I. References
First, mutual. Most people mean people, and there are many examples of things. Sometimes one side refers to people and the other refers to things. For example:
1. Reference:
(1) Pei Gong joined the army and did not meet Xiang Yu. ("The Hongmen Banquet")
I thought you and I were old friends. ("Answering Sima's Suggestions")
(3) The public is the censor, the eunuch guards Liaodong, and the other is law-abiding, just like the public. ("Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao")
Example (1) refers to "Gong" and "Xiang Yu"; ② refers to "Wang Anshi" and "Shi Jun"; Example ③ refers to "eunuch" and "Wang Ao".
Sometimes "Xiang" is often closely combined with (with * * *, with the whole) and "Wei" to form a fixed phrase, which can be translated as "mutual", "together" and "with * * *". For example:
(4) Everyone is happy, and it's embarrassing. (Biography of Lian Po)
5] the first five phases and * * * Korea. ("I did everything wrong to save South Korea")
[6] The Kingdom of wuyue is doomed. (Lv Chunqiu Shunmin)
Once Confucius said, "Without a common goal, there is no common goal. ("The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong")
Example (4) refers to Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. Example [6] refers to "five princes" and "Wu Yueguo" respectively; For example, it refers to "people" in general, which means "people can't discuss together if they have different ideals and opinions."
The target:
Covered with branches, leaves communicate with each other. (Peacock flies southeast)
Levies, Wang Jun under the hong door, repeatedly on the army, out of four miles. ("The Hongmen Banquet")
⑽ Raise your head and sing to each other, so that you can have a party every night. (Peacock flies southeast)
If they refuse to give up, the fisherman will get the bird. ("The Warring States Policy Yance")
Body double's "Xiang" refers to the same thing, such as "Zhi" and "Zhi", "Ye" and "Ye" and "Yuanyang". Some refer to different things, such as Zheng, Hong Men and Bashang (in different places), and Zheng refers to both (cranes and mussels).
3. refers to people and things.
⑿ In the snowstorm, the flag cracked and people froze to death. ("Li Su enters Cai Zhou on a snowy night")
[13] After a long stalemate, the sundial gradually moved. (The Legend of Zhongshan Wolf)
Example [13] refers to "frozen people" and "frozen horses". Example [13] refers to "Dong Guo" and "Wolf".
B, said action refers to one side:
1, which means "I":
[14] Why did you resist? (Lost Street Pavilion)
⒂ Can you send it back in time? (Peacock flies southeast)
[14] "Xiang" means "I" and refers to Ma Su. ⒂ "Xiang" means "I" and refers to "Liu Lanzhi".
Step 2: refer to "you"
[14] Always for comfort, never forget for a long time. (Peacock flies southeast)
I live in a grave and hear you cry from a distance, so when I cry, I can make up with you. (with his wife's book)
Example [16] "Xiang" means "you" and means sister-in-law; ⒄ You mean "you" and "Lin Juemin's wife".
Step 3: refer to "he"
⒅ Wu Zhimin here is very sad ... noisy, chasing each other. (Inscription of Five Tombs)
The trick is that, unfortunately, there is a drought of two or three thousand miles, and the country has compassion?
For example, "Xiang" means "He" and "Dazhong Cheng" (Mao); (9) "They" refers to the victims.
Second, the combination
Most words after 1 and "Xiang" are verbs. For example:
We were all unhappy-we met until the end of time. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? . ("Pipa")
(2 1) Those who don't use wood as a material are dense in arts and sciences, and those who touch water are uneven and stick to medicine, which is not desirable. ("Trap")
When my parents heard about my daughter, they went out to help each other. ("Mulan Ci")
(23) The sun and the north ride each other in Changhuai. (《lt； Preface to the Southern Guide)
Example (20)(2 1) The verb after "Xiang" is a simple word; And (22) and (23) are compound words.
2. Sometimes the word after "Xiang" is a preposition. For example:
The wolf dared not move forward and looked at each other. (wolf)
(25) Raise your head and sing to each other, reaching the fifth watch every night. (Peacock flies southeast)
The "Xiang" in examples (24) and (25) are all prepositions. In example (24), "eyeing" means "the wolf glared at the butcher". Gaze. Example (25) The phrase "duet from a distance" means "duet between mandarin ducks and head-up duet".
3. Sometimes "Xiang" is followed by a noun or adjective. Because "Xiang" means that the action is issued by both parties or one party, nouns and adjectives after the word "Xiang" are generally used as verbs. For example:
(26) Witch doctors are not ashamed to go to school, ("Shi Shuo")
We moved the boat closer to hers and invited her to join us, adding wine and lights to reopen the party. ("Pipa")
The "teacher" behind example (26) was originally a noun, and it is used as a verb to learn here. "Don't be ashamed to ask questions" means "Don't be ashamed to ask questions". The word "near" in Example (27) was originally an adjective, as opposed to "far". Used as a verb here, it means "near". "We moved the boat closer to her boat and invited her to join us" means that (the boatman) moved the boat (where Li Bai sat) closer to the boat (where the pipa girl sat) and (Li Bai) invited her to meet him.
Third, word order:
The word "Xiang", whether it refers to "both sides" (mutual) or "one side" (you, me and him), usually comes before verbs, prepositions or nouns and adjectives used as verbs. If it refers to both parties, the subject of Xiang refers to the agent of the verb after Xiang, and as the subject of the verb predicate, it constitutes a subject-predicate phrase, which can be translated in the original word order. For example:
(28) He is almost the same as he was then, and his road is almost the same. ("Shi Shuo")
(29) The traffic in the building is heard by chickens and dogs. (Peach Blossom Garden)
(30) Looking down, the steep valley is gloomy, with alternating maple and pine, colorful and colorful. ("Visit Huangshan Mountain")
Example (28) means "His (age) is similar to his (age), and the reason (he knows) is similar (ah)". In example (29), "chickens and dogs listen to each other" means that "chickens and dogs can hear each other". In example (30), "maple and pine alternate with each other" means "maple and pine are mixed with each other".
If Xiang refers to one party, the subject it refers to is the patient of the following verb, which generally constitutes a verb-object phrase and can be regarded as an object (Xiang) preposition. Therefore, translation cannot follow the original word order, but after the verb. For example:
(3 1) Cheng Yuan holds hands. ("Visit Huangshan Mountain")
(32) When it is returned, welcome it. (Peacock flies southeast)
(33) Seeing each other from a distance, we know that we are old friends. (same as above)
Be closer and more natural, but you don't know each other. (Donkey of Money)
In the example (3 1), "Xiang" means "I" and "Xiang Jie" means "Xiang Jie", that is, "Solve Me" (I mean "Xu Hongzu"); In Example (32), Xiang means you, and Huiqu means Huiqu, that is, Huiqu means Liu Lanzhi. Example (33) "Xiang" means "He" and "Looking at him" (he means "Jiao Zhongqing"); Example (34) "Xiang" means "it" and "strangers" means "I don't know what it is" (meaning "donkey").
Fourth, the method to determine the referential meaning:
To determine the referential meaning of "Xiang" means two parties, one party, people or both, we must read the whole text, contact the context, and put "Xiang" in a specific language environment to ponder and deliberate. For example:
If you are rich, you will never forget it. (The Chen She Family)
(36) When the ship returns to the two mountains, it will enter the port. There are big stones flowing in it, which can take 100 people. There are many tricks in the air, and they are tongue-tied with Feng Shui. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan)
(37) That was a blessing in disguise. A drought of two or three thousand miles won the sympathy of the whole country? When the border is in an emergency, how can the country support it?
Who is the "stage" in Example (35)? Is it "me" or "us"? From the context, we can know that this sentence was said by Chen Sheng to "servant ploughing". Because Chen Sheng has "swan" ambition, is not satisfied with the status quo, and longs for "servant farmers" including himself to change the position of exploitation and oppression, so he said to his partners: "(among us, in the future) if (anyone) is rich (lost), (everyone) don't forget us (these partners)." It can be seen that "Xiang" refers to "we", which includes "Jia Nong" in Chen Sheng's body.
The "phase" in Example (36) refers to "stone" and "feng shui". Because only "there are many tricks in the air" can "breathe in and out with the wind and water", and "big stones" can't breathe in and out with the wind and water.
The "phase" in Example (37) refers to "them". Because the latter sentence corresponds to the former sentence, here "taking care of each other" and "feeding them" cooperate with each other. From the function of "phase" and "zhi", we can see that "phase" and "zhi" have the same meaning.
Sometimes "Xiang" doesn't express specific meaning, so don't mistake it for reference. For example:
(38) Swear not to part and go home temporarily. (Peacock flies southeast)
This sentence was said by Jiao Zhongqing to Liu Lanzhi. Although she put pressure on her mother: "This woman sent it today, and she will never get it back when she is old", Jiao insisted on not agreeing, and she still wanted to divorce. To show his faithful love for his wife, Jiao Zhongqing said, "Never leave your family", which means "Never leave you". Because there is an object "Qing" after "Ge", the "Xiang" here does not mean a specific meaning, but only plays the role of filling syllables and adjusting mood. This is caused by the further grammaticalization of adverbs, and we should also pay attention to it.