Most of the Ming and Qing porcelains are official kiln porcelains with high value.
First, the establishment of Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Kiln Factory was established in Zhushan, Jingdezhen (officially named Imperial Kiln Factory in the fourth year of Wenjian), which was renamed Imperial Kiln Factory in the Qing Dynasty, creating the history of making official kiln porcelain in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Imperial kiln factory stopped burning in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and resumed in 19th year of Kangxi, which lasted until Xuan Tong period in the late Qing Dynasty. The Ming dynasty began to use porcelain for sacrifice, which required a lot of porcelain, so the official kiln factory was established.
Second, the definition of imperial kiln.
1 kiln factory funded by the royal family.
The royal family sent people to the factory to supervise the construction. In the Ming dynasty, officials or eunuchs of the Ministry of Industry generally served as pottery supervisors; In Qing Dynasty, officials from Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Interior or Jiangxi Province generally served as pottery supervisors.
Products are only used by the royal family and are generally not for sale. Royal use means that it can only be used in the Forbidden City, and officials and Wang Fu are not allowed to use official kilns. In the Ming Dynasty, the lost official kiln porcelain was generally broken and buried in situ. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, porcelain was required to be shipped to Beijing together. In June of the seventh year of Qing Qianlong, Tang Ying received instructions that the porcelain produced by the Imperial Kiln Factory did not need to go to Beijing, and it was here that it was treated at another price.
Third, Hongwu blue and white.
Porcelain in Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty inherited the style of Yuan Dynasty, with heavy shape and heavy carcass. However, the blue-white hair color is not ideal, and the color is often gray-black (probably because the firing temperature is not high enough). The decorative style of Hongwu porcelain is often based on winding branches, with lotus petals, rolling grass, plantain and palindrome as auxiliary patterns. During the Hongwu period, there were more red glazes than blue and white porcelain, and blue and white porcelain was relatively scarce. At other times, blue and white flowers are more red than underglaze, because underglaze red strictly controls the temperature. Blue and white flowers in Yuan Dynasty were rough, while those in Hongwu were delicate.
Typical pattern of Hongwu porcelain: chrysanthemum pattern. The uniqueness of Hongwu Chrysanthemum is that there is a flower core in the chrysanthemum, which is lattice-shaped, and there are two petals outside, one of which is white and the other is blue.
There is no year model for the official kiln porcelain in Hongwu, so far there is no official kiln porcelain of "Ming Hongwu Year System" or "Hongwu Year System".
From Yongle to Xuande, the only Hongwu porcelain with inscription is a blue-and-white plum vase with dragon pattern in Shanghai Museum, with the inscription "Chunshou".
Fourth, Yongxuan blue and white (dark blue)
Wen Jian official kilns can't be distinguished, belonging to Hongwu or Yongle Blue and White.
Ming Yongle blue-and-white wishful hanging shoulder folding branch plum blossom flower bottle. Blue and white are rare treasures, unprecedented, and create a wonderful generation. Yongxuan blue and white flowers are of extraordinary value.
The three peaks of Ming porcelain: Yongxuan, Chenghua and Wanli.
Yongle blue-and-white blue-and-white glaze is thick, and the colors are white and blue (influenced by Yuan Dynasty). The pattern is colored with small strokes (fine strokes are more delicate), and the bottom is delicate and lubricated with fine sand. (It looks rough and feels more delicate and smooth) Circles are often filled with flint red.
Typical Yongxuan blue and white flowers are made of Suma Li Qing (brought back from Iran by Zheng He's voyage to the West, with good color and rich hair color), and are dark green, such as sapphire embedded under glaze, with halo spots and tin spots, which sink in thick or concentrated places and penetrate into fetal bones. The shape of Yongxuan blue and white flowers is greatly influenced by West Asia.
Yongle blue-and-white hand-pressed cup has a heavy carcass and its center of gravity is at the lower part of the cup. When holding the cup, the positive pressure fits the tiger's mouth of the hand, giving the hand a heavy feeling. There are only four pieces in the Forbidden City, and the "Yongle Year System" with blue-and-white seal script at the bottom of the cup pioneered the official kiln to write the year.
Yongle Hongwu porcelain is mostly painted in blue and white, with fewer figures, which is more common in Xuande period. Most of them are bowls, Gao Zuwan, ordinary bowls. The story of the characters is twenty-four filial piety.
The Temple of Heaven is a new type of vessel created in Yongle period.
Although Xuande Dynasty was only 10 years old, blue-and-white flowers spread longer than Yongle blue-and-white flowers. There are imported Soviet materials mixed with domestic cobalt materials, and there are often orange peel-like dense holes on the glaze, which are called orange peel or brown eyes. Porcelain as a whole is darker than Yongle porcelain.
The shape of the vessel is roughly the same as that of Yongle period, such as holding a moon bottle.
Xuande's regular script lacks the word "de", and there are two types: Daming Xuande Year System or Xuande Year System. Xuande is full of knowledge. Famous products: lotus basin, Xuande blue-and-white lotus funnel, Xuande blue-and-white Yuanyang-shaped inkstone drops.
The above content is teacher Lin's lecture on Ming and Qing porcelain, and the text is arranged.