The distribution of the family of Eisingiro.
In the 1980s, Ai Xinjue Roche was only a small family, including six ancestors of Nurhachi and their 22 sons.
From the establishment of Nurhachi after the Jin Dynasty to the demise of Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the post-Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty existed for 296 years and experienced 0 generations 1 12 emperors. In the past three centuries, the emperors of the late Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty had many concubines, and their descendants also had far more concubines than ordinary wives. In addition, China advocates the ancient traditional custom of having many children and grandchildren, so the descendants of the Aisinggioro family multiply very rapidly.
Some scholars believe that before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, there were about 100 members of the second generation of Huang Taiji's royal family. By the third generation of Shunzhi, the number of royal family members was 419; By the fourth generation of Kangxi, there were about 490 members of the royal family; By the Five Dynasties of Yongzheng, the number of members of the royal family had exceeded 1000; By the seventh generation of Jiaqing, there were nearly 4700 members of the royal family; After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, by the 1930s, there were already 20,000 descendants of the royal family. The Genealogy of Essien Choro published by 1936 collects the hereditary data of this family for hundreds of years. From the 1980s of 16 to the 1930s, there were nearly 34,000 descendants of this branch, 46,000 descendants of the whole imperial clan and 34,000 descendants of the Jueluo system, with a total of more than 80,000 people, and this is just men. If calculated according to the ratio of the prince to the emperor's daughter, there are more than 80,000 descendants of the Aisin Choro family, nearly 60,000 descendants of the Gioro family, and the entire Aisin Choro family has nearly 6.5438+0.4 million descendants. It is not difficult to see that in the past 300 years, the family of Aisinggioro was in a privileged period, and the offspring multiplied very fast.
In the 70 years from 1930s to now, the family of Aisinggioro has been scattered all over the country, and the royal status has become history. It is impossible to modify the pedigree of government behavior, the purity of blood is no longer guaranteed, and the marital status is becoming increasingly complicated. Almost no genealogy has been published, so it is very difficult to count the family population.
However, a trend is obvious. The population of Ai Xinjue Roche is still expanding, and the blood relationship has gradually formed many branches from near to far. It is estimated that there are about 300,000-400,000 people in Ai Xinjue Roche today.
The name and origin of Aisingiorro Shi
Sushen nationality
At present, scholars at home and abroad generally believe that the cautious people in pre-Qin ancient books are the earliest Manchu people today. Sioux protoss originated from bird totem. After the Han Dynasty, Yi Lou (Three Kingdoms in the Later Han Dynasty), Buji (Northern Dynasty), Xiongnu (Sui and Tang Dynasties) and Nuzhen (Liao, Jin, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties) appeared in the history books of various dynasties, all of whom were descendants of Sushen and ancestors of Manchu.
From the archaeological point of view, the newly opened culture is the remains of Su Shen's ancestors. Then, the Xiaonanshan site in Raohe and the Christina site in Fuyuan, which are distributed in the Sanjiang Valley and evolved from the newly opened culture, may be the remains left by the Su Shenren in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Xiaonanshan site is located in Raohe County, Heilongjiang Province. In the north of Xingkai Lake, the lower reaches of Muling River and the left bank of Wusuli River, there are similar sites such as Hulin Yao Ying, Jixiang, Big and Small Muling River and Wulin Cave. In chronological order, it was later than Liu Xinkai and earlier than Haiqing. Christina site is also located on the left bank of Wusuli River, which is located at the confluence of Wusuli River basin, Songhua River and Heilongjiang River. This area may be the birthplace of ancient Sioux protoss and the earliest hometown of Sioux protoss.
Sushen nationality is one of the oldest nationalities in northeast China. "Chronicle of Five Emperors in Bamboo Books" says: "He who is cautious is also a big country in Northeast China." Yu is Shun Di in Tang Yao and Yu Shun; The Xia Dynasty was founded in 2 100 BC. That is to say, as early as more than 4000 years ago, Su Shenren had settled between Baishan and Heishui. The so-called Baishan Blackwater refers to today's Changbai Mountain and Heilongjiang Province, generally referring to the northeast of China. "Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing" said: "In the desert, there are mountains that are not salty and have national caution." It's not salty mountain, it's Changbai Mountain today.
, also known as Shen, Ji Shen and Su (sloppy-small), literally seems to mean a serious and cautious person, but it is difficult to understand. The word "Ji Shen" may be the phonetic change of Ji Shen. Millet is an ancient food crop. Millet and sorghum are called millet and millet is also called millet. The ancient agricultural official was called Ji, and the agricultural god was also called Ji. In this way, Ji Shen people may have developed from the plant totem clan, which is not uncommon in ancient myths and legends.
Su Shen and Su Shuang are similar in pronunciation. Su Shuang, like an assistant liar, was a good horse in ancient times, named after its shape similar to that of Su Shuang bird. (Masu) Cheating is a kind of wild goose and one of the legendary five-winged birds. That is to say, the Su Shen people may also take birds as totems, and this kind of bird is likely to be a goose dove bird, which is often called an "eagle". In Manchu, Falcon Haidongqing is called "Song Kun", which is a transliteration of China Goose and Pigeon. Song, Shuang and Shen are translations of the same word, which comes from the bird's name, goose and pigeon. China Goose and Pigeon-Eagle, translated from Manchu into Song Kun, and then translated into Chinese into Haidongqing. In Chinese, geese are called geese, which shows that Su Shuang is not only the name of a goose, but also the name of an eagle.
Some people say that caution, caution and prudence are homonyms of "Nuzhen", which means "human" in Tungusic language and is their self-description. Manchu is the descendant of Jurchen, which also shows that Su Shen is the ancestor of Manchu.
Sushen nationality belongs to the Mongolian nationality and is related to the ancient residents of the Central Plains. At the same time that the isomorphism of the Chinese nation was formed, the isomorphism of the Soviet protoss was also formed. Based on ethnographic data, archaeological data and folklore data, the Antu people, Xituanshan culture and Ying Ge Ridge culture unearthed at present are equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty for about 3,000 years, and they are probably cultural relics left by Su Shenren.
It can be inferred that the Sushen nationality was formed as a nation in the middle reaches of Heilongjiang Province today. From the distribution point of view, there have been changes in the past dynasties. Previously, the Emperor of Zhou had a meeting with all the ministers in the world, and the leaders of the surrounding ethnic minorities were seated according to their posts. Where is the chief of the vegetarian clan? It's on the north seat in the east. At that time, the jurisdiction of Yan State was as far away as Zhelimu League in Inner Mongolia and as close as Sushen Western Region. In this way, the vast areas east of Liaohe River, north to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, south to the upper and middle reaches of Songhua River and east to the seaside are the activities of Su Shenren.
We can learn a lot about Su Shen from the records of ancient documents, such as Shangshu, Annals of Bamboo Slips and Classic of Mountains and Seas. They focus on the hunting economy. Bows and arrows are their weapons and tools. This bow is three feet and five inches long. It is made of skins and tendons of wild animals and large livestock. Long range and great lethality.
Suzhou people like to raise pigs. However, it is different from the habit of Han people to keep animals in captivity. They are used to grazing freely and letting pigs run around and breed at will. In the cold season, they will kill a lot of pork and freeze it with ice and snow. Only a small part is preserved in the crypt where people spend the winter.
The head of the family divided the frozen meat equally among the family members. As long as frozen meat is heated on the fire, everyone will eat it raw. They cut clothes with pigskin and spun yarns with pigwool: they are not used to wearing trousers, but just tying a fig leaf around their waist. They also coated their bodies with lard to prevent cold and chapped skin. Wealthy families with good conditions also raise a large number of horses, cattle and sheep.
The housing of prudent people is different in summer and winter. In summer, among the dense trees, they will arrange some crossbars and then spread branches and firewood. This can not only prevent the invasion of wild animals, but also prevent mosquito bites. In winter, they moved into a deep cave and needed a long ladder to reach the bottom. In the center of the cave bottom, they made a fire and covered it with branches, firewood and skins. This is a very warm home.
Plain people, regardless of gender and age, are popular with long braids. Without careful observation, it is difficult to tell their gender. The marriage of cautious people is really interesting. Men and women are free to fall in love. A pair of men and women who love each other only need the man to put a beautiful feather in the girl's hair, and the woman can get it to the man's house first, and then send some bride price to the woman's house, which is the formal marriage. Only married women talk about chastity. Once the wife dies, the husband must be widowed for life.
Sushen people value young people and despise old people. After the death of parents, children and grandchildren are not allowed to cry, saying that they are afraid of bringing disaster to their families.
It is said that when he was in power, Su Shenren came all the way to pay tribute to the Central Plains, and also used homemade bows and arrows as tributes to join Shun's tribal alliance.
When Confucius traveled around the world, an eagle with an arrow came and died in Chen Houting. Chen Hou sent someone to consult Confucius. Confucius said: The eagle comes from afar and the arrow belongs to Su Shen. Chen Hou sent someone to the gold cabinet of the old file, and sure enough, he found the arrow of the male, which was exactly the same as the arrow carried by the eagle, thus confirming Confucius' statement.
1 1 century BC, Zhou was conquered and the Western Zhou was established. When Sushen heard the news, he immediately sent someone to pay tribute to the arrow in the slot. The arrow shaft was engraved with the font "Sushen Tribute Arrow". When Zhou Chengwang conquered Dongyi, Luoyi
(now Luoyang, Henan Province) was also completed, and the Su Shenren sent people to celebrate and contributed a deer-like animal "Great Bustard". Cheng Wang also asked Rong Bo to write an article "The Life of Bribery and Abstinence" to express his comfort for abstinence from afar. During the reign of Zhou Kangwang, the Soviet man of God once again came to Luoyang to pay tribute.
But at that time, Yan, Shanrong and ancient Korea were all very powerful, which blocked the way for the Su Shenren to come to the West. Otherwise, their contacts with the Central Plains will become closer and closer.
ashes
Ying Ge Ridge Site, located in the south of Jingpo Lake in Ning 'an, Heilongjiang, is about 3000 years ago, which is equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains. There are many similarities with the records about Su Shen in time and region. At the site of Ying Ge Ridge, a large number of pottery and various tools were unearthed. Most interestingly, some small primitive pottery artworks were unearthed, including pottery pigs, dogs and bears. The excavation of these ancient cultural relics shows that the residents here use stone tools, bones and pottery to engage in primitive agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting and simple hand weaving. Judging from the shape of the unearthed pottery pig, it can be seen that the pig is its main source of meat. Judging from the image of Tao pig, the head accounts for one-third of the whole body, and the mane on the spine is towering, which is in a transitional posture between wild boar and pig raising. Pig breeding must be based on relatively stable agriculture. The excavation of a large number of farm tools shows that this is no longer a problem. In order to resist the cold in the north, people here also built a semi-crypt simple houses, which "lives in a cave".
There are also the Niuchang in Ning 'an, the Great Peony, the Xiaoyingzi Site in Yanji, Jilin, and the "Beiqiu Culture" in the coastal areas of the Russian Far East. This cultural type is distributed from the lower reaches of Mudanjiang and Xingkai Lake in the north, to the east coast of Korea in the south, to the coast of the Sea of Japan in the east, and to the east foot of Zhangguangcailing in the west. The culture of Ying Ge Ridge site shows that it is possible that this clan has existed here for a long time, and it was divided 3000 years ago, one to the east and the other to the west. In this area, the development of various tribes is unbalanced, and their cultures are different, and the same feature of * * * is the use of "elegance and timeliness". In ancient literature, prudence was associated with "elegance and timeliness"; It has almost become a unique symbol of cautious people.
Yi ethnic group
From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Jin Dynasty, the Yilou people took their place in the areas where the Soviet gods once lived.
The first floor, also known as the building. Biography of the Eastern Han Dynasty is said to be "a country of ancient prudence". The first floor and Su Shen are not homophones. The first floor is homophonic with the medical witch. Yiwulu Mountain, also known as Youran Mountain, Guangning Mountain and Beizhen Mountain, is one of the three famous mountains in Northeast China, located 5 kilometers northwest of Beizhen County, Liaoning Province. The mountains overlap, just like a screen, covered with pines and cypresses, and surrounded by ancient temples, making it a tourist attraction. Before the Qin Dynasty, there may have been an uncivilized tribe in Yiwulu Mountain area, which is the so-called savage. This barbarism is still sporadic in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mount Yiwulu was a sacred mountain in ancient times. Some people say that it is a place where doctors of gods and witches build houses, and it is called the place where houses are built, witch doctors.
In addition, the words "Lu", "Lu" and "Lou" are transliteration, and Lou is also synonymous with village, village and fort. In this way, Yilou people are people from Yicun, Yitun or Yibao. According to textual research, Shenyang Road was the hometown of Yilou in Yuan Dynasty, and Tieling County, Chengde County, Ningguta and Heilongjiang in Fengtianfu in Qing Dynasty were also the places where Yilou was located.
As soon as the pre-Qin period ended, Sushen's position wavered and gradually gave way to the Yilou nationality. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Jin Dynasty, in addition to the Yilou nationality, there were other nationalities active in the Northeast, such as Fuyu, Koguryo, Wuhuan and Xianbei. However, the Yi people have the closest relationship with the Su protoss.
The word "the first floor" has different translations in some ancient northeast minority languages, such as Yanlou, Le Yi and Yalu River. When translating into Chinese, the appropriate words are chosen according to the understanding of the Central Plains people. Today's Yalu River, the ancient Yalu River, can also be written as the first floor river. The Yanlou City in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was actually the Yilou City in the Han Dynasty. Yongji County, Jilin Province has Ilimen River and Ilimen Station, which may be the places where Yilou people have been active in history.
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people on the first floor have migrated from west to east, from today's western mountainous areas in Liaoning to the eastern mountainous areas, to the southern part of Jilin and to the southeastern part of Heilongjiang.
At the same time, the old clan of Su Shen migrated eastward from today's Ning 'an area of Heilongjiang Province, crossed the Wusuli River and reached the Russian Far East coastal area. In this way, the Yilou people occupied the old haunt of the gods, and combined with the "savages", the descendants of Xuanyi, who were not the inhabitants of the gods there, to form a "unique and rambling" savage group. This is the Yilou people mentioned in the history books of the Han Dynasty. Since then, it has replaced the status of the Soviet protoss and become famous all over the world.
The early Yilou people still maintained the clan tribal system in primitive society. Every clan (city fall) has a clan leader (adult), who occupies a dangerous mountain forest, builds a strong fortress and fights in his own way. For a long time, it has been impossible to form a unified military alliance group and there is no unified leader.
In Manchu, this cave is called "Lu Ye". Later Huhan, Joba, Huligai, Nu Wang, Yilan and Yilan were probably its tone sandhi. Yilou is homophonic with Lu Ye, meaning Neanderthal. This kind of cave dwelling is a common phenomenon, which is roughly the same as that of cautious people before. A large village consisting of 30-40 houses; The house is a semi-crypt, and people come out of the smoke hole at the top; The number of utensils at home is different, indicating polarization between the rich and the poor. People also found a phenomenon that in those deep caves, there are obviously more cultural relics than in shallow caves. This shows that wealthy families live in deep crypts, and history books also say that "people are as deep as nine ladders", which roughly means that at least nine ladders must be built to get up and down. In this sense, it is like a high-rise deep courtyard where the rich in the Central Plains live.
Stone tools such as millet and arrowhead were found in their houses, which showed that Yilou's economic life coexisted with primitive agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting.
In the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and coastal areas, Yilou people have established many settlement villages and lived an agricultural settlement life. Feed on grains, wear hemp leather, raise pigs, horses and cattle. Like the former Su Shenren, they also attached great importance to pigs, loved to eat pork, made clothes out of pigskin, and painted them with lard in winter to keep out the cold. In addition, the Yilou people are good at climbing mountains and hunting, and are also used to fishing on water. In Songhua River, Mudanjiang River and Wusuli River, people on the first floor can be seen driving boats and fishing everywhere.
People on the first floor are "good marksmanship, which can make everyone sit up and take notice." In the places where they lived, a large number of stone arrows with "bluestone as arrowheads" were unearthed, and the quiver was also unearthed at Dongkang site. The bows and arrows of Yilou people are more advanced than those of Su Shenren. They also poisoned the arrow, which is naturally more lethal.
Some people say that people on the first floor are a tough and aggressive nation. They wander between mountains and rivers, either dealing with wars frequently or busy killing people and stealing goods. There are two neighbors on the first floor, Fuyu, who is strong in the southwest, and the north, who is weak in the southeast. Fuyu has developed to the national stage, while the first floor is still in the clan society. In contrast, it is natural that husband is stronger than husband and the market is weak. People on the first floor are always bullied by Fu Yuguo, which in turn bullies the weaker North Dwelling House. Yilou people surrendered to Fuxi country for a long time, and indirectly maintained a subordinate relationship with the Eastern Han Dynasty. The slave owners in Fuyu countries were insatiable, and repeatedly increased rents and taxes, forcing them to rise up against Fuyu countries.
The burial custom of people on the first floor is not so complicated. After death, people don't have to stop mourning like Han people, but bury the dead in the suburbs on the same day. Cross wood to make a small coffin, and then put some pork on it as food for the dead, similar to the sacrifice of the Han nationality.
The culture of Yilou nationality is inherited from the former Su Shen nationality and the later Bugu nationality. Gelao culture is like a bridge, with one end connected with Su Shen culture and the other end connected with Buji culture.
Buji nationality
The Buji nationality first appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but its name and origin are very long. The names of the clans, tribes and nationalities who lived in residence before Qin Dynasty and in residence between Qin and Han Dynasties, and the Wu and Wu reforms after Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Wozhuo, Wozhe, Ruzhe, Wuji and Woji, are all closely related to Buji. Buji originated from various records and is a transliteration of "Woji". Manchu means forest, and the northeast people call it "tree nest" The unlucky people are from the forest. In the cold northeast, the forest is not only a good place for people to live, but also a good place for them to hunt and gather.
At the beginning of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the unlucky people on the Songhua River got rid of the control of the Yilou people, occupied the hometown of the Su Shenren and the Yilou people, and became the inheritors and masters of the Su Shenren and the Yilou people.
At first, Buji people settled in the Songhua River basin and once joined the Yilou people. In the long-term battle, the Yilou people consumed the troops of their headquarters and it was difficult to control the tribes in the old Shen area. At the beginning of the 5th century, the Buji people stepped into the threshold of slavery, and they quickly replaced the Elo people, so they became famous in the Central Plains.
The Biography of Shu Wei Buji called it "being cautious about independence and leaving the country alone". It can be seen that Buji is also a cautious part. Su Shen once lived with it for a period of time, and his residence was similar to Fuyu and Doumo Building, mainly on both sides of Songhua River. Specifically, Buji is located in the vast areas of the eastern and northern sections of Songhua River, that is, the vast areas of Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain, and the central area is in the zigzag area of Songhua River where Songhua River meets Nenjiang River. In this area, the archaeological cultures of Fuyu and Buji are mixed and mixed. It shows that the rise of this force is also the result of the long-term development of Su Shen and the first floor.
In history, unlucky people have done two great things. First, in the fifth year of Yan Xing in the Northern Wei Dynasty (475), one of them-one returned to the Central Plains; Second, in the seventeenth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (493), Buji people wiped out Fuyu.
Buji is in the north of Koguryo, bordering Changbai Mountain in the south and the source of Taoer River in the west, and the north and east are "at a loss". Archaeologists believe that Tongren site in Suibin, Heilongjiang Province is a Buji culture in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In this way, the northern border of Buji has at least reached the middle reaches of Heilongjiang.
On the basis of the production of Su Shen and Yi Lou, the farming proportion of Buji people has increased, and millet, wheat, millet and sunflower have been planted, and occasional farming has been eliminated by the Central Plains people. As a forest nation, hunting is still dominant. They also have trolleys, but they have cows and horses, but they don't know how to use them. In their eyes, cows, horses, pigs and dogs are all raised to kill and eat meat. In particular, many pigs are good at shooting, which is consistent from "Self-Police-First Floor-Buji". The difference is that city people are good at "fishing" and not good at "catching minks". In addition, Buji people also learned to "chew rice to make wine". Compared with their predecessors, the social and economic progress of the unfortunate is obvious.
Buji people "build cities and caves". The shape of the house is like a big mound, with an entrance and exit, and ladders are used to get in and out. This is the same as "frequent cave dwelling" on the first floor, "everyone reaches nine stairs deep" and "staying in the nest in summer and staying in the cave in winter", and still maintains the habit of "cave dwelling". From the point of dress, women generally wear cloth skirts, while men always wear pigskin and dogskin robes. A tiger and a leopard's tail are glued to a person's head, naturally to show courage. But there is a habit that is not so easy to understand, that is, both men and women always use urine to wash their hands and faces. What kind of reason is this?
The Buji people call Changbai Mountain Tutai Mountain, which translates to Tai Huang. They regard it as a sacred mountain. From a historical point of view, this is not a trivial matter. Because, later jurchen and manchurians did the same. Changbai Mountain has become an important symbol, a symbol that has been consistent since then, maintaining the wishes and feelings of people who were born in Sri Lanka and died in Sri Lanka.
The struggle against Fuyu is a national war and a continuation of people on the first floor who oppose Fuyu oppression. The war ended with the overthrow of the slave-owner regime in Fuyu County. From then on, the unlucky people scattered all over Jilin had closer ties with the Central Plains Dynasty. According to historical records, they had 37 contacts with the Northern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties. From the exchange, naturally brought back the Chinese culture. From the excavation of Tongren and Laoshantou, it is mainly iron, including iron cutters, shovels, iron sickles, iron belts and shovels, which greatly promote local agricultural production.
Mohongzu
The Northern and Southern Dynasties was a period of great ethnic integration. At that time, people who were cautious about race went west, which was unlucky in the south, according to their husband's hometown; The north is black water, and there is a hometown of northern government. According to Fuxi's hometown, it was unlucky, and later it merged with a part of Fuxi, thus forming the later millet. The other part was unlucky and merged with Doumo Building, the capital of Peking University, to form the later Blackwater cymbals.
From then on, until the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Tungusic people occupied a dominant position in most areas of eastern Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. This is a major change for the nationalities in Northeast China during this period. Shiwei, Doumolou, Wuluohou, Su Shen and Buji, who lived in this vast area, were not only connected with each other, but also made friends with the Central Plains, which was the general trend of historical development at that time. At the same time, the Central Plains Dynasty learned more and more about the distribution and living customs of these ethnic groups, and then set up a series of administrative agencies in these areas. With the strengthening of management and close communication, the advanced and rich Central Plains culture dominated by the Han nationality has had an important and positive impact on the historical process of all ethnic groups in Northeast China. Mohong replaced the position of Buji, and then ruled the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and the areas east and north of Changbai Mountain. As for the Buji people, they are still distributed in the forests around here. They are the later Woki people.
The name "Hong" was first seen in the book of Northern Qi Dynasty. Hum is a homonym of Raccoon, which is the fusion of Raccoon and Raccoon. In ancient China, ethnic minorities in the northeast also had similar names, such as Fan Zhen, Manfan, Li Man, Huangtou Shiwei, Huangtou Shiwei, Ruzhe Shiwei, Wu Zhe Nuzhen and Huiba.
After entering the northeast, raccoons and raccoons gradually combined to become a new nation. The first floor replaces prudence, Buji replaces the first floor, and Buji replaces Buji. This is a clear evolution track. Generally speaking, the vast majority of residents in this area are undoubtedly descendants of the Sioux protoss. As far as the composition of residents is concerned, the conclusion that Mohong is a descendant of Sioux is naturally established. Therefore, Sui Shu said: "cymbals are the ancient Su Shenshi." The Book of the Tang Dynasty also said: "It is unlucky for Wei to be cautiously built by cymbals."
Mohong people have seven tribes: Baishan, named after Changbai Mountain, located at the source of Songhua River; The end of millet, in the north of Changbai Mountain, is distributed in Yanbian, Jilin Province in the upper reaches of Songhua River; /room kloc-0/,located in yilan county, Heilongjiang province, Suifenhe river basin, east of Funie; Dubo Department, located in the north of Jibei, distributed in Fuyu, Yushu, Shuangcheng and Wuchang counties of Jilin; Anqigu, based on the Jin Dynasty's "Squeezing Tiger", is distributed in the Ashe River Basin; Funiebu, located in Ning 'an County, Mudanjiang Valley, east of Dubo; Black water system, black water is now Heilongjiang, distributed in the north and south banks of the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. Among them, the millet flour system and the black water system are the most powerful and influential.
Generally speaking, the distribution area of cymbals is roughly east to the sea, west to Turkic, south to Korea and north to Shiwei.
In the Tang Dynasty, Moho finally formed two groups, Moho and Blackwater Moho, which were under the jurisdiction of the Bohai Sea and Blackwater respectively. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, An Lushan served as our ambassador to Pinglu, and Heishui and Bohai Sea were naturally under his jurisdiction.
Mohong nationality developed in Su Shen's hometown, and there are many Su Shen residents in the distribution area of Mohong nationality, so social production must have the characteristics of regional inheritance. The social economy of Mohong tribe is basically the same as that of the Northern Wei Dynasty. However, due to the large number and wide distribution of Mohong tribes, the degree of social and economic development is also different.
Mohong cultural sites are widely distributed in Songhua River and Heilongjiang River Basin. Each site has many subtle differences, reflecting the characteristics of different parts in different regions and different stages of development. At the same time, it also reflects the integration of the same culture with different cultures such as Fuyu and recumbent residence.
Pottery is very distinctive. Generally, it is argillaceous pottery, sand-mixed pottery, hand-made pottery and wheel-made pottery. The pot is luxuriously open, with a short neck, a deep belly, an inclined wall and a flat bottom. There are many piles of patterns along the mouth, and the neck and shoulders are often decorated with combs, convex chords and water ripples.
It is very common for people to use iron, and the most unearthed sites are Dahaimeng site in Jilin and Mohong site in the middle reaches of Heilongjiang. A large number of iron weapons and production tools have been unearthed, which shows the craftsmen's superb skills in metal processing, and also shows that Mohong people are hardworking and good at fighting. However, the people did not finally get rid of and reject the stone tools. Scrapers, stone hammers and grindstones were also unearthed in the ruins. A large number of horse bones and pig bones have also been found in people's tombs. Horses are tools for people to ride, pack and hunt, and pigs are an important source of food and clothing. This shows that people's economic life is the coexistence of animal husbandry, planting and hunting. This is also a basic feature of culture.
The blackwater on both sides of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang is still dominated by primitive fishing and hunting economy. There is a small amount of agriculture, planting millet, wheat and rye, and making wine with rice. Pigs are still the main wealth, which is a sign that distinguishes the rich from the poor. After the death of the rich, hundreds of pigs are sacrificed, while the poor only use a few pigs. Black water is famous for its strength and toughness. It is used for braiding hair, wearing a pheasant tail crown on its head and wild boar teeth on its neck and waist. Being good at foot fighting and holding a one-foot-and-two-inch-long arrow hammer is the legacy of the "wood-bitter" arrow of cautious people in past dynasties; Dig a crypt where there is water behind the mountain. The top of the crypt is supported by wood and covered with soil, which looks like a mound. This is the semi-basement where they live. Come out with water plants in summer, and people are in caves in winter. The establishment of Glass State, Black Water Army and Black Water County in Heishui in the Tang Dynasty is similar to the practice of regional ethnic autonomy today.
Xiaomi, located in the upper reaches of Songhua River, is suitable for farming, agriculture, handicrafts and animal husbandry, and is much more developed than other ministries. Under the influence of the Central Plains Dynasty, Mo Mo took the lead in stepping into class society, and then quickly became feudal. Private ownership within society has replaced public ownership, resulting in a strong desire for neighbors' wealth, so war has become their profession. Some millet flour moved south, and their toast became officials of the Tang Dynasty, while a large number of millet flour left in their hometown became the main ethnic group of Bohai Kingdom (the commander-in-chief of Tang and Bohai).
The Khitan became strong and the Bohai Sea was conquered. Heishui changed its name from Liao State to Wu State Department and became a loose tribal alliance under the supervision of Liao State.
Jurchen
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the formation and rise of the Jurchen nationality fundamentally changed the history of northern Guangdong, and also influenced the history of China to a great extent.
Song people said that the Jurchen nationality was "Zhu Lizhen, whose real name was mistaken for Jurchen". Obviously Julie is really a Chinese name. In order to avoid the taboo of the law of the Liao and Xing Dynasties, it was renamed Nvzhi and also written as a female quality.
Jurchen nationality first appeared in the 7th century. The History of Jin describes the origin of the Jurchen nationality like this:
Han Pu, the ancestor of the Jurchen nationality, had a brother, Akuta Dibao Holly. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, due to the separation of clans, Han Pu, who was over 60 years old, left his former residence in South Korea. His brother, a Buddhist, stayed in Korea and only came out with him to save his life. When I arrived at Hongyan department, I happened to meet people who were fighting for property, and they fought with each other and wrote to mediate, which calmed the situation. As a reward, Hongyan Department gave him a green cow. In order to gain a foothold here, he took this young cow as a bride price and married the daughter of a 60-year-old woman in Wanyanbu. After marriage, he gave birth to two men and one woman. He and his children naturally became members of the Yan Hong Department.
Wanyanbu lives in the upper reaches of Yalu River and Tumen River valley, and the Jurchen nationality is composed of Julie in this area, which is related to pearl-picking residents.
The word "Wan Yan" is a jurchen language, and there is a "winding" sound in Chinese. A branch of Heishui, which lives beside the meandering river in Suibin, took the name of the meandering river as its surname after it was scattered all over the country. "Winding" and "Wanyan" are homophonic. Therefore, as a branch of black water, Wanyanbu migrated from the winding river to the bank of Ashe River. Over time, the Jurchen language "Hong Yan" has evolved into the "king" of Chinese. Wan Yan's family is the royal family of the Jurchen nationality. Jurchen moved from Changbai Mountain to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, and Wanyanbu settled in Wandashan. According to legend, Wandashan is the place where Jurchen Wang Hongyan's department has been, and its main peak is in Russia on the north bank of the middle reaches of Heilongjiang.
In Liao Dynasty, there were "seventy-two" Jurchen ethnic groups in Songhua River valley, with a population of 65,438+more than 10,000, scattered among valleys. Gradually, the Jurchen nationality was unified by scattered clans and tribes. The Ministry developed from the tribe, and the clan was reorganized from the clan blood relationship. Disunited tribes have developed into elected chiefs who are "close to each other", and chiefs will inevitably send their families to those tribes that have joined them to replace the powers of the original chiefs, so a new form of social organization has emerged, that is, surnames are replaced by surnames and departments are unified.
Jurchen nationality in Liao Dynasty is widely distributed: south to Yalu River and Changbai Mountain, north to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, and east to the Sea of Japan. Living in the northeast of Zhouxian (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) to Shumojiang (now the second Songhua River), with Huifa River basin as the center, it is called Huiba. Living in the north of Songhua River, northeast of Ningjiang Prefecture (now Shichengzi, Fuyu City, Jilin Province), until the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province, it is called "Saint Town"; Those who live in the east of Wusuli River and near the East China Sea (the Sea of Japan) are called "Donghai Nuzhen".
The Khitan people's policy towards the Jurchen nationality is "divide and rule". They tricked Qiangzong's surname into Liaodong Peninsula and merged it into the nation of Qidan, which is called "Su Heguan" or "Su Heguan", which means "Fence" in Jurchen language. These people are "mature women". The other part lives in the north of Xumi Water (north of Songhua River) and east of Ningjiang House (now Fuyu County, Jilin Province). These people are "natural daughters". Heishui Mohong's offspring are the main body of nuzhen. Later, the Wanyan Department of the Jin Dynasty was established, which was a true branch of Notre Dame and a direct descendant of Heishui Mohong.
Liao state