someone wants to ask, why are the sixteen emperors of the Ming Dynasty called the Ming Tombs? This is to trace the history of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, made his capital in Nanjing, and was buried in Zhongshan, Nanjing after his death, known as "ming tomb". The second emperor, Zhu Yunwen (his uncle Zhu Di), sent troops to Nanjing in the name of "Jing Nan" (to relieve the danger for the emperor), and his whereabouts were unknown. Some people say that they are monks, but their whereabouts are unknown (this is an unsolved case in the history of the Ming Dynasty), so there is no mausoleum. The seventh emperor, Zhu Qiyu, was taken prisoner by his brother Emperor Yingzong by Wala, and was given the throne at the behest of the Queen Mother and ministers. Later, Yingzong was put back, and under the planning of his henchmen, he staged a "change of seizing the door", and Yingzong was restored and became the emperor again. When Zhu Qiyu was killed, Yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperor, and destroyed the mausoleum built in Tianshou Mountain area. He was buried as a "king" in Yuquan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing. In this way, two of the sixteen emperors of the Ming Dynasty were buried elsewhere, one was unaccounted for, and the other thirteen were buried in Tianshou Mountain, so they were called "Ming Tombs".
The Ming Tombs is a natural mountainous area with specifications. Its mountains belong to the Taihang Remnant Vein, which connects Juyong in the west, huanghua town in the north and Changping Prefecture in the south. It is not only the barrier of the mausoleum, but also the northern screen of the capital. Taihang Mountain starts from Zezhou, meanders for thousands of miles in the north, and reaches Juyongguan. Wanfeng stands back to Xiangpanqu and rises to the east as Tianshou Mountain (formerly known as Huangtu Mountain). The mountain is lofty and upright, majestic and broad, and the main force is strong. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, once wrote a poem describing the superior situation here: "The mountains come from the south, and the momentum is like dragons and dragons; The east toe is in Lulong, and the west ridge is in Taihang; Sitting on the yellow flower in the back (referring to huanghua town), facing Shenjing in front; There is a ten thousand-year-old house named Kangjiazhuang (1); It can accommodate millions of people and suddenly open the hall. This beautiful natural landscape was regarded as a treasure trove of geomantic omen by feudal rulers.
The Ming Tombs are not only a unified whole, but also an independent unit, with similar specifications. Each mausoleum was built in front of a mountain. As little as half a kilometer and as much as eight kilometers between the tombs. Except for Siling, which is located in the southwest corner, the others are fan-shaped and located around Changling (see figure). This layout of the mausoleum built on the mountain has also been appreciated by foreign experts. For example, Joseph Needham, a famous British historian, said: The imperial tomb is a great achievement in the architectural form of China, and the content of its whole pattern may be the greatest example of the combination of the whole building and landscape art. He rated the Ming Tombs as "the greatest masterpiece". His experience is that "you can enjoy the scenery of the whole valley from the gatehouse, and meditate on its solemn scene on an organic plane, in which all the buildings are integrated with the scenery, and a kind of people's wisdom is well expressed by the skills of architects and builders." British urban planner Edmund Bacon also spoke highly of the artistic achievements of the Ming Tombs. He thought that "the most magnificent example of' moving' in architecture is the mausoleum of the Ming emperor." He pointed out that the layout of the mausoleum buildings built on the mountain "is so magnificent that the volume in the whole valley is used as a memorial to the dead king." They vividly describe the organic combination of Ming tombs architecture and natural landscape. Therefore, we highly appreciate the intelligence and wisdom of the working people in ancient China.
It has been 4 to 5 years since the Ming Tombs were built, and it is one of the best preserved imperial tombs. Moreover, the building is magnificent, the system is complete, the history is long, and it has high historical and cultural relics value. After the founding of New China, in order to protect this cultural relic and historic site, the Party and the government began to carry out maintenance from the early days of liberation, and protected the Ming Tombs as a national key cultural relic. In 1957, the Beijing Municipal Government announced the Ming Tombs as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In 1961, the Ming Tombs were announced as national key cultural relics protection units. In 1982, the State Council announced Badaling-Ming Tombs Scenic Area as one of the 44 key scenic spots in China. In 1991, the Ming Tombs were identified by the National Tourism Administration as one of the "Forty Best Tourist Attractions in China". In 1992, the Ming Tombs were rated as "the most well-preserved tombs with the largest number of buried emperors in the world" by the most selection committee of Beijing Tourism World.
As a part of the ancient Chinese culture, the Ming Tombs complement each other with the natural landscape in the mausoleum area, forming a tourist attraction with beautiful scenery and profound cultural connotation.
Ming dynasty was in the late feudal society of China. From Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to the reign of Emperor Nanking in 1368, and then to the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, to the invasion of Beijing by the peasant uprising army in Li Zicheng in 1644, and Zhu Youjian, the emperor of Chongzhen, hanged himself in jingshan park for 277 years, and 16 emperors reigned in succession. Among the 16 emperors, except for Zhu Yunwen, the Emperor Jianwen, whose whereabouts were unknown because of the Nanjing city's collapse and the fire in his palace, the remaining 15 emperors built tombs before or after his death, which have been preserved to this day. Together with the three tombs built by Hongwu and Jiajing dynasties, there are 18 Ming tombs. Its mausoleum name, geographical location, The tomb owner and other information are listed in the following table:
No. The name of the mausoleum, the name of the emperor, the year, the number of the temple, the lineage of posthumous title's reign, and the burial site of the empress
1 Zuling Zhu Bai, liu de Zuxuan, Emperor Taizu, Gaozu, ominous Hu family. Guanzhen Township, Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province
Emperor Zhu Sijiu Yizuheng's great-grandfather is ominous Hou Shi
Emperor Zhu Chuyi Xizuyu. Mao grandfather ominous Wang
2 imperial tomb Zhu Shizhen Renzuchun Emperor Mao father 64 Chen southwest of Fengyang County, Anhui Province
3 Xiaoling Zhu Yuanzhang Hongwu Taizu Gao Emperor 1368-1398. 71 Ma's southern foot of Nanjing Zhongshan
4 Changling Zhu Di Yongle Cheng Zuwen Emperor 142-1424 Taizu's eldest son 65 Xu's Tianshou Mountain in Changping County, Beijing
5 Xianling Zhu Gaochi Hongxiren. Emperor Zongzhao 1424-1425, the eldest son of Chengzu, 48 Zhang, the lower ridge of Huangshan Temple, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
6 Jingling Zhu Zhanji Xuande Xuanzongzhang Emperor 1425-1435, the eldest son of Renzong, 37, Changping County, Sun Shi, Tianshou Mountain, Heishan Mountain, lower
7 Yuling. Zhu Qizhen orthodox Emperor Yingzong Rui 1435-1449 Xuanzong's eldest son 38 Qian's Tianshun under Tianshou Mountain Gate in Changping County, Beijing 1457-1464 Zhou's
8 Jingling Zhu Qiyu Jingtai Emperor Zongjing 1449-1457 Xuanzong's second son 3 Wang's Beijing West. Suburb Jinshan Xia
9 Maoling Zhu Jianshen Chenghua Xianzong Pure Emperor 1464-1487 Yingzong eldest son 41 Wang, Ji, Shao's Zhu Shitang Hongzhi Xiaozong respects the emperor 1487-155, the third son of Xianzong, 36 Zhang's family, the foot of Bijia Mountain, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
11 Xianling Zhu Youyuan Ruizong offered the emperor's life. Patriarch 43 Jiang's Lower Songlin Mountain (also known as Chunde Mountain) in Zhongxiang County, Hubei Province
12 Kangling Zhu Houzhao Zhengde Emperor Wu Zongyi 155-1521 Filial Piety's eldest son 31 Xia's Lower Lianhua Mountain in Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
13 Yongling Zhu Hougong Jiajing Shizong Su Emperor 1521-1566 Xianzong Sun. 6 Chen, Fang, Du, under Yangcuiling Mountain, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
14 Zhaoling Zhu Zai Dirt Emperor Mu Zong Village, Qin Long 1566-1572 Sejong Three Characters 36 Li, Chen, Li's Mu Zong, the third son, 58 Wang, and Wang's, the third son, 1572-162 Emperor Zhu Junyi of Dingling, under Dayu Mountain, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
16 Emperor Qing Ling, Zhu Changluo Taichang Guangzong Zhen, 162 The eldest son of Shenzong, 39 Guo and Wang, Liu's under the second ridge of Huangshan Temple in Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
17 Deling Zhu Youxiao Tianqi Xizong Folding Emperor 162-1627 Guangzong's eldest son 23 Zhang's under Tanyu Ridge, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing
18 Siling Zhu Youjian Zongzhen Zhuanglie Emperor 1627-1644 Guangzong's fifth son 35 Empress Zhou and Huang Guifei Tian's under Lushan Mountain, Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing.