The streets in the Yuan Dynasty were well planned, with clear latitude and longitude, and there were generally avenues between the opposite gates. The Travels of Marco Polo wrote: "The design of the whole city is planned in a straight line. Generally speaking, all the streets go straight to the root of the city. If a person stands on the gate and looks straight ahead, he can see the gate of the opposite city wall. On both sides of the city streets, there are all kinds of shops and stalls ... The whole city is arranged in a square, like a chessboard. " Although there are three gates in the south and two gates in the north of Dadoucheng, there is also a broad imperial road, which passes through Chongtianmen and Daming Gate from the main entrance of Li to the north, Daming Hall, Yanchun Gate, Yanchun Pavilion, Qingning Palace and Houzai Gate are in the middle of the imperial city and reach the central axis of the Central Pavilion. After investigation, in recent years, the Imperial Road site found in the north of Beijing Jingshan Park (Yanchunge and Houzaimen site) is 28 meters wide. "Analysis of Golden Branches" contains: the metropolitan street system in Yuan Dynasty, "the street width is 24 steps, and the small street width is 12 steps. 384 fire lanes and 29 lanes. " Its famous streets are "Qianbrown Street, T-shaped Street, Cross Street, Zhonglou Street, Banbian Street and Pan Qi Street". Through the investigation, it is found that "the basic form of street distribution in Yuan Dynasty is: on the east and west sides of the north-south main road, many east-west hutongs are arranged at equal distances. The street is about 25 meters wide and the hutong is about 6 ~ 7 meters wide. " The planning of Hutong in Yuan Dynasty is based on the area between two adjacent gates. In recent years, in the exploration from Guangximen (northeast gate) to the northeast corner of metropolitan city in Yuan Dynasty, 22 east-west hutongs were discovered. It is worth noting that there are still 22 east-west hutongs between Dongzhimen (Yuanchongrenmen) and Chaoyangmen (Yuanqihuamen) in Beijing. It can be seen that there are 22 hutongs between two adjacent gates, which should be the unified format of capital planning in Yuan Dynasty. Today, the streets north of Chang 'an Avenue in Beijing, east and west, all belong to the Yuan Dynasty, and all belong to Beiping (Beijing) in the Ming Dynasty, so little change has taken place, and the pattern of the Yuan Dynasty remains. The street layout in Yuan Dynasty laid the basic pattern of Beijing today.
There is a central platform in the metropolis of Yuan Dynasty, which is the center of the city, east, west, north and south, which is the first in the history of urban architecture in China. In fact, the central platform is equal to the north and south walls of the Yuan Dynasty, but slightly closer to the east wall than the west wall. The central platform covers an area of one mu, and there is a central pavilion next to it. "Tianjin Record and Analysis" contains: "The Central Station is fifteen steps west of the Central Pavilion." Just south of the central platform is a stone tablet engraved with the word "Central Platform". The central pavilion is located in the east of the central platform and on the central axis of Dadoucheng. "Analysis of Golden Branches" also contains "Zheng Qilou, the capital city of Liqiao. East Central Pavilion. " Zhengqilou is the Drum Tower of Yuan Metropolis, located to the west of the central pavilion, that is, to the west of the central axis of the metropolis, and located in the old Drum Tower Street in Beijing today. In the Ming Dynasty, the Drum Tower and its North Bell Tower moved eastward to the location of the present Beijing Drum Tower Bell Tower, which is the central axis of the city. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Drum Tower was equipped with time measuring tools such as clepsydra and drum horn. There is an attic, triple cornices and a built-in clock on the bell tower, which is so loud that the whole city can hear it. The bell and drum tower is one of the tools for the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty to control the capital. Marco Polo's Travels wrote: "In the center of the new capital, there stands a tall building with a big clock hanging on it, which rings the bell every night. No one is allowed to walk in the street after the third bell rings. An exception can be made unless there is an emergency, such as a pregnant woman giving birth or someone getting sick. However, if this happens, people who go out must bring lanterns. " "At night, a patrol of thirty or forty people constantly patrols the street to see if anyone leaves home during curfew-that is, after the third bell rings. The person caught was immediately arrested and imprisoned. "
The Yuan Dynasty ruled a vast territory. As the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, it is a political and cultural center, so it has a dense population and a very prosperous commercial economy. From the analysis of Tianjin Zhi alone, there were more than 30 kinds of commercial markets inside and outside the metropolitan area in the Yuan Dynasty. Among them, the rice market, the market, the satin market, the fur hat market, the hat market, the poor Han market, the goose and duck market, the pearl market, the salad market (that is, the treasure market), the firewood market and the iron market are all located in the north bell and drum tower area of Beijing Jishuitan. This is because the water transport vessels in the south are all anchored on the jishuitan. "Analysis of Tianjin Record" describes its grand occasion like this: "The southeast corner of the bell tower is full of needle shops. Xixie Street (now northeast of Beijing Jishuitan) faces the sea and leads to many KTV pubs. It is expected to be a lake pavilion, which was once a place for your officials to enjoy themselves. There is a charcoal fruit cake on the left and right of the building. " Another cloud said, "The bell tower ... is the wealth of this dynasty." The area around Daduzhong and Gulou was the most prosperous business district in Yuan Dynasty. Because it is an oblique street on the north bank of Jishuitan (now Beijing Gulou West Street), it is also called the oblique city. Yangjiaocheng, which is close to the city gate, is also the bustling place of Dadoucheng, including sheep market, horse market, bull market, camel market, mule market and poor Seoul. The market for buying and selling slaves is also here, and the address is probably from Ganshiqiao to Xisi in Xicheng District, Beijing today. In addition, there are fruit markets outside Heyimen, Shunchengmen and Anzhenmen. In front of Zhongshu Province (now east of Nanhe Street in Beijing), there are Wenji City and Zhizha City. In the east of Hanlin Academy (now northeast of Beijing Old Drum Tower Street), there are shoe markets, and there are vegetable markets outside Lizhengmen Bridge, Wenmingmen T-Street and Heyimen. The goods sold in the market, except some local products and daily necessities, come from all over the country. At that time, the sea was wide open and the river was smooth. "Businessmen from Sichuan and Shaanxi, sailing straight down" provided rich commodities for Dadoucheng. Of course, among these commodities, more are precious furs prepared for dignitaries like Yi Shu V, rare treasures like pearls and fragrant rhinos, and exotic products like brocade, lotus flowers and birds. According to The Travels of Marco Polo, there are not only North and South businessmen in China, but also businessmen from Central Asia and South Asia doing business in the metropolis. All the rarest and most precious things in the world can be found in this city, especially Indian goods, such as gems, pearls, medicines and spices. "According to the registration, there are no fewer than 1000 carriages and packers transporting raw silk to Beijing every day." This kind of economic connection between Yuandu and other regions at home and abroad also reflects its economic characteristics as the capital of feudal society.
Why was there a door missing from the North Wall in Yuan Dynasty?
Luo baoping
According to Kao Gong Ji, the capital is square with three doors on each wall. Only two doors were opened on the north wall in the Yuan Dynasty, which is still meaningful in geomantic omen.
Feng Shui pays attention to "Qi", and everything in the world and people's living environment are all related to Qi.
The urban layout of China's ancient capitals is mostly based on the planning scheme put forward by Kao Gong Ji in the pre-Qin period. Its main content is: "Artisans rule the country, nine miles, three doors next to it, nine classics and nine tracks in the middle." Zuo zu you she, facing the market outlook. The city is a lady. " That is, the capital is square with three doors on each wall. Obviously, this is an ideal scheme put forward by Zhou people according to the thought of etiquette and law. As a matter of fact, when building the capital city in past dynasties, we should adjust the plan of testing Gong Ji according to the actual needs. There is no capital really built according to the examination regulations, but among many ancient capitals, Yuan Dadu is the most thorough capital that embodies the examination planning thought. However, even in the Yuan Dynasty, there were some inconsistencies with Kao Gong Ji. The north wall does not follow the system of "three doors by the side", but only opens two doors, such as Anzhen and Jiande.
The reason why the North Wall of Yuan Dynasty only opened two doors is not recorded in the history books, but it is not without solution. The reason should be that the concept of feng shui is at work. In terms of architecture, the ancients in China believed in geomantic omen, and urban construction was also comfortable. Feng Shui, also known as "Feng Shui" and "physiognomy", belongs to the category of ancient "numerology". From the archaeological excavations such as Xi 'an Banpo Site and Xishuipo Site in Puyang, Henan Province, it can be seen that as early as the end of primitive society, China had the idea of geomantic omen. By the Zhou Dynasty, the concept of geomantic omen had been widely used in building site selection. "Book of Rites Wang Zhi" says that "those who live in it control the city by measuring the land, and control the people by measuring the land", including the geomantic method. Feng shui covers a wide range. "House Classic" said, "From the army, to the counties and cities, to the village entrance, and even to the mountain residence, there are people living in different situations." Explain the important influence of geomantic omen on urban planning and construction. Liu was a famous scholar in Yuan Dynasty, who was in charge of the planning and construction of metropolis. He has been familiar with classic books since he was a child. He is "particularly familiar with the classics of Yi and Shao" and "proficient in astronomy, geography, law, calendar and Dunjia". Therefore, it is normal for Liu to guide the construction of most cities with the concept of geomantic omen.
Feng Shui pays attention to "Qi", and everything in the world and people's living environment are all related to Qi. For this kind of "qi", "Inside the Burial Book" said: "If you gather, you will not disperse, and you will stop, so it is called Feng Shui." Because of this, when the ancients built cities, settled down, and chose tombs, they should first choose a prosperous place where "the wind is hidden and the gas is gathered", and "the wall is dense and the gas is gathered". According to geomantic omen, the south belongs to Yang and the north belongs to Yin. Most of the Yuan Dynasty was a regular and symmetrical city. If there are three doors in the north and south walls, and the spirit of the sun enters Dadoucheng from the south gate, then it will travel north along the central axis, pass through the imperial city and Miyagi to reach the north wall, and the gas will be discharged from the middle door, which is an unlucky shape. In order to prevent the disadvantages of "air leakage", the designer changed the north wall into a second door to achieve the purpose of "blocking air".
There is another meaning in geomantic omen. In the Yuan Dynasty, only two doors were opened on the north wall. The ancients in China believed that 135795 odd numbers were positive, 24685 even numbers were negative, the south was positive and the north was negative. Therefore, the south wall takes more yang, builds three doors, and the north door is cloudy, with only two doors. This is why most of the north wall only opens two doors.
Yuan dynasty ruins
general layout
In the Yuan Dynasty, the metropolitan area was a rectangle with short east-west and long north-south. The Great Wall is 60 miles long and has 240 steps, with 1 1 gates, three gates in the south, east and west, and two gates in the north. Attached to the body is "three heads, six arms and two feet".
When building a metropolis, we should first build a "central pavilion" in the geometric center of the whole city, and then explore the urban sites in an all-round way on this basis.
To the south of the central pavilion is the imperial city. There is a red wall around the imperial city, also known as the "Xiao wall". Its main entrance is called the door, and there is a thousand-step corridor on the left and right. Outside Xiaoqiang's east wall, there is a waterway. The Imperial City is not centered on Ouchi Miyagi, which is symmetrical from east to west, but is surrounded by three palaces-Ouchi Palace, Long Fu Palace and Sheng Xing Palace. This layout embodies the characteristics of Mongolians living by water. The main entrance of ouchi is Chongtianmen, with Houzaimen in the north, Donghuamen in the east and Xihuamen in the west. There is Jinshui River in front of Chongtianmen, and there is Qiao Zhou on the river (according to legend, it is a broken bridge in the Forbidden City in Beijing today). The main hall of ouchi is Daming Hall, where Yuan Di manages and lives. It is eleven rooms wide, and the back hall is connected by a porch. Behind the Daming Temple is the swallow pavilion, which is the residence of the queen. In addition, there are yudetang, library, eagle house, sheepfold and other buildings.
Outside the imperial city, there are government offices in the south and southeast, jishuitan city in the north, ancestral temple in the east and Taishe in the west. In addition, there are three doors on both sides of the city wall (except the north wall), which are all in line with the "Zhou Li? The related records of "Nine Classics and Nine Traces", "Afternoon before the court" and "Zuo Zu You She" in Kao Gong Ji.
On the west side of the central pavilion, there are the Drum Tower and the Bell Tower, which are the time telling agencies of the whole city. To the west of the Bell and Drum Tower is Jishuitan, which is the end of water transportation in Yuan Dynasty and the most prosperous business district in the city. There are rice market, market, satin market, fur hat market, gold and silver jewelry market, iron market, goose and duck market, as well as gardens and pavilions such as Wanghuting and Wanchun Garden.
The roads in the Yuan Dynasty were all dirt roads. When the city was built, open ditches were set on both sides of the main road of the city, which were made of stone. After the Ming Dynasty, many open ditches were covered and turned into underground ditches.
the Yuan Dynasty