed Tan Jun Wang Jian, Tang Gao ascended the throne at 5 Geng Yin, the capital of Pyongyang, and then called Korea. "

("Tang Gao" refers to the legendary Tang Yao in China, a tribal leader at the end of primitive society in China. The 5-year reign of Yao Wang was roughly equivalent to 2333 BC, more than 43 years ago. This is just a myth, and the exact founding age of ancient Korea is still an unsolved mystery. ）

2. Chen Guo

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Chenguo was an ancient country established in the southeast of the Korean Peninsula, and was formed by three Han ethnic groups, namely Mahan, Chenhan and Gehan. Judging from the existing historical documents, the state of Chen appeared in the form of a state in the 3 rd to 2 nd centuries BC. The central area of Chenguo is "the country of the moon", which is located in Jishan of Chungcheongnam-do. At the end of the period, the capital moved south to "Guoyi", which is near Yishan, south of Jinjiang.

3. The culture of ancient Korea

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Ancient Korea and China started trade and contacts very early. Since the 3rd to 2nd century BC, this kind of communication has become more active and promoted the cultural exchange between the two countries. Chinese characters were introduced to the Korean peninsula very early. With the introduction of Chinese characters, Confucianism was also introduced to the Korean peninsula. The introduction of ancient Chinese characters and Confucianism undoubtedly promoted the cultural exchange between the two countries and the further development of ancient Korean culture.

The literary works of ancient Korea have been handed down to this day. Apart from the myth of Dangun, there is also a poem called "Elegance", which is found in Cui Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Don't cross the river,

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Section 3 Feudal Society

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1. the three kingdoms period

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After the demise of ancient Korea and Chenguo, three countries, Koguryo, Baekje and Silla, appeared in succession, which were called "Three Kingdoms" in history. The Three Kingdoms period is the period of the formation and initial development of feudal society. Although there are strong remnants of slavery, feudalism has occupied a dominant position.

1) Koguryo dynasty

Goguryeo is a branch of the Yi nationality. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Goguryeo is a different kind of Fuyu, and its language is similar to Fuyu, which shows that Goguryeo is closely related to Fuyu. According to legend, Zhu Meng, the founder of Goguryeo, was an aristocrat of Fuyu. He was ostracized in Fuyu royal family, and went south with Wu Yi, Mo Li, Shan Fu and others to his own area (now near Huanren County, Liaoning Province, China), and combined with indigenous forces to establish Goguryeo State in 37 BC. In 668, Silla and the Tang Dynasty allied forces perished.

2) Baekje Dynasty

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It is said that King Wen Zuowang, who founded the Baekje Kingdom, was the son of King Koguryo Jumeng. When the kingdom of Chen was in a state of division, King Wen Zuowang went south with some Koguryo people and settled in the lower reaches of the Han River. There, it combined with the local emerging feudal forces to form a new feudal political force and developed rapidly. By around A.D., this feudal force had built a small country, Baekje, with its capital in the comfort city on the south bank of the Han River. Since then, Baekje has grown rapidly, and by the middle of the 1st century AD, it has become a big feudal country. In 66, Silla and the Tang Dynasty allied forces perished.

3) Silla Dynasty

The Silla Dynasty was formed in Gyeongju, the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. There are six villages in this area, and the nobles in these six villages are the backbone of Silla. According to the myth of Silla's founding, the nobles of these six villages elected Park Heju as king and established the country in 57 AD. By the first half of the 2nd century, it had been built into a large feudal country. It was destroyed by Korea in 935.

4) Jia

Several years after the three countries formed their own countries, there were still local forces in the Luodong River basin that did not belong to the above three countries and remained independent. These were the six Gardens centered on Jinhai area. According to the legend of the ancestor of the kingdom of Jia, the Six Jia's originated from the Jin Guan Jia's, and formed a solid alliance among the tribes centered on the Jin Guan Jia's. It was between Baekje and Silla, often attacked, and was finally annexed by Baekje and Silla.

5) Culture in the Three Kingdoms Period

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All three countries use Chinese characters. Chinese characters are China characters, so it is inconvenient to record Korean with them. Therefore, all three countries adopt "official reading" language. The creation of official reading plays a positive role in the development of Korean language and culture. In particular, Silla's officials read well and are often used to record poems. Xue Cong, a great scholar in the mid-7th century, sorted out the official readings and used them to translate Confucian classics.

All three countries have organized scholars to compile history books. Goguryeo compiled 1 volumes of Notes. In 6, Dr. Li Wenzhen of Imperial College changed it into 5 volumes of New Collection. In 375, Dr. Baekje was pleased to compile The Secretary. In 545, Silla was compiled by several scholars, including Ju Qifu.

Geography has also developed. In 628, Goguryeo drew the map of the territory, Baekje compiled the atlas and geography records, and Silla also compiled geography books.

In medicine, Goguryeo has a teacher's prescription, Baekje has a new prescription, Silla has a master's prescription, Silla also opens a medical hall to teach various medicines, and Baekje medicine manufacturing is very famous.

After Confucianism was introduced into the Three Kingdoms, all three countries attached great importance to it, and regarded it as an ideological weapon to maintain feudal order and strengthen kingship, and took measures to promote it. Koguryo established Imperial College, the highest institution of Confucianism, in 372, and Baekje established the Confucian education system in the 4th century. Confucianism was widely spread in Silla in the 6th century, and many overseas students from Silla went to China to study Confucianism, which led to the emergence of famous Confucian scholars such as Jin Dawen, Qiang Shou and Xue Cong.

All three countries attach great importance to Buddhism, building temples one after another and spreading Buddhism widely. Buddhism was introduced into the Three Kingdoms through China. The introduction time was 372 years in Koguryo, 384 years in Baekje and 518 years in Silla.

The main literary works in the Three Kingdoms period include songs such as Doulv Song, Comet Song, Potato Children's Song and Tathagata Song recorded by officials, and Chinese poems such as Yellow Bird Song and Lonely Stone Poetry written in Chinese characters. Prose includes Biography of Wen De of Yi Zhi, Biography of Yuan Gai Su Wen, Biography of Ming Jian Answering Fu, Biography of Wen Da, Biography of Harvest, Biography of Nine Towers in Huanglong Temple and Biography of Rabbit.

2. The period of unifying Silla

1) Silla reunites the Three Kingdoms

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In the middle of the 7th century, the contradictions among the three countries intensified, and it was no longer possible to maintain the previous state of separation. After Silla expanded its territory, in order to annex Goguryeo and Baekje, it strengthened its military strength and established a close military alliance with the Tang Dynasty.

In 66, Emperor Taizong of Silla, Wu Lie, Wang Jin and Chunqiu took advantage of Baekje's extremely weak national strength and joined forces with Tang Jun to attack Baekje. Less than 1 days after the war, the Baekje dynasty declared its demise.

Silla and the Tang Dynasty allied forces took advantage of the internal strife in Koguryo court and attacked Koguryo. In the middle of 668, the Luo-Tang allied forces invaded Pyongyang, the Koguryo king surrendered, and the Koguryo dynasty was declared dead.

After the conquest of Baekje and Koguryo, the Tang Dynasty set up the Andong Hufu in Pyongyang to govern the former Baekje and Koguryo territories, but Silla wanted to occupy Baekje and Koguryo territories, and there was a contradiction between Luo and Tang. After several years of fighting, in 676, the Tang Dynasty moved the capital of Andong to Liaodong (now Liaoyang), and Silla occupied the original Baekje territory and the original Koguryo territory, which was the unification of Silla.

2) Peasant Uprising and the p><-Three Kingdoms

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In the 8th century, the vicious expansion of land privatization of big landlords caused the struggle for power and profit within the ruling class. These contradictions and struggles within the ruling class will inevitably lead to the weakness of centralization, seriously undermine social production, especially plunge farmers into the whirlpool of war and aggravate their suffering. The broad masses of peasants had no choice but to take risks and set off a struggle of resistance. In the first half of the 9th century, the peasant uprising developed rapidly, and the national peasant war broke out in the second half of the 9th century. According to relevant documents, the peasant army is active in 2 places across the country.

Under the heavy blow of the national peasant war, the Silla dynasty, which lasted for more than 1 years, existed in name only. At this time, Zhen Xuan's influence in southwest China expanded rapidly. Zhen Xuan took advantage of the dissatisfaction of the people in the former Baekje area with Silla's rule and trumpeted the revival of Baekje, and finally established the post-Baekje in 9. On the other hand, the Bow people took advantage of the opposition of the people in the former Koguryo area to the Silla ruling group and played the banner of rebuilding Koguryo, thus gaining the support of the local people, and finally established the post-Koguryo in 91. In 911, the name of the country was changed to Taifeng. In this way, three more countries appeared on the Korean peninsula, namely, the post-Baekje, the Taifeng Kingdom (post-Koguryo) and the former Silla.

3) unify the culture of Silla period

Because of inheriting the excellent culture of the Three Kingdoms period and absorbing the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty, the unification of the culture of Silla period has achieved fruitful results. The most prominent features are the widespread spread of Buddhism and the in-depth study of Buddhist philosophy. The Silla court regarded Buddhism as the state religion and advocated the widespread spread and research of Buddhism. Due to the extensive spread and research of Buddhism, many monks went to study in the Tang Dynasty, and some went to India and countries west of India to learn from the scriptures.

Hui Chao is one of the representatives. He went to the Tang Dynasty in the early 8th century and then to India. Hui Chao is a monk who is proficient in Sanskrit and Chinese. He translated many Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures into Chinese in Chang 'an. His works include three volumes of Biography to Five Tianzhu Countries. This book