Manchu calls itself "Manchuria", and the word Manchuria is transliterated as the complacent language manju. As early as the 9th century AD, this word was used as a title for tribal leaders. In the Biography of Sui Shu and Buji, it is recorded that "its canal is handsome,/kloc-it was called" Man, Man "after 0/5th century, and its meaning is similar to that of" noble people "in Chinese today. 19 1 1 After the Revolution of 1911, the official abbreviation was "Manchu".
Manchu people called Buji in the pre-Qin period, Buji in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hong in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Nuzhen in the Liao, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Whatever the name, it's transliteration.
Manchu is the only minority in the history of China who established the Central Plains Dynasty twice. Manchu has a long history, and its origin can be traced back to the newly opened Sioux culture about 6000-7000 years ago [1][2]. Archaeologists in China believe that the primitive social site of Ying Ge Ridge at the southern end of Jingbo Lake in Ning 'an City, Heilongjiang Province is about 3,000 years ago, which is equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty and should be regarded as a cultural relic of Su Shen. Many stone tools and pottery were unearthed, including pottery pigs, dogs and bears. Pig breeding shows that ancient ethnic tribes have lived a relatively stable primitive life based on primitive agriculture and fishing and hunting. Pottery pig, dog and bear were buried in the tomb as funerary objects, which is a powerful proof of the soul worship of the deceased. Su Shen, the ancestor of Manchu, has been recorded in historical books since Shunyu in the 22nd century BC. "Shan Hai Jing" says: "There are mountains in the wild that are not salty, and there is a country that hosts gods." The Chronicle of Bamboo Books records: "Shun Di has been in danger for twenty-five years, so he is cautious (that is, cautious) to come to the DPRK and pay tribute with bows and arrows." When Yu Ding was king of Kyushu, he sent envoys to pay tribute, the most famous of which was Ya. Zhou people call it "Su Shen, Yan, Bo, I am from the north", Su Shenguo in Xia, Shang and Zhou BC, Lou in Han and Jin Dynasties, Buji in Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiongnu in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Jurchen from Northern Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty. Before the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty (1689), all the territories in the northeast of Manchu belonged to the Manchu ancestors (Sushen clan).
Sushen people, the ancestors of Yu Shun, Xia, Shang and Zhou Manchu, were also called "Lou people" from the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people were called unlucky. Don't take any chances, it is the sound of "Woji" in Jurchen language, but it means "forest". During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Manchu ancestors, also known as cymbals, were scattered in the millet cymbals with Jilin as the center, and those scattered in the Songhua River basin and Heilongjiang River basin were black water cymbals. From 669 to 926, Mo established the Bohai Kingdom. Bohai experienced 15 kings and was destroyed by the Khitan. During Song and Liao Dynasties, Jurchen in Liao Dynasty was divided into two parts. The south of Kaiyuan (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) is called "mature jurchen" and the north of Kaiyuan is called "born jurchen". /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/2 century, the Jurchen Wanyan Department rose. After its leader Yan Hong Akuta unified some tribes of Jurchen, he became emperor in115, with the title of Daikin and its capital in Beijing (now Acheng, Heilongjiang Province). /kloc-In the 20th century, Mongols in northern China rose, established a vast Yuan Dynasty and unified China. Jurchen was placed under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.
Jurchen is divided into three parts: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen. Nurhachi's ancestors belonged to Jianzhou Jurchen. According to the Records of the Qing Emperor Taizu, "All ministries claim to be kings for power and profit, killing each other, even killing each other, bullying the weak, and the masses are violent." Disputes between ministries and commissions continue, and vendettas continue. Therefore, it is not only a strong requirement for the social and economic development of the Jurchen to unify the ministries, but also a strong requirement for the development of the Jurchen nation.
Fushun is a cultural corridor on the history of manchu and the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty. Fushun is full of magical colors everywhere. Yongling is a world cultural heritage and the first of the Three Mausoleums outside Guanwai in Qing Dynasty. It still stands at the foot of the magical Yun Qi Mountain in Xinjiang. When Nurhachi ascended the throne, the first capital of the late Jin Dynasty, Hetuala City, was a national 4A-level tourist attraction. Juchacha City, Yulugu Elm Tree and Yun Qi Shenshu all showed people that magical history, which aroused endless reverie of tourists. Fushun is always full of rich local customs. Known as Xinbin County's "China Manchu No.1 Township", it is the only Manchu cultural corridor, Manchu museum, Manchu old street and Manchu farm in China Manchu amorous feelings garden. Manchu cuisine allows you to experience a variety of Manchu folk customs and gain a deep understanding of Manchu culture and history. Qingxiling
Qing Xiling Mausoleum is listed as a cultural heritage.
In 2000, according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C(I)(III)(IV)(V)(VI), the Qing Tomb was listed in the World Heritage List. Evaluation of World Heritage Committee: According to the theory of geomantic omen, imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties has carefully selected sites and skillfully placed a large number of buildings underground. It is the product of human's transformation of nature, which embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and interprets the world outlook and power view of feudal China that lasted for more than 500 years.
Chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples (English name: The Mountain Resort and its surrounding temples, Chengde) are listed in the World Heritage List (No.:200-01) according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C(II)(IV) in 1994.
Evaluation of World Heritage Committee: chengde mountain resort, the Summer Palace in Qing Dynasty, located in Hebei Province, was built in 1703 ~ 1792. It is a huge building complex, consisting of many palaces and other buildings that handle government affairs and hold ceremonies. Temples and imperial houses with different architectural styles are skillfully integrated with the surrounding lakes, pastures and forests. The summer resort not only has high aesthetic research value, but also retains rare historical sites in the late feudal society of China.
Typical Manchu, with close eyes, straight nose, rectangular face and light skin color. The proportion of type B blood in Manchu is very high, reaching more than 40%.
Due to the dominant position of Manchu in the Qing Dynasty, the educational level of Manchu was higher than that of other nationalities in China. In the 1990 census, there were 1 652.2 college graduates in Manchu, with a national average of 139.0 and 143.6438+0 in Han nationality. The proportion of illiterate and semi-illiterate population with 15 or more is 1.4 1% in Manchu, 22.2 1% in China and 2 1.53% in Han nationality. The data of Manchu is far lower than that of other ethnic groups in China.