After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in order to consolidate the political power, the rulers of Manchu actively absorbed advanced Chinese culture and worshipped the Confucian way of governing the country like feudal dynasties in previous dynasties. Accordingly, as an important carrier of patriarchal ethics, the mausoleum also established a hierarchy with reference to the Ming Dynasty, forming two centralized mausoleum areas: Dongling, located in Changrui Mountain in Malanyu, zunhua city, Hebei Province; Xiling is located in Yongning Mountain area in the west of Yixian County, Hebei Province. In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor was buried in Erling District in the order of Zhao Mu (father and son), forming the "Zhao Mu system of East and West Tombs". In addition to the mausoleum, Emperor Kangxi broke the stereotype that there was no mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty, opened the mausoleum as the first one, and built a concubine garden next to it, but the scale was obviously reduced and some changes were made. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the tomb system in the Qing Dynasty is more complete, and many queens' cemeteries are distributed around the imperial tombs, which has become a remarkable feature of the tombs in the Qing Dynasty.
Shunzhi (1644- 16 1 reigned), Kangxi, Qianlong and Xianfeng (1851-1reigned) were buried in the tomb of the Eastern Qing Dynasty. Add Xiaozhuang (163 1- 1706), Ci 'an (1837- 1887) and Cixi (1836-1987).
The architectural layout of Dongling in Qing Dynasty, except Zhao Qianling, the mother of Shunzhi in Xiao Zhuang, is located in the east of Dahongmen outside the whole Dongling wall, and Hui Ling, Tongzhi, is located in the southeast corner of the mausoleum area. In addition to the single system, other tombs are mainly the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty-Shunzhi Xiaoling Mausoleum.
The management of tombs in the Qing Dynasty paid special attention to "cooperating with mountains and rivers to win". To the north of Xiaoling Mountain, Changrui Mountain is regarded as the so-called "Long Mai" of geomantic omen. South of Jinxing Mountain, known as "Chaoshan Mountain" (facing Jingshanling in the distance); Lying in the middle is Yingbi Mountain, which is called "Case Mountain" (near Jingshanling). This mountain direction constitutes the axis of Xiaoling Mausoleum, and dozens of mountains and rivers are included in the mausoleum area, forming an extraordinary charm.
In front of the Xiaoling Mausoleum, it starts from Jinshan at Longmenkou and ends at Baoding of Minglou under the main peak of Changrui Mountain in the north. On the Shinto with a total length of about five kilometers, a series of buildings such as Dahongmen, dressing hall, big archway, Shi Xiangsheng, Longfeng Gate, seven-hole bridge, five-hole bridge, dismounted horse, small archway, Fangchao, board house, Long 'enmen, Long 'entang, stained glass flower gate, two-column gate, Ming building and Baoding are connected in one go.
Other mausoleums are centered on Xiaoling Mausoleum and distributed on the east and west sides. They all sit facing south, facing Jinshan directly, and branch off from Shenda Road, the main road of Xiaoling, leading to the mausoleum, forming a complete system. The tombs are the same in shape and similar in scale, but there are differences in materials, carvings and funerary objects.
Among the open underground palaces, the Yuling Mausoleum of Emperor Qianlong and the Ding Dong Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi are the most magnificent and luxurious. The bottom of each stone coupon in Yuling is carved into a sumeru shape, and the top of the coupon and the periphery of the door leaf are carved with grass patterns. All the stone gates and walls are covered with all kinds of Buddha statues, auspicious patterns and Tibetan and Sanskrit mantras of Tibetan Buddhism, making the whole underground palace look like a sacred and beautiful paradise in the West. Although Ding Dong Mausoleum is different from the underground palace of the mausoleum in some forms, many details and decorative patterns are even more exquisite than the mausoleum, which also reflects the power of Cixi as the actual ruler of the Qing court at that time.
There are Yongzheng (in the reign of 1723- 1735), Jiaqing (in the reign of 1796- 1820) and Daoguang (1821-/kloc)
The composition of Xiling and Dongling is roughly the same: the Yongzheng Tailing under the main peak of Yongning Mountain is the center, and other cemeteries are distributed on the east and west sides. Tailing Mausoleum is the earliest and largest tomb built in the Qing Dynasty. The length of the north-south main god in front of the mausoleum is about 2.5 kilometers, and there is a stone archway at the entrance of the southern end, followed by Dahongmen, Sacred Meritorious Monument, Seven-hole Bridge, Shi Xiangsheng, Longfeng Gate and Tombstone Tower, and then the main mausoleum of Xiling-Long 'enmen, Long 'en Hall, Fangcheng Minglou and Tailing Baoding. The only difference between Xiling and Dongling is that the stone statue and Longfeng Gate of Dongling are located behind the seven-hole bridge, while Xiling is in front; There is only one stone archway at the entrance of Xiaoling, and three stone archways with unified shape have emerged outside Dahongmen in Tailing, all of which exceed the scale of Xiaoling and the carving is particularly complicated. This arrangement is perfectly combined with the geomantic pattern, which strengthens the spatial artistic effect of the entrance to the mausoleum.