The mausoleum system in China feudal society has a history of more than 2,000 years in the Qing Dynasty. In these 2000 years, the mausoleum system has experienced three glorious periods. The first glorious period was the Qin and Han dynasties, represented by the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang; The second glorious period was the Tang Dynasty, represented by Li Shimin Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong. Ming and Qing Dynasties were the last glorious period. Although the mausoleum system in Qing dynasty basically followed the Ming mausoleum system, it was reformed on this basis and combined with the characteristics of Manchu to form the mausoleum system in Qing dynasty. The founder of the mausoleum system in Qing Dynasty was Emperor Kangxi, the holy father of Qing Dynasty.
The tombs of the Qing dynasty are roughly divided into three places in geography. One is Yongling, Fuling and Zhaoling in the northeast of Liaoning, which were called "Shengjing Sanling" in the Qing Dynasty. The other two places are "Qing Dongling" in zunhua city and "Qing Xiling" in Yixian. Although the construction of the Three Mausoleums in Shengjing was earlier than that of the Qing Mausoleum in Guannei, the mausoleum system in Qing Dynasty actually started from the mausoleum in Guannei.
Nuerhachi and Huang Taiji of Qing Taizong were too busy unifying Manchuria in Northeast China and fighting against Ming Dynasty to take care of the planning and construction of the mausoleum system. Although there were already Yongling Mausoleum and Tokyo Mausoleum at that time, the tomb owners of Yongling Mausoleum and Tokyo Mausoleum at that time did not have the name of the emperor. Second, at that time, these two tombs did not have the title of Ling at all. Third, although Fuling and Zhaoling were built by Emperor Taizong and Emperor Taizu of Qing Dynasty, their scale is only "three huts", which is far from the current regulations and cannot be called tombs. So there is no mausoleum system.
Nine of the 12 imperial tombs in Qing dynasty were built in the pass, so the mausoleum system in Qing dynasty should start from the pass.
Why is Emperor Kangxi the pioneer and founder of the mausoleum system in Qing Dynasty?
Mausoleum regulations
First of all, Emperor Kangxi established the general policy that the Qing tombs followed the Ming tombs system.
Although the Qing Emperor Taizong established Huang Taiji before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, compared with the Ming Dynasty, it was still a small country with many countries. Only when the Qing dynasty unified the whole country after entering the customs did it learn about the huge and magnificent tombs of Han, Tang, Song and Ming dynasties. In contrast, they were more interested in the Ming Tombs, so they decided to follow the example of the Ming Tombs system and carry out some reforms and innovations. At the same time, they also have the characteristics of Manchu. The emperor shunzhi's Xiaoling Mausoleum was the first imperial mausoleum built in Shanhaiguan in the Qing Dynasty according to this general policy, and eight imperial tombs of Jing, Tai, Yu, Chang, Mu, Ding, Hui and Chong were built according to this general policy. This major policy was formulated by Emperor Kangxi.
Second, the Qing Xiaoling Mausoleum built by Emperor Kangxi provided a blueprint for the later Qing Mausoleum and laid the basic regulations.
The Xiaoling Mausoleum in the emperor shunzhi was built on February 15th in the second year of Kangxi (1663), and the mausoleum palace was partially completed in September in the third year of Kangxi (1664). Its leading part was completed in the next few years, and the stone archway was not built in the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1). Its main buildings are, from south to north, Stone Archway, Dismounting Sign, Dahongmen, Display Hall, Gong Sheng Shengde Monument Pavilion and Huabiao, Stone Statue Student, Longfengmen, One-hole Arch Bridge, Seven-hole Arch Bridge, Five-hole Arch Bridge, Three-hole Arch Bridge, Tombstone Pavilion, East-West Supermarket, East-West Duty Room, Long 'en Gate, East-West Liao Furnace, East-West Annex Hall, Long 'en Hall, Lingmen and Pavilion. In front of the mausoleum, on the left, there is a kitchen and a well pavilion. The above-mentioned buildings are penetrated by brick shinto with a length of 6 kilometers and a width of about 1 1 m, forming the grand central axis of the cemetery. Obviously, the construction department of Xiaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty is generally modeled after the regulations of Ming Tombs.
Compared with the ground buildings of the Ming Tombs, the Qing Tombs are mainly different in the following points:
1, Tombstone Pavilion (commonly known as Xiaobei Pavilion) was not built by the Ming Tombs, but by the Qing Tombs;
2. There is no Empress Mausoleum in Ming Mausoleum, but there is one in Qing Mausoleum;
Although there are concubines' tombs in Ming Tombs, not every tomb has one. Except in special circumstances, most of the tombs of Qing tombs have concubines' tombs next to them.
4. Among the Ming Tombs, only the main mausoleum (also known as Shouling) has stone statues, and a large Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion is equipped with four Chinese watches, while other tombs have smaller wordless monuments, while the Qing tombs in the Qing tombs before Emperor Daoguang built Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion with Chinese watches.
5. In the Ming Dynasty, the palace gate was called Enmen, the pleasure hall was called Endian, and the Qing tombs were renamed Enmen and Endian respectively.
6. There are three-way and one-hole arch bridges in front of Ming Taizu Mausoleum, and three-way and three-hole arch bridges in Qing Taizu Mausoleum.
There are many other differences, so I won't elaborate here.
Manchu characteristics are mainly manifested in the following aspects (architecture):
1, Shi Xiangsheng's civil servants and warriors are all Manchu costumes and hairstyles.
2. All plaques and inscriptions are written in Manchu, Chinese or Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese.
The regulations of the eight Qing imperial tombs built after the Qing Xiaoling Mausoleum are all similar to those of the Xiaoling Mausoleum.
Third, Emperor Kangxi first established the system of building the queen's mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty.
In the Qing Dynasty, * * * built seven queen's tombs, the first of which was the Little Dongling built by Emperor Kangxi. The emperor shunzhi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, was the second empress of Bolzigit, the empress of Xiao Jiahui. Because he was too honest and not good at catering, he was almost replaced by the absolutely charming Dong E Fei. She started a long widowed life at the age of 2 1. After the death of Emperor Kangxi's biological mother, the well-off queen, she and Empress Dowager * * * shouldered the heavy responsibility of cultivating and educating the young Emperor Kangxi. She regarded Emperor Kangxi as her own and devoted infinite maternal love to him, so she established a deep mother-child relationship with Emperor Kangxi. Why did Emperor Kangxi build a mausoleum for Empress Xiaohui alone? There may be the following reasons: 1. In return for Xiao's support; 2. Absorb the great trouble that Empress Dowager Tai failed to build a mausoleum before her death; 1.3. Solve the problem that the urn and Zigong are difficult to be buried in the same underground palace; 2.4. It may be considered impossible to achieve "humility and respect". The emperor shunzhi, Empress Xiao Kang and Empress Xiao Xian were buried in the underground palace in the second year of Kangxi. If Xiao Hui is buried in the underground palace, it is at least disrespectful to the emperor shunzhi. Fifth, I am afraid of leaking Xiaoling's gas field. The so-called fear of venting is the fear that the vitality in the underground palace will leak out. The problem of being afraid of being discouraged is exemplified in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the superstitious point of view in the past, after underground burial is closed, it is most afraid of reopening. If it is opened, it will easily leak the earth's atmosphere and destroy the geomantic omen, which is not good for the tomb owner, the royal family and even the country. There are many examples of this. For example, when Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty built the Tailing Mausoleum and dug a golden well, the spring suddenly burst. It is the most taboo and unlucky to build a mausoleum with water in a golden well. Yang Ziqi, the official department minister, truthfully reported the matter to the court. Minister Cheng Xiu secretly sealed the spring in order to avoid responsibility. When the imperial court sent people to the underground palace to verify, they found that there was no water in the golden well. So I want to cure Yang Ziqi's lies. At this time, a newly opened county magistrate named Mrs. Qiu wrote to the court that it was a good thing to drill golden wells on the Yangtze River. What if we don't say now that Emperor Zigong is buried in the underground palace and the stone gate is closed? If you don't open the underground palace, you will regret it for a lifetime and leave a permanent regret. If you open the underground palace, it will leak again, which will be even worse. After what Qiu Tai said, Yang Ziqi not only saved his life, but also was reinstated. (3) When Daoguang first built a mausoleum in Baohuayu, Dongling, Qing Dynasty, Minister He Ying gave up for fear of building Longxugou under the underground palace to vent his anger. The purpose of this example is to show that after the underground palace is closed, it can no longer be opened, and it is easy to vent. This statement was quite common in feudal society. For the learned Emperor Kangxi, it is not unknown. It is unknown how many years passed since Xiaoling was buried by the emperor shunzhi and two empresses in the second year of Kangxi until Empress Xiaohui died, at least 25 years after the 27th year of Kangxi. If Queen Xiaohui is buried in Xiaoling later, the underground palace will be reopened, which may vent the anger of Xiaoling and break the feng shui. This is a great event. It is possible that Emperor Kangxi decided to build another mausoleum for Empress Xiaohui in order to prevent venting her anger at Xiaoling.
Emperor Kangxi decided to build a mausoleum for Xiao Zhang Hui alone. Therefore, in the second year of Empress Tian Bin, the mausoleum of Empress Xiaohui was built and completed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi (1692).
As the first mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty, Xiao Dongling became a model for later generations to build tombs. Mausoleum needs:
1. No stone archway, Dahongmen, merit monument, stone statue student, archway, seven-hole arch bridge, five-hole bridge, three-way three-hole bridge, tombstone pavilion and two-column door will be built; Other buildings have the same regulations as the Mausoleum.
2. The Queen's Mausoleum, as a subsidiary mausoleum of the imperial tomb of the dynasty, should be built next to the imperial tomb of the dynasty, and its Shinto is connected with the Shinto of the imperial tomb of the dynasty.
3. The Queen's Mausoleum does not have its own independent name, and its name should be closely linked with the name of the imperial mausoleum in the current dynasty. The naming method is: the initials of the queen's mausoleum use the initials of the emperor's mausoleum in the current dynasty. The second word is the word of the relative position of the queen's mausoleum and the current imperial mausoleum. If it is in the east, use the word "East". If it is in the west, use the word "west". For example, Xiao's mausoleum is located in the east of Xiaoling, so it is called "Xiaoling".
The completion of Xiaodong Mausoleum initiated the construction of the Empress Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, which not only provided a standardized blueprint for the construction of the Empress Mausoleum in later generations, but also provided a naming method for the Empress Mausoleum in later generations.
Fourthly, based on the Ming Tombs, the overall planning of imperial tombs in Qing Dynasty was improved.
Emperor Kangxi made a comprehensive plan for the cemetery while building a tomb for his father. It is called the "front circle" with Shaozu Mountain in the back of Xiaoling Mountain as the boundary and the open land in the south of Shannan as the place where the tombs are located. To the north of the mountain is a mountain with dense forests and few people. As the protection and control zone of the cemetery, it is called "Houlong". On the ridge of Changrui Mountain, there is the Great Wall built in Ming Dynasty. The Great Wall (5), about 15 li long, from the west of Malanguan No.2 to the east of Longdongyu No.2, was demolished due to obstruction of geomantic omen. The whole cemetery covers an area of 2,500 square kilometers. On the east, west and south sides of the front ring road, a 40-mile feng shui fence was built. Around Houlong, a fire path with a width of nearly 70 meters and a length of about 500 miles was cut, and the boundary markers and jiepai signs of the cemetery were erected. As the first mausoleum, the emperor shunzhi's Xiaoling Mausoleum is located under the main peak of Changrui Mountain and occupies the highest position in the cemetery. In the future, the tombs of future generations will be built on the east and west wings with Xiaoling as the center, forming a trend of ancestor worship and ancestral burial. During the reign of Kangxi, the master plan of Changruishan Cemetery was basically completed. Although there were some changes later, it was only the expansion of the cemetery area and the gradual improvement of the protection system, and there was no fundamental major change.
In order to carry out this master plan formulated by himself, Emperor Kangxi took the lead in setting an example. In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), he began to build his own mausoleum-Jingling in the southeast of Xiaoling. By the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), it was basically completed. The construction of Jingling not only imitates the regulations of Xiaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, but also imitates the overall layout of Ming Tombs. The Xiaoling Mausoleum in the emperor shunzhi is the main mausoleum, and there are no stone arches, Dahongmen and stone statues in its own mausoleum area. Jingling system played a connecting role and set an example for future generations.
Fifth, the Imperial Palace in Jingling built by Emperor Kangxi laid the basic regulations of the Imperial Palace in Qing Dynasty.
The tombs of concubines in the Ming Dynasty were called "wells" or "graves". They were rarely built, but only for important concubines, such as Wan Fei's tomb in Ming Xianzong and Si Fei's tomb. The tombs of these princesses were not built near the imperial tombs of the current dynasty. Some empresses' tombs have stone tablets and confessions, while others have double walls inside and outside. Some concubines' tombs have an underground palace, while others are buried in an underground palace. In a word, the regulations on empresses' tombs in Ming Dynasty are not uniform.
The courtyards, gates and halls of Fuling and Zhaoling built near Shenyang in the Qing Dynasty are all hard-topped, and there is no garden gate, which is not a pattern of sleeping together. The plane of the fence is rectangular. The top of the imperial concubine garden in Zhaoling is arranged vertically. The sleeping regulations of the two palaces are also inconsistent.
Shortly after Emperor Kangxi built Jingling, the imperial concubine garden in Jingling was also built. The imperial concubine's bedroom in Jingling is different from the provisions of the imperial concubine's tomb in Ming Dynasty, and also different from those in Fuling and Zhaoling. Its regulations became a model for later harem concubines to sleep in the garden. This imperial concubine garden became the standard of imperial concubine garden in Qing dynasty;
1. The imperial concubine's garden must be built next to the imperial tomb.
2. Green glazed tiles in the bedroom.
3. An arch bridge is built on the manger ditch, and the palace gate rests on the top of the mountain, with a single eaves and a width of 3 rooms. There is a Liao furnace, which is located on the left side of the hospital. The viewing hall rests on the top of the mountain with a single eaves, with a width of 5 rooms. The top of the treasure is arranged horizontally.
4. No matter what the status of the buried person is, it is one person, one vote, that is, one person and one underground palace.
5. Don't build bricks.
6. The tomb of the imperial concubine in Qing Dynasty was called "Princess Garden Sleeping" and was named after the imperial tomb of this dynasty, such as "Princess Garden Sleeping in Jingling".
The first imperial mausoleum, the first empress mausoleum and the first imperial concubine garden in Qing Dynasty were all built by Emperor Kangxi. Emperor Kangxi created the imperial tombs, empresses' tombs and empresses' gardens in the Qing Dynasty. The layout of these three tombs in each dynasty was more reasonable and the system was more perfect.
6. Emperor Kangxi was the founder of the Three Tombs of Shengjing.
The scale of the three tombs of Shengjing (Yongling in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, Fuling and Zhaoling in Shenyang City) we see today is far less than that of the Qingling Mausoleum in Shanhaiguan, but its regulation was initiated by Emperor Kangxi.
The original Shengjing Three Tombs were very simple, and the urn was only enshrined in the enjoyment hall. After Kangxi ascended the throne, he built four stone pavilions in Yongling, and added Fuling, Zhaoling, Fangcheng, Minglou, Baocheng and Baoding underground palaces, erected divine monuments and built stone pavilions, which laid the basic pattern and scale today.
Funeral aspect
First, change the coffin for cremation and implement burial.
Cremation was originally an old custom of Manchu. Outside the customs, the tomb owners of Shengjing Sanling and Guifei Garden, as well as the tombs buried with her, were cremated, and the burial places were urn. The excavation of Li Dun's tomb, the king of Wulin County in Yongling, and the tomb of Beletacha in Gong Ke fully confirmed this point.
According to the research of experts and scholars, the emperor shunzhi, his empress Xiao Kang and Xiao Xian were cremated after their death, and there were three urns in Xiaoling Underground Palace in Qing Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, due to the influence of the funeral system of the Han nationality and the fact that the Manchu in the customs had changed from a nomadic lifestyle to a settled lifestyle, cremation was first abolished and coffin burial was carried out among the top royal families in the Qing Dynasty. Cheng Xiao, the first empress of Emperor Kangxi, died in May of the 13th year of Kangxi (1674). She was the first imperial tomb in the Qing Dynasty to be buried in a coffin without cremation. Later, Emperor Kangxi's Xiao Zhao, Xiaoyi, Hong Xiao, Jingmin and Emperor Kangxi himself were all buried in Jingling Underground Palace, but they were not cremated, using coffins. The great change of Manchu funeral customs began with the royal family, and the royal family began with the highest emperor and queen. Jingling is the first mausoleum in Guanzhong area to abolish cremation and implement burial, and all tombs will follow this system in the future. On the one hand, this great change of Manchu funeral customs is due to sinicization, on the other hand, it also shows the spirit of Kangxi emperor's courage to reform. At that time, this change was progressive and met the wishes of the broad masses of people. Of course, it seems not desirable now. But to look at the problem historically, we can't measure the ancients with our current eyes and standards of right and wrong.
Second, the queen should be buried first, and the burial system of Shimen should not be closed for the emperor.
In the mausoleum of the Qing emperor before Jingling, the queen was buried with the emperor, or at the same time with the emperor, or after the emperor, not first. Cheng Xiao, Xiao Zhao and Xiao Yi of Emperor Kangxi all died before Emperor Kangxi. With their death, they were buried in Jingling underground palace, but the stone gate of the underground palace was not closed and the tunnel was not filled. Only a wooden door was installed at the entrance of the underground palace, which was closed for the emperor for a long time. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), after Emperor Kangxi was buried on the first day of September, the underground palace closed the stone gate and filled the tunnel (with Emperor Kangxi buried at the same time, there were Empress Xiao Gong and Empress Jing Min). Since Jingling, Yuling in Qianlong, Changling in Jiaqing and Muling in Daoguang have followed this system.
Mausoleum sacrifice
Since the Qing Taizu was buried in Fuling, there have been tomb sacrifices, but at this time, the tomb sacrifices are very irregular and random, and have not yet formed a system. With the establishment of Zhaoling Mausoleum, especially the construction of Xiaoling Mausoleum after entering the customs, the tomb sacrifice in Qing Dynasty gradually matured and improved after being exposed to advanced Han culture. This period mainly started from the Kangxi Dynasty. Mainly manifested in the following points:
First, in November of the second year of Kangxi (1663), it was decided that Fuling, Zhaoling and Xiaoling were the four major festivals, and they were installed to pay tribute to the gods. Christmas, the anniversary of death, the first day of October and the first day of each month are not blessed, and the holy cards are not invited, and the veil is lifted.
Second, in the third year of Kangxi (1664), Tomb-Sweeping Day's earth-covering etiquette was determined: every year, 13 loads of earth were covered on the graves, and 13 officers and men led by the general manager of the sacrificial officer and the customs officers were promoted to the top of the treasure, and the earth was taken out of bounds in advance and stored in a clean place of the Yuling wall for later use. During the Qianlong period, 13 tons of soil was changed to 1 ton.
Third, the tapir (pig) used for sacrifice in the three-year mausoleum of Kangxi was changed to sheep. ⑦
Fourthly, the color and quantity of the mausoleum sacrifices and the sacrificial ceremonies set in the 15th year of Kangxi (1676) are basically very close to those set later.
Mausoleum protection
The royal families of past dynasties attached great importance to the protection of ancestral graves, and the Qing emperor was no exception. The Eight Banners were the most trusted and elite troops in the Qing Dynasty. The green flag soldiers are another national army composed of Han people in the Qing Dynasty. In order to protect the safety of ancestral graves, the Qing emperor sent the Eight Banners soldiers directly to the cemetery to guard the tombs, patrolling day and night, with heavy security. And sent bluestone soldiers to be responsible for the security of the entire cemetery. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the top official of the Eight Banners of the Mausoleum was the general manager, which was maintained until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The highest officer of the Green Flag Army was the lieutenant of the Kangxi period. Later, due to more and more tombs, the cemetery area is expanding day by day, and the public security task is becoming increasingly heavy, the strength of the green flag soldiers was increased from one association to one town, and the highest officer was changed to the general commander. However, the forms of the Eight Banners soldiers in the cemetery and the Green Banners soldiers outside the cemetery were finalized in the Kangxi period.
The Qingxi Mausoleum in yi county, initiated by Yong Zhengdi, is modeled after the Qing Dongling Mausoleum in terms of cemetery layout, tomb shape, tomb sacrifice and tomb protection.