In ancient times, it was very important to determine the orientation of buildings. It should not only consider climate, sunshine and environment, but also involve political and cultural factors.
China is located in the mid-latitude and low-latitude areas of the northern hemisphere, which is determined by this natural geographical environment. Houses facing south can attract sunshine in winter and enjoy the cool in summer, so houses in China mainly face south. Moreover, the China culture produced in this geographical environment has the characteristics of "south". "South" has become a factor that constitutes the whole culture of China.
In a sense, it can even be said that China culture is directional and spatial, and it is a kind of "southern culture". For example, in ancient astronomy in China, the stars in the sky were divided into four palaces: Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku, Xuanwu, East, West, North, South and Middle Palace, and the azimuth coordinates of astronomical star maps were drawn by looking up astronomy. In the ancient geography of China, the land was divided into Kyushu. The early map drawing generally followed the direction of south to north and left to east to west, which was consistent with the coordinates of today's map in the phase board and was also obtained from the "overlooking geography" in the south. What's more, the ruling power of emperors in past dynasties is called "southern technique", and the Book of Changes says: "saints listen to the world from the south and rule the world from the Ming Dynasty." In the Book of Rites: "The son of heaven faces south." Confucius said, "Peace can make the south." (The Analects of Confucius Yongye) means that his student ran yong can be a big official. It can be seen that the south means the symbol and dignity of the throne and power. Therefore, in ancient times, emperors, princes, doctors and state officials all sat from north to south. Therefore, all capitals, palaces and halls, as well as state and county government offices face south, so the direction of the building also contains cultural connotations.
The demand of human production and life has always been the driving force to promote technological development. Making calendars, observing the sky and surveying the earth, building water conservancy, repairing canals and roads, and building civil engineering. Need orientation technology. As mentioned above, various direction finding techniques have been invented and applied since the pre-Qin period. Archaeological excavation data confirmed that the palaces and sleeping capitals from the pre-Qin period to the later period mainly faced the south. Most of the tombs in the past dynasties were dominated by the south. The main axis of building groups is often the north-south axis. Zhou Li: "Wang Jianguo, on the other hand, is different from the founder, setting up an official position, thinking that the people want it." The determination of architectural direction has always been the main concern of rulers. Whether the orientation of important buildings is correct is regarded as a major event to help the country. Only the correct orientation can determine the order of the front, back, left and right, the country can have order, the people can live and work in peace and contentment, and the world can be peaceful.
Mr. Feng Shui in ancient times attached great importance to the architectural orientation, which is not difficult to find from the use of compasses. In fact, the first thing feng shui masters do when they look at feng shui Dao is two things. One is to choose a place for "Xiangtu tasting water"; The second is the orientation of "distinguishing the right position". Guan's geography refers to Meng: "Bu Zhao started in Huangzhong and camped on the right side of Yin and Yang, so he has the right to divide the weight ... The living went south and the dead went north." He also said: "Two things about Bu Zhao Ying, one about the mountain, is the first key of the Kanyu family." However, in addition to practical interests and landscape factors, Feng Shui masters also believe that the orientation of buildings should be coordinated with the universe Yin and Yang and the fate of their owners, which casts a superstitious color on the orientation of Feng Shui and leads to the concept and complexity of architectural orientation beyond utility.
How to determine the architectural orientation
Modern science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, and various astronomical instruments, magnetic compasses, theodolite, level meters, etc. are used directionally. Many times more accurate than those in ancient times, such as mast method, telescope method and compass. It's really different now. Here we will focus on what factors should be considered in the choice of architectural orientation.
The choice of building orientation involves local climatic conditions, geographical environment, construction land, etc., and must be fully considered. The general principle of selection is: under the premise of saving land, meet the requirements of more sunshine in winter and avoiding too much sunshine in summer, which is conducive to natural ventilation. From the long-term practical experience, the south direction is more suitable for the architectural orientation in various regions of the country. However, in architectural design, the architectural orientation is restricted by various conditions, so it is impossible to adopt the south orientation. This should be combined with various design conditions to determine a reasonable architectural orientation range according to local conditions to meet the requirements of production and life.
The choice of architectural orientation is generally considered from the following aspects.
The sunshine time and sunshine area that may be obtained by various buildings facing the wall and indoors. Sunshine time and sunshine area of building wall. The sunshine time on the wall of a building determines how much solar radiation heat the wall receives. In winter, due to the small change of the azimuth angle of the sun, the sunshine time obtained on the walls in all directions changes greatly. Take Beijing as an example. When the building is not covered, the sunshine time on the south wall is the longest, and sunshine can be obtained from sunrise to sunset. The north wall can't get sunshine for a day. Within 300 degrees east (west) of the south, there can be 9 hours of sunshine in winter solstice, while only 4.5 hours in the east and west.
In summer, due to the wide range of sun azimuth, a certain sunshine time can be obtained on the walls in all directions. It takes more time to get sunshine in the southeast and southwest, while it takes less time in the north. In summer solstice, the sunshine time in 600 directions from south to east and west is over 8 hours.
The sunshine in the building is similar to that on the wall. Take Beijing as an example (the window width is 2 2. 10/0m and the height is1.5m). When there is no shelter, there are more indoor sunshine hours in the range of 450 in the south east (west) in winter, and the sunshine hours in this direction exceed 6.5 hours from winter to morning.
At the same time, due to the low altitude angle of the sun in winter, the indoor sunshine area is small within the range of 450 from south to east (west). In the range of 450 northeast (west), there is no sunshine in the room from winter to sun.
In summer, within 300 degrees east (west) of the south, there is not much sunshine time and the sunshine area is very small. From summer to the sun, the indoor sunshine is between 4 and 5.5 hours, and the sunshine area is only 4 to 7.3% of the winter solstice. There are more indoor sunshine hours and a large sunshine area in summer in the east-west direction. In summer solstice, the indoor sunshine time is 6 hours, and the sunshine area is 2.7 times that of winter solstice. In the northeast (west) range of 450, the indoor sunshine hours from summer to the sun are 3-5 hours, and the sunshine area is smaller than the east and west sides. From the analysis of sunshine time and sunshine area, the best architectural orientation in Beijing is within 300 degrees from south to east (west).
All kinds of solar radiation heat that may be received on the wall. The direct solar radiation heat received by the wall is not only related to the irradiation angle and sunshine time, but also related to the intensity of solar radiation during sunshine time. According to the measured values in Beijing for many years, the daily total amount of direct solar radiation heat received by the wall in the most Leng Yue (65438+ 10 month) and the hottest month (July) is calculated, and the daily total amount chart of solar radiation heat is drawn (Figure 4-34). As can be seen from the figure, the maximum direct solar radiation heat received by the wall in all directions in winter is 16529 kJ/ south. However, in the range of 300 degrees northeast (west), direct solar radiation heat cannot be accepted in winter.
In summer, the direct solar radiation heat received by the wall in all directions is the largest in the east-west direction, which is 7 176 kJ/m2/ day and 8,830 kj/m2/day respectively, followed by 4,985 kj/m2/day in the south and at least 303 1kj/m2/ day in the north. Because the intensity of direct solar radiation is generally lower in the morning and higher in the afternoon, whether in winter or summer, the solar radiation heat received by the wall is slightly higher in the west than in the corresponding east.
The highest outdoor temperature in summer is between 13- 17, when the sun is in the west for half a day. It can be seen that the building faces 45-900 (west direction) from south to west, and the sunshine in the west is relatively strong.
The amount of ultraviolet rays that may be obtained in various rooms, the ultraviolet rays in the solar spectrum, have the functions of sterilization and improvement of indoor sanitary conditions. In a day, the ultraviolet component of sunlight increases with the increase of solar altitude angle, so the ultraviolet component is the most around noon, and the least after sunrise and before sunset.
According to years of practice, ultraviolet rays are received indoors in all directions in winter, with more in the south, southeast and southwest, and less in things, only about half of that in the south. Rooms in the northeast, northwest and north receive less ultraviolet rays, only about one-third of those in the south and southeast. This is because there is little or no sunshine, and only a small amount of ultraviolet rays scattered in the sky are accepted. Therefore, considering the amount of ultraviolet rays received, the range from 45 southeast to 45 west is a better architectural orientation.
Relationship between dominant wind direction and building orientation. The dominant wind direction has a great influence on indoor heat loss in winter and indoor natural ventilation in summer, so when choosing building orientation, we should pay attention to the dominant wind direction while considering sunshine.
In the cold area in the north, in order to prevent the building from getting cold in winter, the layout of most main rooms should avoid facing the dominant wind direction in winter to avoid excessive heat loss and affect the indoor temperature. For example, in Beijing, the dominant wind direction in winter is north wind and northwest wind, which is located on the leeward side of 60 southeast to 60 southwest, which is the suitable direction for building cold protection in winter. As shown in the figure below:
In the hot area in the south, striving for good natural ventilation is one of the main factors in choosing the architectural orientation. The building orientation should be arranged as far as possible in the direction with the incident angle less than 45 with the dominant wind direction in summer, so as to obtain more indoor airflow.
However, when the general layout is decisive, the front of the building should be prevented from facing the dominant wind in summer (that is, the incidence angle of the wind direction in winter is equal to zero), so as to avoid the vortex area between the two buildings being too large, which is not conducive to the natural ventilation of the rear buildings. In this case, the incident angle between the orientation of the building and the dominant wind direction in summer should be between 30 and 60, which is beneficial to indoor natural ventilation.
In all kinds of sandstorm areas, the building orientation should avoid facing the sandstorm season and the dominant wind direction. During the sandstorm season, the longitudinal axis of the building should be parallel to the dominant wind direction, so as to maintain indoor sanitary conditions and reduce the large area of the wall being attacked by sandstorms. In addition, pay attention to the wind direction in the microclimate. The wind rose map of all parts of the country lists the wind frequency and dominant wind direction throughout the year, which can be used as a reference for design.
Orientation and measurement of buildings
In order to accurately judge the advantages and disadvantages of Yang Zhai's geomantic omen, we must know the azimuth of the house's back sitting and front sitting on the ground plane, which is called sitting direction for short.
What is the sitting direction of the building? The sitting direction of a building is derived from the front and back direction when people sit. When people sit, the position of the spine is sitting, and the position of the front of the body is facing. That is to say, face to face and sit on the back. The "sitting" of the house is the azimuth of the rear end of the central axis of the longitudinal building on the ground plane, and the direction is the azimuth of the front end of the central axis. In geomantic omen, twenty-four mountains are used to represent the sitting orientation of a house. The sitting direction of the building is determined by the longitudinal axis of the building. Generally speaking, the vertical line of the back wall of a building is sitting, and the other end of this vertical line is sitting. Sitting orientation includes sitting orientation of the house and sitting orientation of the door. The door and the house sit in the same direction, but there are also differences. For doors with different orientations from the house, additional measurements should be taken.
First, the sitting direction of the whole building: in principle, the longitudinal axis of the building is the sitting direction of the building. The form of modern urban housing is complex, so the orientation of sitting should be analyzed in detail. Whether the building sitting orientation measurement is accurate or not has a great influence on the analysis of the geomantic pattern of Yangzhai, so it must be measured accurately. If the sitting direction is not accurate, the geomantic quality of the building will be unfounded, and the proposed adjustment scheme is likely to be wrong.
Second, sitting at the door:
1. concierge: a house with a yard. The main gate of quadrangles was called gatehouse in ancient times, because the gates of quadrangles in ancient times were tiled and were a single building group. Now it can be called courtyard gate or garden gate. The sitting direction of the main entrance is the same as that of the main building, and some are different from that of the house. Therefore, the door-oriented method is inaccurate. The main entrance is the main air inlet of the general courtyard, and the position and sitting direction of the door in the courtyard have an important influence on the geomantic omen of all houses in the courtyard. The ancients said, "There are four halls in the gatehouse", which means that the general gate is very important. Whether the location of the general gate is reasonable or not, and whether the sitting direction is correct or not, determines the feng shui quality of the general courtyard. Geomantic omen emphasizes that the gatehouse must be set in a prosperous position with accurate orientation to accommodate the vitality of the hall outside.
2. Unit master door: A high-rise building in a city divides a building into several units, and the master door of each unit is the unit master door. In general, the sitting direction of the unit main door is consistent with that of the building. The feng shui pattern of the main entrance of the unit has an influence on all the units entering and leaving this door.
3. Unit door: that is, the main entrance of each independent unit room. The sitting direction of the unit door is the same as that of the whole building, but there are some differences.
4. Room door: that is, the door of the kitchen, bedroom, bathroom and study of the unit room. Generally, the room door is located in the geometric center of the room regardless of the sitting direction. Measure the middle position of each functional area respectively to find out the position of each functional area in the unit.
5. Balcony door: the door leading to the balcony.
To analyze the feng shui quality of a flat, it is necessary to measure the doors of each floor related to this unit separately.
Thirdly, the sitting orientation of polygonal houses is not uniform, so it is necessary to measure the sitting orientation separately in units.
How to measure the sitting direction of a house? The meaning of the sitting direction of the house is clarified, and the next question is how to measure the sitting direction.
The main tool for measuring sitting posture is Feng Shui compass. The knowledge about compass will be talked about later. This paper mainly introduces the basic method of how to determine the orientation of the house with a compass:
1, a round or polygonal house: the vertical line at the main entrance is the sitting direction of the house. Draw a line from the geometric center to the center of the door and measure the sitting direction with a compass.
2. Rectangular house: Measure the sitting direction of the house on the back wall. The sitting direction of the house is perpendicular to the back wall of the house. This side of the back wall is sitting, and the other side of the front wall is facing. If the back wall is not straight, it should be parallel to the whole back wall and then measured with compasses.
3, complex combination of buildings, should be grouped into units, find out the same group, respectively.
Four, several points for attention when measuring sitting posture:
1. The compass must be calibrated before measurement, and the north of the submarine cross positioning line should coincide with the north of the inner disk. When they are not coincident, the seabed should rotate until they are completely coincident.
2, when measuring, to avoid the position of steel, iron, wire, away from the TV, radio, speakers and other magnetic objects more than 65438 0.5 meters, to avoid measurement errors caused by the influence of magnetic objects. Outdoor measurement should not be carried out in the open air under high-voltage lines, and should be away from high-voltage lines for three to five meters.
3. Measure the sitting posture directly on the back wall. Pay attention to whether the back wall is straight and what building materials the wall is made of. If it is a reinforced concrete back wall or reinforced concrete column, you can't directly stick compasses on the back wall for measurement, but you should cooperate with the measurement. Compasses should be more than one meter away from the reinforced concrete slab and more than 0/.5 meters away from the beam and column. The compass for measuring modern buildings, the compass on the seabed, the thicker and thinner the compass, the worse the anti-magnetic interference performance.
4. Pay attention to avoid the peak of sunspot activity when measuring, because the earth's magnetic field is unstable at this time. Before measuring, put the compass flat on the table, and after the magnetic needle is stationary, observe for a period of time to see if the magnetic needle will shake. If the magnetic needle vibrates irregularly, it means that the geomagnetic field is in an unstable state and cannot be measured at this time. You should wait until the magnetic needle is stable before measuring.
5, the compass must be flat, keep the compass and the disk parallel. If the compass is high at one side and low at the other, it will produce measurement errors and affect the measurement accuracy.
6. If the compass of the compass is flat, the magnetic needle is always high and low, so it is impossible to keep balance. The reasons and treatment methods of this situation:
The thimble is inclined and the seabed needs to be replaced. The compass is a plastic cover, which is easy to generate static electricity, and the magnetic needle sticks to the bottom. Should be eliminated before measurement. One end of the magnetic needle is rusty, so the magnetic needle should be replaced. There is magnetite underground, and this place is not suitable for building yin and yang rooms.
7. The magnetic needle has a north pole and a south pole, and the end with an arrow is the southern end of the compass. When measuring, the southern end of the compass must point to the south of the seabed positioning line, and the magnetic needle coincides with the north-south line of the seabed, so that the measured position is correct. The southern end of the compass must be aligned with the southern end of the seabed positioning line when measuring.