City wall site
The existing plane is rectangular, and the wall of Chengnan City was washed away by water because of the north shift of Luohe River. The north, east and west walls are well preserved. Some sections are about 5 ~ 7 meters from the ground. Including the northwest corner of Jinyong city, the north wall is about 3700 meters long and 25-30 meters wide; The residual wall of Xicheng is about 4290 meters long and 20 meters wide. The residual length of Dongcheng wall is about 3895m, and its width is14m. City perimeter 14 km. The city wall is made of rammed earth, and the mark of the stick eye is especially obvious. Some of the city walls also have piers and abutments protruding outside the city, including four in the northern section of the western wall and three in the eastern section of the northern wall. The distance between piers and abutments is110 ~120m, which is similar to the "horse face" built by the city wall later. There is a moat site outside the city wall. Guo Cheng outside the Northern Wei Dynasty was completely destroyed, and a small amount of rammed earth walls remained in South Guo Cheng.
Chengmen website
There are five doors protruding from the west wall, all of which are one door and one hole except the second door in the north. The northernmost gate is Chengming Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the southern gate is Harmony Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, namely Shangximen in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the southern gate is Westernization Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the southern gate is Yong Men in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the southern gate is Ximingmen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, namely Yangguangmen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are two gates protruding from the wall in the north city, and a three-hole gate in the west is the Great Summer Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is the Summer Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The east gate has been destroyed, and there is a road through it, which should be the Guangmo Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, that is, the Valley Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are three gates outside the east wall, all of which are one door and one hole. The first gate in the north is Jianchun Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is the Shangdong Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty, opposite to Helv Gate. The second gate is Dongyang Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is the Middle East Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty, opposite Xiyang Gate. The third gate is Qingyang Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty, that is, Xi Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty (also known as Wangjing Gate), which is opposite to Mingxi Gate. The four gates of the South City Wall listed in the literature are Jinyang Gate (Golden Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty), Yiyang Gate (Small Courtyard Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty), Pingchang Gate (Pingcheng Gate in the Eastern Han Dynasty) and Kaiyang Gate in the Northern Wei Dynasty (the same name in the Eastern Han Dynasty), but there is no trace of Luoshui. Liuhe Gate Liuhe Gate is the main entrance of Miyagi in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and its north is opposite to the Taiji Hall in the main hall of Miyagi. To the south is Yudao Tongtuo Street, which leads directly to Xuanyangmen, the main entrance of the inner city. Liuhe Gate was built in the Cao period, and it has been used since the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty.
To the north of Liuhe Gate, opposite the Taiji Hall in the main hall of Miyagi; To the south is Yudao Tongtuo Street, which leads directly to Xuanyangmen, the main entrance of the inner city. As a ceremonial building symbolizing the majesty of the emperor, Liuhe Gate is a place where important activities such as the emperor's accession to the throne and accepting tributes from all directions are held, and it is rarely used for passage. The site of Liuhe Gate in Luoyang City is the earliest archaeological excavation of the main entrance of Miyagi, the capital city, and the left and right double gates of Liuhe Gate are also the earliest palace gates discovered so far.
Miyagi ruins
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the main palaces in Beijing were Nangong and Gong Bei. Neither Cao Wei nor the Western Jin Dynasty has changed much. The Northern Wei Dynasty established a separate Miyagi. Miyagi in the Northern Wei Dynasty is located in the north-central part of the city, with a length of1398m from north to south and a width of 660m from east to west, accounting for about one tenth of the total area of the city. It is the most important central building area. Miyagi's south gate, east gate and west gate are all found. The south gate, also known as Liuhe Gate, is about 46 meters wide. There are heavy rammed earth gates on both sides of the gate, which are magnificent in shape. The East Gate Yunlong Gate is opposite to the West Gate God Humen. There is a large rammed earth platform in the west of Miyagi, which is 100 meters long from east to west, 60 meters wide from north to south and about 4 meters off the ground. It should be the site of the Taiji Hall in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In other parts of Miyagi, more than 20 rammed earth abutments were found, which are also the remains of the palace.
In the northwest corner of the city, there is Jinyong City, which was built in Cao Wei period. It consists of three small towns connecting the north and the south. The plane is eye-shaped, about 1048 meters long from north to south and 255 meters wide from east to west. There is a doorway between the three cities. The width of the city wall is about 12 ~ 13 meters, and the residual height is about 6 meters. More than 20 rammed earth mounds have also been found in this city. Mangshan Mountain in the north of Jin Yong overlooks the whole Luoyang City and is the commanding height of the offensive and defensive. On the outer wall of the city wall, there is a pier protruding outward every 60 ~ 70 meters, which shows that it should be a military fortress.
Taiji palace
Taiji Hall is a famous palace name in ancient China. From the Three Kingdoms period, after the completion of the Taiji Hall in Wei Mingdi, it was the Taiji Hall until the main hall of the imperial palace in the Tang Dynasty (similar to the Taihe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing). Later, the Taiji Hall in Xijing Luoyang in the Northern Song Dynasty was also the Taiji Hall, and there was also the Taiji Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty.
The construction of Taijitang confirmed the architectural layout center of Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties, and the layout pattern of Miyagi with Taijitang as the center marked that the layout of the ancient capital of China entered a new historical period.
Yongning temple site
Yongning Temple Pagoda was built in the first year of Xiping in Northern Wei Dynasty (5 16). Located in Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it no longer exists. The site is located on the east side of Baima Temple in Luoyang, at the intersection of 3 10 National Road and Longhai Railway.
Tataji Site of Yongning Temple
According to Yang Xuanzhi's "Luoyang Galand Ji", the tower of Yongning Temple is a wooden structure, which is nine stories high and can be seen hundreds of miles away. It is also recorded that the tower is 49 or more feet high, about 136.75438+0 meters, and the tower brake is about 147 meters high. It is the largest stupa in ancient times. Yongning Temple Tower is square in plane, with three doors and six windows on each floor. There is a phase wheel weighing 30 on the tower brake (a mistake of 13), with golden bells hanging around it, and then a golden bottle. There are four iron ropes under Aquarius, which lead to the four corners of the tower, and golden bells are hung on the ropes. It's windy at night, and you can hear it ten miles away. The tower is luxuriantly decorated, surrounded by brilliant flowers, with red paint on the doors and windows, five rows of gold nails on the doors and gold rings on the heads.
Taixue site
Taixue site covers a large area. After exploration and trial excavation, the main remains are divided into two parts: one part is in the north of Biyong, with a slightly rectangular plane, which is about 200 meters long from east to west and about 100 meters long from north to south. Stone fragments have been found nearby, which can be considered as the main part of imperial academy in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The other is in the northeast, about 100 meters, with well-preserved relics, rectangular plane and north-south direction. According to records, imperial academy in the Eastern Han Dynasty was built in the fifth year of Jianwu, the Emperor Guangwu, and has been expanded many times since. It was not completed until the year of Yangjiayuan in Shun Di (132), with more than 30,000 students in imperial academy. In the fourth year of Xiping (175), a Shijing was established in imperial academy, which was called Xiping Shijing. At the end of Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang Palace Temple, and imperial academy was affected. In the fifth year of Huang Chu, Wei Wendi, imperial academy was rebuilt on the site of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and a new Book of Songs was established at Zhengshi, which was called Zhengshi Book of Songs. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, imperial academy was promoted according to the system of Han and Wei Dynasties. In the second year of Xianning (276), another national study was established, which coexisted with imperial academy.
In the fourth year of Xiping (175), 46 stone tablets were erected in front of the Taixue lecture hall, which was called Xiping Shijing in history. In the second year of Zheng Shi in Cao Wei (24 1), 28 stone classics were formulated, which was called Zheng Shi Shi Jing in history. Taixue site is divided into two parts, east and west, with an area of more than 30,000 square meters in the east and about 20,000 square meters in the west. There is a large area of rammed earth building site inside the site, with rows of building foundations, or rectangular from east to west, or rectangular from north to south, with equal row spacing and orderly arrangement. Imperial academy is the highest institution of learning that taught Confucianism in ancient times. Xiping Book of Songs is the earliest official Confucian classic in China. Lingtai Site of the Eastern Han Dynasty is located in the southern suburb of the inner city, between Shang Gang Village and Dajiaozhai in today's yanshi city. Lingtai was built in the first year of Emperor Guangwu's Yuan Dynasty (56) and was the largest national observatory at that time. Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty have used it for more than 250 years. Lingtai site covers an area of more than 40,000 square meters. The central building is a square rammed earth platform with a residual width of 3 1 m from east to west, a residual length of 4 1 m from north to south and a residual height of more than 8 meters. Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139), an outstanding scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, served as the official twice during the period of 10, leading, presiding over and participating in the astronomical observation and research of Lingtai. Jinyong City, located in the northwest corner of Inner City, was built by Cao. North-south length 1.048 meters, east-west width of 255 meters, with a total area of 260,000 square meters. The city is small and solid, abandoned by the emperor in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and later placed here. In the early Tang Dynasty, Jinyong City was established in Luoyang County. In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), it moved to Yudefang, Dongdu, and Jinyong City was abandoned. After investigation, it is found that these three towns are connected and the plane is reticulate. There is a river circulation outside the city, and every door has ruins. Many rammed abutments, brick foundation sites and pools have been found in the city. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the outer contour city was built, with a length and a width of about 10 km each. There are 1367 Buddhist temples inside and outside the city, and Yongning Temple, the royal temple, is the most luxurious and magnificent. Yongning Temple, located in the southwest of Gongcheng, was built in the first year of Xiping in the Northern Wei Dynasty (5 16) and was burned by lightning at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
According to the survey, it is 305 meters long from north to south and 260 meters wide from east to west. At the center is a wooden tower with a square base and two floors. The lower layer is located below the present surface, and the upper base is 38.2 meters long and 2.2 meters high. The four sides were originally inlaid with bluestone. In the process of excavating the tower foundation, a number of exquisite clay sculptures were unearthed, which provided valuable information for the study of Buddhist art in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are stone carvings, tiles, tiles and other building materials. Byodoji Statue Monument of Northern Qi Dynasty, commonly known as Temple Monument, is located outside the east wall of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, south of Temple Monument Village in yanshi city today. Counting the four passages, the lower part is all buried underground, and the exposed part of the surface is about 1.5 ~ 2 meters high. The tablet is engraved with statues of buddhas, bodhisattvas and disciples, six Buddha statues in meditation, elegant flying, slow elephants, lifelike beasts, curtains, flames, lotus flowers and so on. Rich in content and diverse in themes, it is one of the few treasures of Buddhist art left over from the Northern Qi Dynasty. 1962 started a comprehensive archaeological excavation of the ruins of the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties, and the excavation work is still going on. 1954, Peking University Yan wenru visited Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties. Since 1962, the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences has conducted long-term exploration and excavation here, and basically found out the city walls, city gates, main streets, the scope of Miyagi and some temple foundations, as well as the scope and layout of Jinyong City in the northwest corner of the city, and excavated ritual buildings such as Yongning Temple site, Lingtai in the south of the city, Biyong and Tang Ming, as well as imperial academy site and criminal cemetery.
The shape of Luoyang Old Town in Han and Wei Dynasties changed little from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the plane of Luoyang City was slightly rectangular, with the city gate 12. Among them, there are 3 west gates, 4 south gates, 3 east gates and 2 north gates. The main palaces in the city are Nangong and Gong Bei, Taicang and Arsenal in the northeast corner, and Jinshi in the central and western regions. There is a horse market in the eastern suburb outside the city and a heather in the southern suburb. According to the previous system, when Cao Wei and Luoyang City in the Western Jin Dynasty were in Wei Mingdi, Jin Yong City was only added in the northwest corner of Luoyang City. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the city walls and gates of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties were still used, but the Yongmen gate in the middle of the western city wall was moved about 500 meters to the north and renamed as the Western Gate. At the northern end of the Western Wall near Jinyong City, another door called Chengmingmen opened. The city abolished the system of North and South Palace since the Eastern Han Dynasty, established a single Miyagi, and the streets have also changed. In the second year of Jingming in Xuan Wudi (50 1), Guo Cheng was built, which is known as "20 miles from east to west and 15 miles from north to south". There are 320 workshops and industrial and commercial areas in big cities, small cities and stone cities, covering a very wide range. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the old city became the inner city of Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are Yongning Temple, Baima Temple, Lingtai, Tang Ming, Biyong, imperial academy and the criminal cemetery. Yongning Temple is the largest Buddhist temple in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, located at 1 km southwest of Miyagi. Temple plane is rectangular in north and south, surrounded by rammed earth walls, with a total length of1040m. The south gate, east gate, west gate and the turret in the southwest corner have all been found. The square tower foundation in the middle of the temple is 4.7 meters high, mostly made of rammed earth. There are five circles of square column foundations on the tower foundation, with a square platform built of adobe in the middle. Five arc niches are reserved on the south, east and west walls of the platform to worship clay statues of Buddha. In the third year of Xiaoxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty (534), the tower of Yongning Temple was destroyed by lightning. 1963 when excavated, there were still many remains on the surface of the tower foundation and its surroundings, such as ashes, burnt clods, charcoal, etc.
Lingtai is located on the west side of Pingchengmen Avenue in the Eastern Han Dynasty on the south wall. It is a place used by the royal family in Han and Jin dynasties to observe clouds and omen bad luck, and it is also a specialized institution to study astronomy and meteorology. The site is 200 meters long from north to south and 220 meters wide from east to west. After excavation, the central building is a square platform with two floors, the lower platform is the same height as the farmland ground, and cloisters are built around it. The cloister is paved with pebbles, and there is a brick drain outside the apron. There is a ramp leading to the upper platform in the north central part, and there are five buildings on all sides. The top of the central platform is more than 8 meters high, slightly oval in plane, with a length of 1 1.7 meters from north to south and a width of 8.5 meters from east to west. Lingtai is the earliest observatory site discovered in China. Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, once designed and manufactured armillary sphere and seismograph, which made immortal contributions to ancient astronomy in China.
Tang Ming, located in the east of Lingtai, is the "Emperor's Ancestral Temple", where the emperor worships his ancestors and receives pilgrimage from officials. The Great Wall is nearly square in plane, 400 meters long from north to south and 386 meters wide from east to west. There is a large square rammed earth abutment in the middle of the city wall, which is the main building of Tang Ming. Biyong, located in the east of Tang Ming, is a place where the feudal ruling class "preached morality through rites and music". The plane of the city wall is square, and each side is about 170 meters long. There is a large rectangular rammed earth abutment to the south of the fence, which should be the main building of Biyong. There is a monument built in Xianning, Western Jin Dynasty for four years (278 years). The inscription records the deeds of Jin Emperor Sima Yan and Crown Prince Sima Zhong who visited Bi Yong.
Imperial academy was founded in the 5th year of Jianwu (AD 29). It is the earliest university in China. The site is located in the northeast of Biyong, which is divided into two parts: east and west. There is a group of rectangular rammed earth buildings in the west, which is about104m long from east to west and more than 90m wide from north to south. There is a dense group of rammed house foundations in the east, surrounded by rammed earth walls with a width of 3 meters, which is 220 meters long from north to south and 150 meters wide from east to west. The famous Xiping Shijing and Zhengshi Shijing were successively engraved here.
A criminal cemetery of the Eastern Han Dynasty was found at the southwest of Lingtai 1.5km, with a length of 250m from east to west and a width of 200m from north to south, and 522 criminal tombs have been excavated. After identification, all the prisoners' vertebrae have obvious signs of strain. More than 820 bricks unearthed from criminals' tombs were carved from various broken and discarded bricks. Inscriptions are official scripts, some scrawled and some neat, which are the largest amount of calligraphy materials except inscriptions and bamboo slips in Han Dynasty. The name of the prison or county, punishment, name, date of death, etc. Usually carved on the brick of the prisoner's grave. These criminals were escorted from prisons all over the country to the construction sites under the jurisdiction of Li Si, a captain and generals, and did heavy manual labor for feudal rulers, such as building tombs, palaces, cities, digging rivers, digging plank roads, transporting grain, logging and mining. Many prisoners were tortured to death before serving their sentences. The discovery of criminal cemeteries and the excavation of tomb bricks are very important physical materials for studying the prison system and class relations of criminals in Han Dynasty.