1. Selection of foundation for pen construction.
Choose a place with higher terrain, dryness and ventilation, and low groundwater level. For example, in areas with low groundwater levels in the south, it is recommended to use above-ground or semi-above-ground types. Stay away from urban water sources and main traffic roads; and stay as far away from other production areas as possible, such as traffic arteries, villages, factories, railways, etc., in order to minimize the possibility of disease transmission; but it must also have convenient transportation, which is beneficial to It prevents epidemics and facilitates solving transportation and other problems. At the same time, it is required to be built in a place with abundant underground water resources, high and dry terrain, and smooth drainage. If the natural conditions cannot meet this requirement, the solution should be to raise the ground and dig drainage ditches around the pig house. It is best to be at least 400 meters away from main roads, generally not less than 300-400 meters from railways and first- and second-level roads, preferably more than 1,000 meters, not less than 150-200 meters away from third-level roads, and no less than 150-200 meters away from fourth-level roads. Less than 50 to 100 meters. At the same time, it should be at least 500 to 1,000 meters away from residential areas and factories. If there are barriers such as walls, rivers, and forest belts, the distance can be shortened appropriately. It should be more than 500 to 1,500 meters away from other breeding farms, and more than 1,000 to 2,000 meters away from slaughterhouses and veterinary hospitals. It is prohibited to build sites in tourist areas and areas with serious industrial pollution.
2.
Pig houses are generally oriented east-west. The orientation of the pen is preferably north-south, or it can also be determined according to the actual situation of the private land. The distance between each pig house is generally about 8-10 meters. Plant trees and flowers (including vegetables, flowers, etc.) around the pig farm and in vacant areas.
①Topography
The terrain should be high and dry, and the groundwater should be below 2 meters. The terrain should be sheltered from the wind and facing the sun. The pig farm should not be built in mountain depressions and valleys to prevent the formation of air vortices above the pig farm. Mountain passes and long valleys in the northwest should also be avoided to reduce the invasion of wind and snow in winter and spring. The terrain should be open and tidy, with sufficient area. Generally, 40 to 50 square meters per breeding sow and 3 to 4 square meters for commercial pigs are considered. The ground should be flat with a slight slope to facilitate drainage. Generally, the slope is between 1 and 3, and the maximum slope should not exceed 25.
②Soil quality
The soil is required to have strong air and water permeability, weak capillary action, low hygroscopicity and thermal conductivity, uniform texture, strong pressure resistance, and not contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms. Sandy soil has strong air and water permeability, weak capillary action, and low hygroscopicity, but has strong thermal conductivity and is easy to heat up and cool down, which is not good for pigs. Clay has weak air and water permeability, strong hygroscopicity, obvious capillary action, low pressure resistance, which is not conducive to the stability of the building, and low thermal conductivity. Sandy loam soil has the advantages of both sand and clay, making it an ideal construction soil. But don’t be demanding.
3. The fattening house is generally 8-10 meters wide, 40-60 meters long, and the single-row walkway is 1.2 meters wide. Breeding pig houses are generally 10 meters wide and 50 meters long, with a double-row middle aisle of 1-1.2 meters. Leave 0.6 meters for the feeding platform and cement platform. It is best to build the pig pen into a square shape, preferably 30-40 square meters. The single pen for the piglet stage can be larger. The nursing sow pen is 1.8 meters × (3.0-3.5 meters).
4. The eaves in the south are 3 meters high and the ridge is 1.4 meters, totaling 4.4 meters.
5. If the structure adopts a brick structure (brick walls in the south are 0.18 meters thick), the roof must be insulated, and color steel plates with a thickness of 8-10 cm should be used in the south. Good thermal insulation and durable. It is best to adopt an open structure and use roller shutters.
6. Set up skylights.
To install skylights, open them 30 centimeters down from the roof ridge, with a diameter of 40-50 centimeters, one every 4-5 meters, and arrange them in a zigzag pattern. Unpowered fans and powered fans can be installed alternately. The suitable humidity range for pigs is 65 to 80 degrees. Tests have shown that pigs grow the fastest and have the best fattening effect in an environment with a temperature of 14 to 23°C and a relative humidity of 50 to 80. The humidity of the litter in the fermentation bed should not be too high, otherwise it will easily lead to lack of oxygen in the fermentation bed, resulting in bed death. The maximum allowable values ??of harmful gases in the air of pig houses are 3
000 mg/kg for carbon dioxide, 30 mg/kg for ammonia, and 20 mg/kg for hydrogen sulfide.
If it exceeds the standard indicator, it will easily irritate the upper respiratory tract mucosa of pigs, cause inflammation, infection or trigger respiratory diseases, such as pig asthma, infectious pleuropneumonia, pig epidemic, etc.
7. Install cooling facilities.
When the outside temperature is above 15°C during the piglet stage, or when the outside temperature is above 20°C during the nursery stage, the roller shutter can be fully opened. When the temperature is slightly lower, the roller blinds can be opened appropriately according to the situation, and ventilation can be flexibly controlled by combining skylights and floor windows. In the hot season, it is not only necessary to discharge exhaust gas, but also to cool down. Due to the heat generated by fermentation, the cooling load of fermentation bed pig houses is greater than that of cement pens. At this time, mechanical ventilation and cooling equipment should be turned on. The fermentation bed enclosure uses an air cooler to ventilate and cool down, and the effect is good. The air cooler is essentially a closed wet curtain, but it has obvious advantages over the wet curtain. The air cooler uses positive pressure to blow air, and the doors and windows need to be fully opened during operation. The ventilation effect is good and there is no obvious humidification. It just meets the needs of open ventilation and cooling in fermentation bed houses. Negative pressure fan. Generally used in closed breeding, pregnancy, and delivery houses. Through the operation of the fan, the air inside the house is driven to generate airflow, which can discharge the heat, harmful gases, dust, etc. inside the house and bring in fresh air from outside the house. Pay attention to the relationship between the length of the pig house and the number of fans installed. Wet paper curtain. The wet paper curtain mainly takes away the heat of the air passing through the wet paper curtain through the evaporation of water. It is used in a closed pig house and needs to be coordinated with a negative pressure fan. Proper use of the negative pressure fan and wet paper curtain can effectively reduce the temperature in the pig house by about 3-5°C. Industrial fans. Fans are often used for cooling in open pig houses. The fan has a large air volume and has an obvious cooling effect. Foam board. Thickening the foam board on the roof of the pig house to enhance the thermal insulation performance can be used in all types of pig houses with good results. In the long run, it is best to plant trees around the pig house, which is economical, environmentally friendly, and has a good insulation and cooling effect.
8. The newly-built houses can have ground windows and ordinary windows integrated into one, and the doors and windows can be as large as possible and can be fully open.
Skylights and floor windows play a role in convection, moisture removal and ventilation. Renovation of the old pig house: adding skylights and floor windows (i.e. ventilation holes at the base of the wall). Skylights should be installed at the highest point of the roof, one for every two rooms. The size of each floor window is about 40 x 70 square centimeters, and the height of the lower edge is about 20-30 centimeters above the floor of the enclosure. If it is too high, it will affect the rise of hot and humid gases on the ground. If it is too low, rainwater may enter the house during the rainy season.
9. Fences should not use solid walls, but steel pipes or barbed wire.
This not only facilitates ventilation, but also does not take up space. At the same time, it does not affect the overall connection of the fermentation bed and increases communication between pigs. The lower edge of the fence should be 10-15 cm deep below the surface of the litter to prevent pigs from entering other pens through the gap under the fence. It is best if the fence can be easily disassembled to allow for adjustments to the pigs and for turning the litter after the pigs are released.
10. The ground should not be hardened to allow for ventilation and water penetration.
The benefits of retaining soil on the bottom of the fermentation tank are: first, the soil can provide some nutrients to the fermentation functional bacteria; second, the excess manure in the fermentation bed can penetrate into the soil in time, partially eliminating it And the role of buffering the load of feces and urine; third, the soil layer has good air permeability, which is conducive to the oxygen supply for fermentation. When using earth, the ground should be slightly flat and dry as much as possible. In places with high groundwater levels, 10-15 cm of sand can be added to the bottom of the fermentation bed in advance to prevent underground moisture from being sucked back into the fermentation bed (this method is suitable for the design of new beds).
11. A fermentation bed tank is left during construction. The depth of the tank is greater than 50 cm and can be controlled at 60-70 cm. Make a 50cm fermentation bed directly on the horizontal surface.
In terms of the graphic design of the pen, try to increase the fermentation bed area and reduce the cement floor. In principle, no concrete floor should be left except for necessary walkways, drainage platforms under the troughs and drinking fountains. The space that accommodates fermentation mattress materials is called a fermentation tank. The fermentation tank should be as large as possible. In principle, an integrated fermentation tank is used in a pig house, which not only has high fermentation efficiency, but also has low construction costs. The depth of the fermentation tank is equal to the thickness of the litter. The depth of the dry-sprinkled fermentation bed fermentation tank is 50-60 cm. The four walls of the fermentation tank should be made into steep slopes and built with cement. It is best to build the corners of the tank into arcs instead of right angles.
12. A guide platform should be built at the bottom of the drinking fountain to prevent drinking water from flowing into the fermentation bed and causing excessive humidity in the fermentation bed.
The feed trough is placed on the feeding table on the side of the aisle. Drinking fountains and feed troughs in fattening pig pens are generally on opposite sides. A 40×40 cm2 water diversion platform is built under the drinking fountain. A drainage hole is drilled at the junction between the water diversion platform and the wall of the pen to divert the water leaking from the drinking fountain to the outside of the pen. The drinking fountains for breeding boars and sows can be installed in front and above the feed trough.
13. Induced draft fans should be installed on the east or west wall of the pen. The number is determined according to the area. The fan size is 1.4*1.4 meters and the height from the bed is 0.6 meters. Ventilation and moisture removal in summer.
14. Outdoor drainage ditches must be dug. Generally, the ditch depth is 10 cm lower than the bottom of the fermentation bed and the width is 30-40 cm. Special attention should be paid to smooth drainage in the pig farm during the rainy season.
15. An upper and lower two-layer breeding model can be adopted. There is a slatted floor above and a fermentation bed with an automatic tipping machine below. This model is costly, but more scientific, convenient and hygienic. The specifications of reinforced concrete plates and laths can be determined according to the design requirements of pig pens and manure trenches. The leakage section is trapezoidal, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, which facilitates leakage of manure. Its main structural parameters: metal woven floor mesh, with a diameter of 5 Millimeter cold-drawn round steel is woven into 10 mm × 40 mm, 10 mm × 50 mm gap mesh, welded with angle steel and flat steel, and then treated with anti-corrosion treatment. This seam floor mesh has a good fecal leakage effect. It is easy to wash, the pen is clean and dry, the pigs will not slip when walking, and the use effect is good. It is suitable for farrowing sows and nursery pigs. The plastic slatted floor is made of engineering plastic molds. Small pieces can be connected to form a large area. It has the characteristics of easy flushing and disinfection, good thermal insulation, anti-corrosion, anti-slip, strong and durable, and good fecal leakage effect. It is suitable for delivery mothers. Pig and nursery pens. The cost of a tipper is generally around 15,000 for a 4-meter-long automatic tipper. The above are all suggested plans, and the specific construction will be based on actual conditions